The following Outline (list), outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science: Politics – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people make Group decision making, collective decisions. Politics is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil governments), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporation, corporate, academia, academic, and religion, religious segments of society. Political science – the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior.

Fields of study of political science

* Comparative politics ** Democratization ** Political polarization, Polarization ** Politicization ** Multi-level governance ** ''see and '' * Development studies * Geopolitics and political geography ** Area studies ** Globalization studies * Gender and politics * Institutional theory ** New institutionalism * International relations ** Security studies *** Critical security studies *** Copenhagen school (international relations), Copenhagen School *** Paris school (security studies), Paris school *** Welsh School (security studies), Welsh school * Nationalism studies ** Banal nationalism ** Diaspora politics ** Irredentism ** Nationalism and gender ** Nationalist historiography ** Postnationalism ** Revanchism * Political behavior ** Political activism *** Political movement * Political economy * Political fiction ** Political satire * Political research methodology * Political sociology * political philosophy, Political theory and philosophy ** Political spectrum * Positive political theory ** Game theory * Psephology – study of elections ** Voting theory ** ''see '' * Policy analysis and Policy studies ** Foreign policy analysis ** Public administration and local government studies ** Public law * Strategic studies

Related disciplines

* Economics ** Political economy * History ** Political history * Jurisprudence ** Constitutional law ** International legal theory ** Political jurisprudence * Philosophy ** Ethics ** Political philosophy * Psychology ** Political psychology * Social science ** Anthropology *** Political anthropology ** Sociology *** Political sociology

Political theory

Decision-making

Election

* Electoral systems ** Plurality voting allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with single-member districts, resulting in a majoritarian democracy. *** Cardinal voting, Cardinal voting systems **** Approval voting **** Satisfaction approval voting **** Majority judgment **** STAR voting *** First-past-the-post voting *** Single non-transferable vote *** Limited voting *** Plurality-at-large voting *** General ticket ** Proportional representation ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the Election, electorate. Often combined with multi-member districts to produce consensus democracy. *** Party-list proportional representation ** Mixed electoral systems *** Mixed-member proportional representation *** Parallel voting *** Scorporo *** Majority bonus system *** Alternative vote plus *** Dual-member proportional representation *** Rural-urban proportional representation * Suffrage ** Disfranchisement ** Right of foreigners to vote ** Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin ** Youth suffrage *** Age of candidacy *** Demeny voting * Voting ** Compulsory voting ** Electronic voting ** None of the above ** Secret ballot * Game theory * Political campaign * Political communications * Political compass, Political qualifications

Order of succession

* Primogeniture

Sortition

* Citizens' assembly

Political institutions

Branches of government

The separation of powers is typically set in the constitution or basic law in order to achieve checks and balances within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the ''trias politica''. * Legislature, deliberates and passes laws. ** Unicameralism ** Bicameralism *** Upper house *** Lower house ** Tricameralism ** Tetracameralism ** Multicameralism * Executive (government), Executive, executes laws. ** Head of state, formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has veto power over proposed legislation. *** Monarch *** Supreme leader *** President (government title), President ** Head of government, the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a Cabinet (government), cabinet, a Council of Ministers or a Council of State. *** Chancellor *** Chief executive *** Chief minister *** First minister *** Premier *** Prime minister * Judiciary, often involved in politics through judicial review. ** Supreme court ** Constitutional court

Political parties

* Party systems ** Nonpartisan democracy ** One-party state ** Dominant-party system ** Two-party system ** Multi-party system * Party coalition governments ** Hung parliament ** Confidence and supply ** Minority government ** Rainbow coalition ** Grand coalition ** National unity government ** Majority government

Political behavior

Theories of political behaviour

* Political culture ** Civic political culture ** Parochial political culture ** Patrimonialism, a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power. *** Neopatrimonialism *** Prebendalism * Peace and conflict studies ** Aggressionism ** Greed versus grievance * Political psychology ** Impressionable years hypothesis ** Postmaterialism ** Right-Wing Authoritarianism ** Social Dominance Orientation ** System Justification Theory

Political strategy

* Accelerationism * Political campaigning ** Campaign advertising ** Campaign finance ** Campaign management tools ** Canvassing ** Grassroots fundraising ** Smear campaign ** Opposition research ** Push poll ** Retail politics * Power politics ** Balance of power (international relations), Balance of power ** Bandwagoning ** Blackmail ** Brinkmanship ** Buck passing ** Coercion ** Hard power ** Sharp power ** Soft power ** Smart power ** Power projection ** Power vacuum ** Realpolitik * Cloward–Piven strategy ** Starve the beast * Propaganda ** Disinformation ** Fearmongering ** Frameup, Framing ** Indoctrination ** Loaded language ** Lying press ** National mythology ** Rally 'round the flag effect

