Poltergeist

In ghostlore, a poltergeist ( or ; German for "rumbling ghost" or "noisy spirit") is a type of ghost or spirit that is responsible for physical disturbances, such as loud noises and objects being moved or destroyed. Most claims or fictional descriptions of poltergeists show them as being capable of pinching, biting, hitting, and tripping people. They are also depicted as capable of the movement or levitation of objects such as furniture and cutlery, or noises such as knocking on doors. Foul smells are also associated with poltergeist occurrences, as well as spontaneous fires and different electrical issues such as flickering lights.

They have traditionally been described as troublesome spirits who haunt a particular person instead of a specific location. Some variation of poltergeist folklore is found in many different cultures. Early claims of spirits that supposedly harass and torment their victims date back to the 1st century, but references to poltergeists became more common in the early 17th century.

Etymology

The word ''poltergeist'' comes from the German language words ''poltern'' ("to make sound" and "to rumble") and '' Geist'' ("ghost" and "spirit"), and the term itself translates as "noisy ghost", "rumble-ghost" or a "loud spirit". A synonym coined by René Sudre is ''thorybism'', from Greek ''θορυβείν'' ("to make noise or uproar; throw into confusion").

Suggested explanations

Many claims have been made that poltergeist activity explains strange events (including those by modern self-styled ghost hunters), however their evidence has so far not stood up to scrutiny.

Natural phenomena

Many claimed poltergeist events have been proven upon investigation to be hoaxes.

Psychical researcher Frank Podmore proposed the 'naughty little girl' theory for poltergeist cases (many of which have seemed to centre on an adolescent, usually a girl). Dingwall, John; Hall, Trevor H. (1958). ''Four Modern Ghosts''. Duckworth. pp. 13–14 He found that the centre of the disturbance was often a child who was throwing objects around to fool or scare people for attention. Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell says that claimed poltergeist incidents typically originate from "an individual who is motivated to cause mischief". According to Nickell:

In the typical poltergeist outbreak, small objects are hurled through the air by unseen forces, furniture is overturned, or other disturbances occur—usually just what could be accomplished by a juvenile trickster determined to plague credulous adults.

Nickell writes that reports are often exaggerated by credulous witnesses.

Time and again in other "poltergeist" outbreaks, witnesses have reported an object leaping from its resting place supposedly on its own, when it is likely that the perpetrator had secretly obtained the object sometime earlier and waited for an opportunity to fling it, even from outside the room—thus supposedly proving he or she was innocent.

According to research in anomalistic psychology, claims of poltergeist activity can be explained by psychological factors such as illusion, memory lapses, and wishful thinking. A study (Lange and Houran, 1998) wrote that poltergeist experiences are delusions "resulting from the affective and cognitive dynamics of percipients' interpretation of ambiguous stimuli". Psychologist Donovan Rawcliffe has written that almost all poltergeist cases that have been investigated turned out to be based on trickery, whilst the rest are attributable to psychological factors such as hallucinations.

Attempts have also been made to scientifically explain poltergeist disturbances that have not been traced to fraud or psychological factors. Skeptic and magician Milbourne Christopher found that some cases of poltergeist activity can be attributed to unusual air currents, such as a 1957 case on Cape Cod where downdrafts from an uncovered chimney became strong enough to blow a mirror off of a wall, overturn chairs and knock things off shelves.

Unverified natural phenomena

In the 1950s, Guy William Lambert proposed that reported poltergeist phenomena could be explained by the movement of underground water causing stress on houses.
*Lambert, G. W. (1955). ''Poltergeists: A Physical Theory''. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 38: 49–71. He suggested that water turbulence could cause strange sounds or structural movement of the property, possibly causing the house to vibrate and move objects. Later researchers, such as Alan Gauld and Tony Cornell, tested Lambert's hypothesis by placing specific objects in different rooms and subjecting the house to strong mechanical vibrations. They discovered that although the structure of the building had been damaged, only a few of the objects moved a very short distance. The skeptic Trevor H. Hall criticized the hypothesis claiming if it was true "the building would almost certainly fall into ruins." According to Richard Wiseman the hypothesis has not held up to scrutiny.

