The
Polish United Workers' Party

Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP; Polish: Polska Zjednoczona
Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) was the
Communist party

Communist party which governed the
Polish People's Republic
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland_(1928–1980).svg.png)
Polish People's Republic from 1948 to 1989. Ideologically it was based
on the theories of Marxism-Leninism.[1] It also controlled the armed
forces, the
Polish People's Army

Polish People's Army (Polish: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie).
Contents
1 Program and goals
2 History
2.1 Establishment and
Sovietisation period
2.2 Gomułka's autarchic communism
2.3 Gierek's economic opening
2.4 Jaruzelski's autocratic rule
2.4.1 Breakdown of autocracy
2.5 Dissolution of the PUWP
3 Building
4 Party leaders
5 Leading figures of the PUWP
6 Notable politicians after 1989
6.1 Presidents
6.2 Prime ministers
6.3 European Commissioners
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links
Program and goals[edit]
Until 1989, the PUWP held dictatorial powers (the amendment to the
constitution of 1976 mentioned "a leading national force"), and
controlled an unwieldy bureaucracy, the military, the secret police,
and the economy. Its main goal was to create a Communist society and
help to propagate
Communism

Communism all over the world. On paper, the party
was organised on the basis of democratic centralism, which assumed a
democratic appointment of authorities, making decisions, and managing
its activity. Yet in fact, the key roles were played by the Central
Committee, its Politburo and Secretariat, which were subject to the
strict control of the authorities of the Soviet Union.[citation
needed][dubious – discuss] These authorities decided about the
policy and composition of the main organs; although, according to the
statute, it was a responsibility of the members of the congress, which
was held every five or six years. Between sessions, party conferences
of the regional, county, district and work committees were taking
place. The smallest organizational unit of the PUWP was the
Fundamental Party Organization (FPO), which functioned in work places,
schools, cultural institutions, etc.
The main part in the PUWP was played by professional politicians, or
the so-called "party's hard core", formed by people who were
recommended to manage the main state institutions, social
organizations, and trade unions. In the crowning time of the PUWP's
development (the end of the 1970s) it consisted of over 3.5 million
members. The Political Office of the Central Committee, Secretariat
and regional committees appointed the key posts not only within the
party, but also in all organizations having ‘state’ in its name
– from central offices to even small state and cooperative
companies. It was called the nomenklatura system of the state and
economy management. In certain areas of the economy, e.g., in
agriculture, the nomenklatura system was controlled with an approval
of the PUWP and by its allied parties, the United People's Party
(agriculture and food production), and the Democratic Party (trade
community, small enterprise, some cooperatives). After martial law
began, the
Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth was founded to
organize these and other parties.
History[edit]
Establishment and
Sovietisation period[edit]
See also:
Polish Workers' Party

Polish Workers' Party and Polish Socialist Party
The
Polish United Workers' Party

Polish United Workers' Party was established at the unification
congress of the Communist
Polish Workers' Party

Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and Polish
Socialist Party (PPS) during meetings held from 15 to 21 December
1948. The unification was possible because the PPS activists who
opposed unification (or rather absorption by Communists) had been
forced out of the party. Similarly, the members of the PPR who were
accused of "rightist – nationalistic deviation" were expelled. Thus,
for all intents and purposes, the PUWP was the PPR under a new name.
"Rightist-nationalist deviation" (Polish: odchylenie
prawicowo-nacjonalistyczne) was a political propaganda term used by
the Polish Stalinists against prominent activists, such as Władysław
Gomułka and
Marian Spychalski

Marian Spychalski who opposed Soviet involvement in the
Polish interior affairs, as well as internationalism displayed by the
creation of the
Cominform

Cominform and the subsequent merger that created the
PZPR. It is believed that it was
Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin who put pressure on
Bolesław Bierut
.jpg/440px-PL_Bolesław_Bierut_(1892-1956).jpg)
Bolesław Bierut and
Jakub Berman

Jakub Berman to remove Gomułka and Spychalski as
well as their followers from power in 1948. It is estimated that over
25% of socialists were removed from power or expelled from political
life.
Bolesław Bierut, an
NKVD
.svg/234px-NKVD_Emblem_(Gradient).svg.png)
NKVD agent [2] and a hard Stalinist, served as
first Secretary General of the ruling PUWP from 1948 to 1956, playing
a leading role in the
Sovietisation of
Poland

