Prehospital ultrasound is the specialized application of

ultrasound Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies ...

paramedics A paramedic is a registered healthcare professional who works autonomously across a range of health and care settings and may specialise in clinical practice, as well as in education, leadership, and research. Not all ambulance personnel are p ...

, to guide immediate care and treatment procedures. Like conventional ultrasound, it is a device that produces cyclic sound pressure to penetrate a medium (flesh) and reveal details about the inner structure of the medium.

Differences from conventional ultrasound

Many

emergency physician An emergency physician (often called an "ER doctor" in the United States) is a physician who works at an emergency department to care for ill patients. The emergency physician is a specialist in advanced cardiac life support (advanced life suppor ...

s now view screening ultrasound as a tool, and not a procedure or study. It is primarily used to quickly and correctly ascertain a limited set of internal injuries, specifically those injuries where conventional methods of determining them, such as trauma to the torso or heart, would either take too long, require too much time to prepare, or introduce greater risk to the patient. While conventional ultrasound can be a lengthy process, and is usually conducted with non-mobile units and advanced image filtering and manipulation built into the unit, emergency ultrasound is as simple and quick to operate as possible, and narrowly focused on a small set of criteria.

Indications

* FAST exam to detect free intra-abdominal fluid in trauma and medical conditions * RUSH exam to search for causes of medically related hypotension (e.g. abdominal aortic aneurysm, pulmonary embolism, ectopic pregnancy) * Cardiac ultrasound exam in hypotensive or cardiac arrest patients to place them in one of five states: Cardiac standstill, severe hypovolemia, -cardiogenic shock, pericardial tamponade or right ventricular obstruction. * Airway exams to verify correct placement during or after

endotracheal intubation Tracheal intubation, usually simply referred to as intubation, is the placement of a flexible plastic tube into the trachea (windpipe) to maintain an open airway or to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs. It is frequently ...

, assist in difficult intubations, and identify landmarks for surgical airways in patients presenting with difficult anatomy (e.g. obesity, neck tumor) * Pulmonary ultrasound exam to evaluate for pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, or other pathology * Identification of large-vessel-occlusion stroke and possible treatment * Fetal monitoring and evaluation in obstetric patients * Assist in procedures (peripheral intravenous access, pericardiocentesis) * Inferior vena cava assessment to guide resuscitation * Optic nerve sheath assessment for increased intracranial pressure * Left ventricular function global assessment (good/poor ejection fraction) * Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - In patients with suspect rupture/hypotension * Mass Casualty Triage - provides rapid diagnostic information, can better identify patient at risk for decompensation.8 US can also be utilized during a hospital mass casualty incident when other imaging sources (X-ray, CT) become overwhelmed.

Procedures

In most cases, prehospital providers will employ the use of a portable ultrasound unit. In every instance, an attempt is made to find the area best suited to an ultrasound and utilize bare skin if possible. Resolution is vastly decreased if soundings must be made through any form of clothing. There are two main areas of emergency ultrasound. The

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (commonly abbreviated as FAST) is a rapid bedside ultrasound examination performed by surgeons, emergency physicians, and paramedics as a screening test for blood around the heart (pericardial effusio ...

(or FAST) focuses on trying to ascertain if there is internal bodily fluid in blunt abdominal trauma, in the areas between organs, which is a sign of severe internal injury. Echocardiography is used to attempt to find valvular disease, clots, cardiomyopathies or penetrations of the heart. Both systems are scanning methodologies, they use identical equipment. Ultrasound visualization of the optic nerve sheath has been shown to be useful as a surrogate for more invasive intracranial pressure monitoring, allowing for more advanced monitoring of brain injuries in the field.Boitnott, J. Optic Nerve Sheath Ultrasound. EMSPOCUS. http://emspocus.com/2015/12/07/optic-nerve-sheath-ultrasound/

Strengths

# It images muscle,

soft tissue Soft tissue is all the tissue in the body that is not hardened by the processes of ossification or calcification such as bones and teeth. Soft tissue connects, surrounds or supports internal organs and bones, and includes muscle, tendons, ...

, and

bone A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, ...

surfaces very well and is particularly useful for delineating the interfaces between solid and fluid-filled spaces, unlike most other methods of trauma diagnosis, which are little more than educated guesses. # It renders "live" images, where the operator can dynamically select the most useful section for review, and narrows down the problem area, rather than having to wait until the patient is at the hospital. # It has no known long-term

side effect In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequence ...

s and rarely causes any discomfort to the patient.

Weaknesses

# Sonographic devices have trouble penetrating bone. For example, sonography of the adult brain is very limited. This means that in terms of trauma diagnosis involving brain injury, sonography will be difficult and requires high-end ultrasound machines. # The depth penetration of ultrasound is limited, making it difficult to image structures deep in the body, especially in obese patients. # The method is operator-dependent. A high level of skill and experience is needed to acquire good-quality images and make accurate diagnoses, which is one more skill that a limited EMS team must develop. Since most EMS teams are small and have high turnover, retaining qualified personnel can be difficult.

References