Michael Persinger has theorized that seismic activity could cause poltergeist phenomena. However, Persinger's claims regarding the effects of environmental geomagnetic activity on paranormal experiences have not been independently replicated and, like his findings regarding the God helmet, may simply be explained by the suggestibility of participants.

David Turner, a retired physical chemist, suggested that ball lightning might cause the "spooky movement of objects blamed on poltergeists."

Paranormal

Parapsychologists Nandor Fodor and William G. Roll suggested that poltergeist activity can be explained by psychokinesis.

Historically, malicious spirits were blamed for poltergeist activity. According to Allan Kardec, the founder of Spiritism, poltergeists are manifestations of disembodied spirits of low level, belonging to the sixth class of the third order. Under this explanation, they are believed to be closely associated with the elements (fire, air, water, earth). In Finland, somewhat famous are the case of the "Mäkkylä Ghost" in 1946, which received attention in the press at the time, and the "Devils of Martin" in Ylöjärvi in the late 19th century, for which affidavits were obtained in court. Samuli Paulaharju has also recorded a memoir of a typical poltergeist, the case of "Salkko-Niila", from the south of Lake Inari in his book ''Memoirs of Lapland'' (''Lapin muisteluksia''). The story has also been published in the collection of ''Mythical Stories'' (''Myytillisiä tarinoita'') edited by Lauri Simonsuuri.

Psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung was interested in the concept of poltergeists and the occult in general. Jung believed that a female cousin's trance states were responsible for a dining table splitting in two and his later discovery of a broken bread knife. Jung also believed that when a bookcase gave an explosive cracking sound during a meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1909, he correctly predicted there would be a second sound, speculating that such phenomena were caused by 'exteriorization' of his subconscious mind. Freud disagreed, and concluded there was some natural cause. Freud biographers maintain the sounds were likely caused by the wood of the bookcase contracting as it dried out.

Famous cases

* Glenluce Devil (1654–1656)
* Drummer of Tedworth (1662)
* Mackie poltergeist (1695)
* Epworth Rectory (1716–1717)
* Hinton Ampner (1764–1771)
* Stockwell ghost (1772)
* Sampford Peverell (1810–1811)
* Bell Witch of Tennessee (1817–1872)
* Bealings Bells (1834)
* Angelique Cottin (ca. 1846)
* Ballechin House (1876)
* Great Amherst Mystery (1878–1879)
* Caledonia Mills (1899–1922)
* Gef the Talking Mongoose (1931)
* Borley Rectory (1937)
* Thornton Heath poltergeist (1938)
* Seaford poltergeist (1958)
* Matthew Manning (1960s–1970s)
* The Black Monk of Pontefract (1960s–1970s)
* Rosenheim Poltergeist (1967)
* The Amityville case (1975)
* The Enfield Poltergeist (1977)
* The Thornton Road poltergeist of Birmingham (1981)
* Tina Resch (1984)
* The Canneto di Caronia fires poltergeist (2004–05)
* Ammons Haunting Case - 2014

See also

* Apparitional experience
* Ghost
* Ghost hunting
* Parapsychology topics (list)
* List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
* Lithobolia
* Mischievous fairies
* Spiritism
* Stigmatized property

References

*

Further reading

* Christopher, Milbourne (1970). ''ESP, Seers & Psychics''. Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
* Nickell, Joe (2012). ''The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits of the Dead''. Prometheus Books.
* Podmore, Frank (1896)
''Poltergeists''
Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 12: 45–115.
*Goss, Michael. (1979). ''Poltergeists: An Annotated Bibliography of Works in English, Circa 1880–1975''. Scarecrow Press.
*
* Sitwell, Sacheverell. (1988, originally published in 1940). ''Poltergeists: An Introduction and Examination Followed by Chosen Instances''. Dorset Press.

External links

The Poltergeist and his explainers
Andrew Lang, Psychanalyse-paris.com

Skeptic's Dictionary

{{Authority control

German ghosts
Psychokinesis