Poecilotheria

''Poecilotheria'' is a genus of tarantulas native to India and Sri Lanka. It was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1885. They are arboreal tarantulas, commonly known as ornamental tarantulas, known for their vivid color patterns, fast movement, and potent venom compared to other tarantulas. all species are protected under CITES.

The genus name is a combination of the Ancient Greek " poikilos" (), meaning "spotted", and therion" (), meaning "wild beast".

Taxonomy

The species belonging to ''Poecilotheria'' were first documented in 1734 by Dutch zoologist Albertus Seba, when he went to Sri Lanka. He published the new spiders he saw in his illustrations of the book ''Albertus Seba's Thesaurus'' under the name of ''Aranea maxima ceilonica'' (meaning ''big spider from Sri Lanka''). However, the most precise scientific explanation came in 1804 when Pierre Latreille described the spider as ''Mygale fasciata''.

After about 40 years delay, in 1850, C.L. Koch revised the generic name ''Mygale'' in to ''Scurria'' and species as ''Scurria fasciata''. In 1885, Eugène Simon proposed the generic name ''Poecilotheria'' instead of ''Scurria'' due to species description errors with a mollusk.

There is a debate about the taxonomy of a few species. Some sources identify ''Poecilotheria vittata'' of Sri Lanka as a synonym of ''Poecilotheria striata'' of India, but in other sources both of them have been given valid species identity. The naming of ''Poecilotheria bara'' from Sri Lanka is also in debate – whether it is the same species as ''Poecilotheria subfusca'', found in south central parts of Sri Lanka. In 2014, Ranil P. Nanayakkara, a Sri Lanka arachnologist, regarded ''P. vittata'', ''P. striata'', ''P. bara'', and ''P. subfusca'' as distinct species.

Species

, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species, seven from India, six from Sri Lanka and two from both countries.

India

*'' Poecilotheria formosa'' Pocock, 1899 — Salem ornamental
*''Poecilotheria metallica'' Pocock, 1899 — Gooty sapphire ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria miranda'' Pocock, 1900 — Bengal spotted ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria regalis'' Pocock, 1899 — Indian Ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria rufilata'' Pocock, 1899 — red slate ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria striata'' Pocock, 1895 — Mysore ornamental, Pedersen's ghost ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria tigrinawesseli'' Smith, 2006 — Wessel's tiger ornamental

Sri Lanka

*'' Poecilotheria fasciata'' (Latreille, 1804) (type species) — Sri Lankan ornamental
*''Poecilotheria ornata'' Pocock, 1899 — fringed ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria rajaei'' Nanayakkara, et al., 2012 — Mankulam pink banded ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria smithi'' Kirk, 1996 — yellow backed ornamental
*''Poecilotheria subfusca'' Pocock, 1895 — ivory ornamental

Both countries

*'' Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica'' Smith, 2004 — Rameshwaram ornamental
*'' Poecilotheria vittata'' Pocock, 1895 — Magam ornamental

Junior synonyms

The following species were once considered to be species, but are now considered synonyms of other species by the World Spider Catalog, :
*''Poecilotheria amarasekarai'' = ''P. rajaei''; regarded as distinct by other sources
*'' Poecilotheria bara'' Chamberlin, 1917 = ''P. subfusca''; regarded as distinct by other sources
*''Poecilotheria gadgili'' Tikader, 1977 = ''P. regalis''
*''Poecilotheria nallamalaiensis'' Rao et al., 2006 = ''P. formosa''
*''Poecilotheria pederseni'' Kirk, 2001 = ''P. vittata''
*''Poecilotheria pococki'' Charpentier, 1996 = ''P. smithi''
*''Poecilotheria uniformis'' Strand, 1913 = ''P. subfusca''

Biology

Species of ''Poecilotheria'' are easily distinguishable from other species of family Theraphosidae due to the flattened carapace, maxilla with spines, and black teeth like tubercles. Their legs lack spines and the scopula of the legs are clearly seen. There are unique color patterns on the ventral surface, especially on the legs. The dorsal surface of the abdomen has several variegated stripes and spots of black and white. The first and fourth pair of legs are colored with striking yellow and black patterns, a feature used especially to identify up to species level.

Males and females show sexual dimorphism, which enables easy recognition. Mature males are easily recognizable by highly sclerotized sperm storage pouches called palpal bulbs. Palpal bulbs are used to inject sperm in to female's genitalia. Males are smaller than females and also more slenderly built. In males, the first pair and fourth pair of legs are of the same length, but in females, the first pair of legs are longer than the fourth pair. Males are usually more dull colored with cryptic markings and are inconspicuous. However, the folium marking on the opisthosoma is darker than that of females.

Ecology

Ornamental tarantulas are nocturnal and crepuscular hunters. They come out to forage in dusk and dawn. Unlike many other spiders, they do not use a cobweb to catch prey. Instead, they are ambush predators, where they sit and wait until the prey comes closer or passes by, then follow the prey with exceptional speed, catch it, and inject venom to immobilize it.

Once the prey is secured, they roll the prey in silk and start to feed. The most common prey of tiger spiders are insects, larvae, small birds and small mammals like bats, and even other spiders and males of the same species (by females).

Several species of ''Poecilotheria'' are classed as "endangered" or "critically endangered", with the main threats being habitat loss and for at least one species, ''P. metallica'', collection and smuggling for the pet trade.

Conservation

As of 2019, all species of ''Poecilotheria'' are listed on CITES Appendix II. This means that specimens cannot be legally traded (internationally) without CITES export permits from the country of export (or CITES re-export permits if the specimens had been previously imported from another country).

Photos

File:PoecilotheriaBara5L.jpg, ''Poecilotheria subfusca''.
File:Poecilotheria metallica.jpg, ''Poecilotheria metallica''
File:P regalis.JPG, ''Poecilotheria regalis''
File:Poecilotheria rufilata 8LA2.jpg, ''Poecilotheria rufilata''

File:Poecilotheria rajaei.JPG, ''Poecilotheria rajaei''

References

External links

''Poecilotheria'' pictures

{{Authority control

Spiders of Asia
Theraphosidae genera