Poland and the installation of
her most repressive regime. He had served as President since 1944
(though on a provisional basis until 1947). After a new constitution
abolished the presidency, Bierut took over as Prime Minister, a post
he held until 1954. He remained party leader until his death in 1956.
Bierut oversaw the trials of many Polish wartime military leaders,
such as General
Stanisław Tatar

Stanisław Tatar and Brig. General Emil August
Fieldorf, as well as 40 members of the Wolność i Niezawisłość
(Freedom and Independence) organisation, various Church officials and
many other opponents of the new regime including the "hero of
Auschwitz", Witold Pilecki, condemned to death during secret trials.
Bierut signed many of those death sentences.
Bierut's mysterious death in
Moscow

Moscow in 1956 (shortly after attending
the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) gave
rise to much speculation about poisoning or a suicide, and
symbolically marked the end of the era of
Stalinism

Stalinism in Poland.
Gomułka's autarchic communism[edit]
Władysław Gomułka, at the height of his popularity, on 24 October
1956, addressing hundreds of thousands of people in Warsaw, asked for
an end to demonstrations and a return to work. "United with the
working class and the nation", he concluded, "the Party will lead
Poland

Poland along a new way of socialism".[1]
In 1956, shortly after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union, the PUWP leadership split in two factions, dubbed
Natolinians and Puławians. The
Natolin

Natolin faction - named after the
place where its meetings took place, in a government villa in Natolin
- were against the post-Stalinist liberalization programs (Gomułka
thaw) and they proclaimed simple nationalist and antisemitic[dubious
– discuss][citation needed] slogans as part of a strategy to gain
power. The most well known members included Franciszek Jóźwiak,
Wiktor Kłosiewicz, Zenon Nowak, Aleksander Zawadzki, Władysław
Dworakowski, Hilary Chełchowski.
The Puławian faction - the name comes from the Puławska Street in
Warsaw, on which many of the members lived - sought great
liberalization of socialism in Poland. After the events of Poznań
June, they successfully backed the candidature of Władysław Gomułka
for First Secretary of party, thus imposing a major setback upon
Natolinians. Among the most prominent members were Roman Zambrowski
and Leon Kasman. Both factions disappeared towards the end of the
1950s.
Initially very popular for his reforms and seeking a "Polish way to
socialism",[3] and beginning an era known as Gomułka's thaw, he came
under Soviet pressure. In the 1960s he supported persecution of the
Roman Catholic Church

Roman Catholic Church and intellectuals (notably Leszek Kołakowski
who was forced into exile). He participated in the
Warsaw

Warsaw Pact
intervention in
Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia in 1968. At that time he was also
responsible for persecuting students as well as toughening censorship
of the media. In 1968 he incited an anti-Zionist propaganda campaign,
as a result of Soviet bloc opposition to the Six-Day War.
In December 1970, a bloody clash with shipyard workers in which
several dozen workers were fatally shot forced his resignation
(officially for health reasons; he had in fact suffered a stroke). A
dynamic younger man, Edward Gierek, took over the Party leadership and
tensions eased.
Gierek's economic opening[edit]
Edward Gierek
In the late 1960s,
Edward Gierek

Edward Gierek had created a personal power base and
become the recognized leader of the young technocrat faction of the
party. When rioting over economic conditions broke out in late 1970,
Gierek replaced
Władysław Gomułka

Władysław Gomułka as party first secretary.[4]
Gierek promised economic reform and instituted a program to modernize
industry and increase the availability of consumer goods, doing so
mostly through foreign loans.[5] His good relations with Western
politicians, especially France's
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
.jpg)
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West
Germany's Helmut Schmidt, were a catalyst for his receiving western
aid and loans.
The standard of living increased markedly in the
Poland

Poland of the 1970s,
and for a time he was hailed a miracle-worker. The economy, however,
began to falter during the 1973 oil crisis, and by 1976 price
increases became necessary. New riots broke out in June 1976, and
although they were forcibly suppressed, the planned price increases
were canceled.[6] High foreign debts, food shortages, and an outmoded
industrial base compelled a new round of economic reforms in 1980.
Once again, price increases set off protests across the country,
especially in the Gdańsk and Szczecin shipyards. Gierek was forced to
grant legal status to Solidarity and to concede the right to strike.
(Gdańsk Agreement).
Shortly thereafter, in early September 1980, Gierek was replaced as by
Stanisław Kania as General Secretary of the party by the Central
Committee, amidst much social and economic unrest. Kania admitted that
the party had made many economic mistakes, and advocated working with
Catholic and trade unionist opposition groups. He met with Solidarity
Union leader Lech Wałęsa, and other critics of the party. Though
Kania agreed with his predecessors that the Communist Party must
maintain control of Poland, he never assured the Soviets that Poland
would not pursue actions independent of the Soviet Union. On October
18, 1981, the Central Committee of the Party withdrew confidence on
him, and Kania was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of
Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski.
Jaruzelski's autocratic rule[edit]
PUWP's newspaper "Trybuna Ludu" issue 13 December 1981 reports Martial
law in Poland.
On 11 February 1981, Jaruzelski was elected Prime Minister of Poland
and became the first secretary of the
Polish United Workers' Party