Voting behavior

* Abstention * Abstentionism ** Election boycott * Economic voting * Altruism theory of voting * Coattail effect * Split-ticket voting ** Straight-ticket voting * Tactical voting ** Tactical manipulation of runoff voting ** Vote pairing * Paradox of voting * Protest vote ** Spoilt vote ** Voter apathy

Political dysfunction

* Political warfare, Political conflict ** Civil disobedience *** Boycott *** Demonstration (protest), Demonstration *** Nonviolence *** Picketing *** Strike action *** Tax resistance ** Civil war *** Wars of national liberation ** Insurgency *** Asymmetric warfare *** Assassination *** Guerrilla warfare ** Law of war *** International criminal law *** Just war theory *** War crime ** Revolution *** Bourgeois revolution *** Communist revolution *** Democratic revolution *** Nonviolent revolution *** Social revolution *** Political revolution (Trotskyism) *** Vanguardism *** World revolution ** Terrorism *** Nationalist terrorism, Nationalist-separatist terrorism *** Propaganda of the deed *** Religious terrorism, Religious extremist terrorism *** Right-wing terrorism *** Left-wing terrorism * Political corruption ** Bribery ** Cronyism ** Economics of corruption ** Nepotism ** Political patronage *** Clientelism *** Earmark (politics), Earmark *** Political machine *** Pork barrel *** Slush fund *** Spoils system

Types of polities and forms of government

By level of social organisation

* Traditional authority, political society which has not gone through state formation. ** Band society ** Big man (anthropology), Big man ** Chiefdom ** Empire (before New Imperialism). * Local government * Unitary state (Political unitarism, Unitarism) ** City-state ** Nation state * Federalism ** Confederation ** Federation * Regional integration ** Intergovernmental organization ** Supranational union *** European Union (European studies) ** Trade bloc * Global governance ** World state

By formal power structure

* Feudalism ** Fengjian, Chinese feudalism ** Indian feudalism * Monarchy/Diarchy ** Absolute monarchy ** Constitutional monarchy ** Elective monarchy ** Federal monarchy * Republic ** Parliamentary system *** Westminster system ** Presidential system *** Semi-presidential system *** President for life

By source of power

* Autocracy, the source of power is the leader. * Democracy, the source of power are the people through popular sovereignty. * Ethnocracy, the source of power is ethnicity. * Meritocracy, the source of power is talent. ** Noocracy, talent is measured by wisdom. ** Technocracy, talent is measured by expertise. * Stratocracy, the source of power is the military. ** Military dictatorship ** Military junta * Theocracy, the source of power is God(s). ** Christian republic ** Halachic state ** Hindu nation ** Islamic state * Oligarchy, the source of power is the elite. ** Aristocracy, the elite are hereditary. ** Gerontocracy, the elite are the elderly. * Plutocracy, the source of power is wealth.

Political ideologies and philosophies

* Authoritarianism ** Absolutism (European history), Absolutism ** Totalitarianism * Left-wing politics, usually focused on increasing egalitarianism. ** Far-left politics *** Anarchism *** Communism ** Socialism *** Agrarian socialism *** Democratic socialism *** Liberal socialism *** Libertarian socialism *** Religious socialism ** Centre-left politics *** Social democracy *** Gradualism#Politics and society, Gradualism *** Progressivism *** Reformism ** Green politics *** Green anarchism *** Ecofeminism *** Eco-socialism * Centrism, usually defined by highly pragmatic politics. ** Radical centrism ** Syncretic politics ** Third Position ** Third Way * Liberalism, defined by high valuing of liberty. ** Classical liberalism ** Conservative liberalism ** Neoliberalism ** Social liberalism * Right-wing politics, often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition. ** Centre-right politics *** Christian democracy *** Compassionate conservatism *** Liberal conservatism *** One-nation conservatism *** Progressive conservatism ** Conservatism *** Fiscal conservatism *** Fusionism *** Libertarian conservatism *** National conservatism *** Neoconservatism *** Paleoconservatism *** Social conservatism *** Traditional conservatism ** Far-right politics, political ideas which are described as reactionary, ultranationalism, ultranationalist, chauvinism, chauvinistic, xenophobia, xenophobic or racism, racist. *** Alt-right *** Fascism *** Nazism * Identity politics, political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group. ** Black power ** Feminism ** Gay pride ** Indigenism ** Islamism ** Nationalism, based on the centrality of the nation. *** Civic nationalism *** Ethnic nationalism *** Expansionist nationalism *** Irredentism *** Pan-nationalism *** Racial nationalism *** Left-wing nationalism *** Liberal nationalism *** Secessionism ** Zionism

