Positive commandment

The Jewish tradition that there are 613 commandments ( he, תרי״ג מצוות, taryag mitzvot) or mitzvot in the Torah (also known as the Law of Moses) is first recorded in the 3rd century AD, when Rabbi Simlai mentioned it in a sermon that is recorded in Talmud Makkot 23b.

The 613 commandments include "positive commandments", to perform an act (), and "negative commandments", to abstain from certain acts (). The negative commandments number 365, which coincides with the number of days in the solar year, and the positive commandments number 248, a number ascribed to the number of bones and main organs in the human body.

Although the number 613 is mentioned in the Talmud, its real significance increased in later medieval rabbinic literature, including many works listing or arranged by the . The most famous of these was an enumeration of the 613 commandments by Maimonides.

Many of the cannot be currently observed, following the destruction of the Second Temple, though they still retain religious significance. According to one standard reckoning, there are 77 positive and 194 negative commandments that can be observed today, of which there are 26 commands that apply only within the Land of Israel. Furthermore, there are some time-related commandments from which women are exempt (examples include ''shofar'', '' sukkah'', ''lulav'', ''tzitzit'' and ''tefillin''). Some depend on the special status of a person in Judaism (such as ''kohanim''), while others apply only to men or only to women.

Significance of 613

According to the Talmud, is to be interpreted to mean that Moses transmitted the Torah from God to the Israelites: "Moses commanded us the Torah as an inheritance for the community of Jacob".

The Talmud notes that the Hebrew numerical value (''gematria'') of the word ''Torah'' is 611, and combining Moses's 611 commandments with the first two of the Ten Commandments which were the only ones heard directly from God, adds up to 613. The Talmud attributes the number 613 to Rabbi Simlai, but other classical sages who hold this view include Rabbi Simeon ben Azzai and Rabbi Eliezer ben Jose, Eleazar ben Yose the Galilean. It is quoted in Midrash Shemot Rabbah 33:7, Bamidbar Rabbah 13:15–16; 18:21 and Talmud Yevamot 47b.

Many Jewish Jewish philosophy, philosophical and Jewish mysticism, mystical works (e.g. by Baal HaTurim, the Judah Loew ben Bezalel, Maharal of Prague and leaders of Hasidic Judaism) find allusions and inspirational calculations relating to the number of commandments.

The ''tzitzit'' ("knotted fringes") of the ''tallit'' ("[prayer] shawl") are connected to the 613 commandments by interpretation: principal Torah commentator Rashi bases the number of knots on a : the word (Hebrew: ציצת (Biblical), ציצית, in its Mishnah, Mishnaic spelling) has the value 600. Each tassel has eight threads (when doubled over) and five sets of knots, totalling 13. The sum of all numbers is 613. This reflects the concept that donning a garment with reminds its wearer of all Torah commandments.

Dissent and difficulties

Rabbinic support for the number of commandments being 613 is not without dissent. For example, Ben Azzai held that there exist 300 positive . Also, even as the number gained acceptance, difficulties arose in elucidating the list. Some rabbis declared that this count was not an authentic tradition, or that it was not logically possible to come up with a systematic count. No early work of Jewish law or Biblical commentary depended on the 613 system, and no early systems of Jewish principles of faith made acceptance of this Aggadah (non-legal Talmudic statement) normative. A number of classical authorities denied that it was normative:
*Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra denied that this was an authentic rabbinic tradition. Ibn Ezra writes "Some sages enumerate 613 in many diverse ways [...] but in truth there is no end to the number of [...] and if we were to count only the root principles [...] the number of would not reach 613".
* Nahmanides held that this particular counting was a matter of rabbinic controversy, and that rabbinic opinion on this is not unanimous. Nonetheless, he concedes that "this total has proliferated throughout the aggadic literature... we ought to say that it was a tradition from Moses at Mount Sinai".
* Rabbi Simeon ben Zemah Duran likewise rejected the dogma of the 613 as being the sum of the Law, saying that "perhaps the agreement that the number of is 613... is just Rabbi Simlai's opinion, following his own explication of the . And we need not rely on his explication when we come to determine [and affect] the Law, but rather on the Talmudic discussions".
* Gersonides held that the number 613 was only one rabbi's (Rabbi Simlai's) opinion, and if the conclusion of a Talmudic discussion indicated that the number of commandments was greater or lesser than 613, Rabbi Simlai's opinion would be overruled.
* The Vilna Gaon suggested that there exist many more than 613 commandments (because otherwise large narrative parts of the Pentateuch would be without commandments, which he considered difficult to accept) and that the count of 613 refers to "roots" () of the other commandments.