Polish United Workers' Party on
October 18 the same year. Before initiating the plan, he presented it
to Soviet Premier Nikolai Tikhonov. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski
imposed martial law in Poland
In 1982 Jaruzelski revitalized the Front of National Unity, the
organization the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as
the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth.
In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister
and became chairman of the Polish Council of State, a post equivalent
to that of president or a dictator, with his power centered on and
firmly entrenched in his coterie of "LWP" generals and lower ranks
officers of the Polish People's Army.
Breakdown of autocracy[edit]
The attempt to impose a naked military dictatorship, notwithstanding,
the policies of
Mikhail Gorbachev
.png/440px-Gorbachev_(cropped).png)
Mikhail Gorbachev stimulated political reform in
Poland. By the close of the tenth plenary session in December 1988,
the Polish United Workers Party was forced, after strikes, to approach
leaders of Solidarity for talks.
From 6 February to 15 April 1989, negotiations were held between 13
working groups during 94 sessions of the roundtable talks.
These negotiations resulted in an agreement which stated that a great
degree of political power would be given to a newly created bicameral
legislature. It also created a new post of president to act as head of
state and chief executive. Solidarity was also declared a legal
organization. During the following Polish elections the Communists won
65 percent of the seats in the Sejm, though the seats won were
guaranteed and the Communists were unable to gain a majority, while 99
out of the 100 seats in the Senate freely contested were won by
Solidarity-backed candidates. Jaruzelski won the presidential ballot
by one vote.
Jaruzelski was unsuccessful in convincing Wałęsa to include
Solidarity in a "grand coalition" with the Communists, and resigned
his position of general secretary of the Polish United Workers Party.
The PZPR' two allied parties broke their long-standing alliance,
forcing Jaruzelski to appoint Solidarity's
Tadeusz Mazowiecki

Tadeusz Mazowiecki as the
country's first non-communist prime minister since 1948. Jaruzelski
resigned as Poland's President in 1990, being succeeded by Wałęsa in
December.
Dissolution of the PUWP[edit]
Dom Partii building in Warsaw, former headquarters of PUWP
Starting from January 1990, the collapse of the PUWP became
inevitable. All over the country, public occupations of the party
buildings started in order to prevent stealing the party's possessions
and destroying or taking the archives. On 29 January 1990, XI Congress
was held, which was supposed to recreate the party. Finally, the PUWP
dissolved, and some of its members decided to establish two new
social-democratic parties. They get over $1 million from the Communist
Party of the
Soviet Union

Soviet Union known as the
Moscow

Moscow loan.
The former activists of the PUWP established the Social Democracy of
the Republic of
Poland

Poland (in Polish: Socjaldemokracja Rzeczpospolitej
Polskiej, SdRP), of which the main organizers were
Leszek Miller
.jpg/440px-Helicopter_(Lublinek_Airport).jpg)
Leszek Miller and
Mieczysław Rakowski. The SdRP was supposed (among other things) to
take over all rights and duties of the PUWP, and help to divide out
the property of the former PUWP. Up to the end of the 1980s, it had
considerable incomes mainly from managed properties and from the RSW
company ‘Press- Book-Traffic’, which in turn had special tax
concessions. During this period, the income from membership fees
constituted only 30% of the PUWP's revenues. After the dissolution of
the PUWP and the establishment of the SdRP, the rest of the activists
formed the Social Democratic Union of the Republic of
Poland

Poland (USdRP),
which changed its name to the Polish Social Democratic Union, and The
8th July Movement.
At the end of 1990, there was an intense debate in the
Sejm

Sejm on the
takeover of the wealth that belonged to the former PUWP. Over 3000
buildings and premises were included in the wealth and almost half of
it was used without legal basis. Supporters of the acquisition argued
that the wealth was built on the basis of plunder and the Treasury
grant collected by the whole society. Opponents of SdRP claimed that
the wealth was created from membership fees; therefore, they demanded
wealth inheritance for SdPR which at that time administered the
wealth. Personal property and the accounts of the former PUWP were not
subject to control of a parliamentary committee.
On 9 November 1990, the
Sejm