Governments of the world

Political issues and policies

Rights

* Animal rights * Civil and political rights, usually related to topics of negative liberty. ** Freedom of assembly ** Freedom of association ** Right to asylum ** Freedom from discrimination ** Freedom of education ** Freedom of information ** Freedom of movement ** Freedom of speech ** Freedom of the press ** Freedom of thought ** Right to petition ** Right to protest ** Right to property ** Freedom of religion ** Right to life * Economic, social and cultural rights, usually cover issues of positive liberty. ** Digital rights ** Labor rights *** Equal pay for equal work ** Right to an adequate standard of living ** Right to clothing ** Right to development ** Right to education ** Right to food ** Right to health ** Right to housing ** Right to Internet access ** Right to science and culture ** Right to social security ** Right to water ** Right to work * LGBT rights by country or territory, LGBT rights * Minority rights ** Affirmative action * Women's rights ** Abortion law

Economic policy

* Agricultural policy ** Agricultural subsidy ** Land reform * Energy policy ** Nuclear energy policy ** Renewable energy policy * Fiscal policy ** Budgetary policy * Industrial policy ** Import substitution industrialization * Investment policy ** Sovereign wealth fund * Monetary policy ** Capital requirement ** Central bank ** Contractionary monetary policy ** Expansionary monetary policy * Tax policy ** Internet taxation ** Tax cut ** Tax competition ** Tax holiday ** Tax reform *** Flat tax *** Tax harmonization

Foreign policy, Foreign and security policy

* Arms control ** Nuclear disarmament *** Nuclear-free zone *** Nuclear nonproliferation * Criminal justice ** Capital punishment ** Life imprisonment ** Mandatory sentencing * Space policy ** Extraterrestrial real estate ** Militarization of space *** Space force * Counter-terrorism ** Anti-terrorism legislation * International trade#Regulation of international trade, International Trade * Military policy ** Military recruitment *** Conscription ** Military-industrial complex

Social policy

* Cultural policy ** Arts council * Environmental policy ** Politics of global warming, Climate change policy ** Fisheries management * Drug policy ** Drug decriminalization ** Drug policy reform ** Harm reduction ** Legality of cannabis ** Legal status of cocaine ** Legal drinking age ** Legal status of methamphetamine ** Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms ** Legal status of Salvia divinorum * Education policy and Education reform, reform ** Education reform * Immigration law ** Family reunification ** Immigration equality ** List of countries that regulate the immigration of felons, Immigration of felons ** Immigration reform ** Open border ** Permanent residency ** Work permit * Race relations ** Affirmative action ** Institutional racism ** Racial profiling ** White privilege * Religion and politics ** Separation of church and state * Health policy ** Legality of euthanasia ** Stem cell controversy ** Universal healthcare ** Health care reform * Welfare state ** Guaranteed minimum income ** Job guarantee ** Welfare reform ** Unemployment benefits ** Universal Basic Income ** Workfare

Politics by continent

Foreign relations by continents

Political parties by continent

History of politics

* History of political science * History of political thinking * Political history ** List of years in politics

Political scholars

* List of political scientists * List of political philosophers ** List of social and political philosophers * List of political theorists

Influential literature

* ''The Art of War'' – by Sun Tsu (c. 544–496 BC) * ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' by Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC) * ''The Republic (Plato), The Republic'' and ''Laws (dialogue), Laws'' – by Plato (427–347 BC) * ''Politics (Aristotle), The Politics'' and ''Nicomachean Ethics'' – Aristotle (384–322 BC) * ''Arthashastra'' – Chanakya, (c. 350–283 BC) * ''Meditations'' – ''Marcus Aurelius, Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE'' * ''The Prince'' – by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) * ''The Book of Five Rings'' – Miyamoto Musashi (c. 1584––1645) * ''Leviathan (Hobbes book), Leviathan'' – Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) * ''The Wealth of Nations'' – by Adam Smith (1723–1790) * ''On War – by Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831) * ''The Communist Manifesto'' – by Karl Marx (1818-1883)

References

From plato

External links

American Political Science Association

European Consortium for Political Research

International Political Science Association

Political Studies Association of the UK

PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208183011/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825]
Political links resource
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