Even when rabbis attempted to compile a list of the 613 commandments, they were faced with a number of difficulties:
*Which statements were to be included amongst the 613 commandments? Every one of God's commands to any individual or to the entire people of Israel?
*Would an order from God be counted as a commandment, for the purposes of such a list, if it could only be complied with in one place and time? Else, would such an order only count as a commandment if it could be followed at all times? (The latter is the view of Maimonides.)
*Does counting a single commandment depend on whether it falls within one verse, even though it may contain multiple prohibitions, or should each prohibition count as a single commandment?

Ultimately, though, the concept of 613 commandments has become accepted as normative amongst practicing Jews and today it is still common practice to refer to the total system of commandments within the Torah as the "613 commandments", even among those who do not literally accept this count as accurate.

However, the 613 do not constitute a formal code of present-day halakha. Later codes of law such as the Shulkhan Arukh and Shlomo Ganzfried#Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh do not refer to it. However, Maimonides' Mishneh Torah is prefaced by a count of the 613 mitzvot.

Works enumerating the commandments

There is no single definitive list that explicates the 613 commandments. Lists differ, for example, in how they interpret passages in the Torah that may be read as dealing with several cases under a single law or several separate laws. Other "commandments" in the Torah are restricted as one-time acts, and would not be considered as "" binding on other persons. In rabbinic literature, Rishonim and later scholars composed to articulate and justify their enumeration of the commandments:
*''Halachot Gedolot'' ("Great Laws"), thought to be written by Rabbi Simeon Kayyara (the , author of the ) is the earliest extant enumeration of the 613 .
* ("Book of Commandments") by Rabbi Saadia Gaon. Written during the period of the Geonim, Saadia's work is a simple list (though it was later expanded by Rabbi Yerucham Fishel Perlow.)
*''Sefer Hamitzvot'' ("Book of Commandments") by Maimonides, with a commentary by Nachmanides. Maimonides employs a set of fourteen rules () which determine inclusion into the list. In this work, he supports his specification of each mitzvah through quotations from the ''midrash halakha'' and the Gemara. Nachmanides makes a number of critical points and replaces some items of the list with others.
*''Sefer ha-Chinnuch'' ("Book of Education"). This work generally follows Maimonides' reckoning of the 613 commandments. It is written in the order in which the commandments appear in the Torah rather than an arrangement by category (as in Maimonides' work.) In addition to enumerating the commandments and giving a brief overview of relevant laws, the also tries to explain the philosophical reasons behind the . It has been attributed to various authors, most commonly Rabbi Aaron ha-Levi of Barcelona (the ), though its true authorship is unknown.
*''Sefer Mitzvot Gadol'' or SMaG ("Large book of Commandments") by Rabbi Moses ben Jacob of Coucy.
* by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (the ""). The 's work follows the reckoning of Maimonides but gives only the commandments relevant today. Notably, this listing omits commandments regarding temple service, ritual purity, sacrifices, and so on. Though the original work included only those commandments relevant in all places and at all times, later editions include agricultural laws relevant today only in the Land of Israel.

Works in which the number of commandments is not 613

* by Eliezer ben Samuel lists only 417 commandments (including commandments only applicable when the Temple stood).Ohayon, Avraham.
Ha-ʾOmnam Taryag Miẓvot
(2009) p. 89-96
* Menahem Recanati, in his book , counted 250 positive and 361 negative commandments, for a total of 611. These 611 include the two commandments of , indicating that this list is incompatible with the approach of R' Hamnuna in the Talmud (who said that of the 613 commandments, the two in Exodus 20:2 were given directly by God, and the remaining 611 via Moses).
*, by Rabbi Isaac of Corbeil, listed 320 commandments applicable nowadays. To reach a total of 613, one would have to add 293 commandments applicable only while the Temple stood. As the number of Temple-only commandments appears to be much lower than 293 (for example, Sefer ha-Chinuch, Sefer haHinuch only counted 201 such commandments), it seems that the overall count of commandments would likely be lower than 613.
*According to Dr. Asael Ben-Or, Gersonides' commentary to the Torah indicates that he counted a total of 513 commandments.

Maimonides' list

The following are the 613 commandments and the source of their derivation from the Hebrew Bible as enumerated by Maimonides:

Canonical order

Typical order

See also

* Halakha
* Jewish ethics
* Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism
* List of capital crimes in the Torah
* Mitzvah goreret mitzvah

References

Bibliography

* Eisenberg, Ronald L. ''The 613 Mitzvot: A Contemporary Guide to the Commandments of Judaism'', Rockville, Schreiber Publishing, 2005.
* Moses Maimonides, translation by Charles Ber Chavel and Moses ibn Tibbon. ''The book of divine commandments (the Sefer Ha-mitzvoth of Moses Maimonides)'' London: Soncino Press, 1940.

External links

Enumeration of the commandments according to six different commentators

Ohr.edu - "Taryag" - Origin of 613 Commandments



Jewish Virtual Library - The 613 Commandments


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Jewish law and rituals
Mitzvoth
Commandments