Sejm passed "The resolution about the
acquisition of the wealth that belonged to the former PUWP". This
resolution was supposed to result in a final takeover of the PUWP real
estate by the Treasury. As a result, only a part of the real estate
was taken over mainly for a local government by 1992, whereas a legal
dispute over the other party carried on till 2000. Personal property
and finances of the former PUWP practically disappeared. According to
the declaration of SdRP Members of Parliament, 90-95% of the party's
wealth was allocated for gratuity or was donated for a social
assistance.
Building[edit]
The Central Committee had its seat in the Party's House, a building
erected by obligatory subscription from 1948 to 1952 and colloquially
called White House or the House of Sheep. Since 1991 the
Bank-Financial Center "New World" is located in this building. From
1991-2000 the
Warsaw

Warsaw Stock Exchange also had its seat there.
Party leaders[edit]
By the year 1954 the head of the party was the Chair of Central
Committee:
#
Name
Picture
Took office
Left office
Notes
1
Bolesław Bierut
(1892–1956)
December 22, 1948
March 12, 1956
General Secretary
2
Edward Ochab
(1906–1989)
March 20, 1956
October 21, 1956
First Secretary
3
Władysław Gomułka
(1905–1982)
October 21, 1956
December 20, 1970
First Secretary
4
Edward Gierek
(1913–2001)
December 20, 1970
September 6, 1980
First Secretary
5
Stanisław Kania
(1927– )
September 6, 1980
October 18, 1981
First Secretary
6
Wojciech Jaruzelski
(1923–2014)
October 18, 1981
July 29, 1989
First Secretary
7
Mieczysław Rakowski
(1926–2008)
July 29, 1989
January 29, 1990
First Secretary
Leading figures of the PUWP[edit]
Jerzy Albrecht
Edward Babiuch
Kazimierz Barcikowski
Jakub Berman
Józef Cyrankiewicz
Zdzisław Grudzień
Mieczysław Jagielski
Piotr Jaroszewicz
Bolesław Jaszczuk
Stefan Jędrychowski
Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Zenon Kliszko
Stanisław Kociołek
Jerzy Łukaszewicz
Franciszek Mazur
Zbigniew Messner
Hilary Minc
Mieczysław Moczar
Kazimierz Morawski
Zenon Nowak
Józef Oleksy
Stefan Olszowski
Józef Pińkowski
Stanisław Radkiewicz
Ignacy Loga-Sowiński
Ryszard Strzelecki
Józef Tejchma
Roman Zambrowski
Aleksander Zawadzki
Adam Schaff
Notable politicians after 1989[edit]
Presidents[edit]
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Prime ministers[edit]
Józef Oleksy
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
Leszek Miller
Marek Belka
European Commissioners[edit]
Danuta Hübner
See also[edit]
Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party
List of
Polish United Workers' Party

Polish United Workers' Party members
Eastern Bloc

Eastern Bloc politics
Communist Party of Poland

Communist Party of Poland (1918 - 1938 y.)
Polish Communist Party (2002) - receiver with 2002 year
Notes[edit]
^ a b Hubert Zawadzki, Jerzy Lukowski, A Concise History of Poland,
Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-85332-X, Google
Print, p.295-296
^ Błażyński, Zbigniew (2003). Mówi Józef Światło. Za kulisami
bezpieki i partii, 1940-1955. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo LTW.
pp. 20/21, 27. ISBN 83-88736-34-5.
^ "Rebellious Compromiser". Time Magazine. 10 December 1956. Retrieved
2006-10-14.
^ Time magazine article from Jan. 4, 1971, The World: Poland's New
Regime: Gifts and Promises
^ Time magazine article from Oct. 14, 1974, POLAND: Gierek: Building
from Scratch
^ Time magazine article from Nov. 8, 1976 POLAND: The Winter of
Discontent
External links[edit]
MSWiA - Sprawozdanie z likwidacji majątku byłej PZPR (MSWiA - The
report on the liquidation of property of the former PZPR) (in Polish)
v
t
e
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the PZPR
Bolesław Bierut
Edward Ochab
Władysław Gomułka
Edward Gierek
Stanisław Kania
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Mieczysław Rakowski
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 132549238
LCCN: n80067155
ISNI: 0000 0001 2184 8543
GND: 1009009-5
SUDOC: 02899972X
BNF: cb12071816q (data)
NLA: 35427776
NKC: