Piperaceae

The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: ''Piper'' (2,171 species) and ''Peperomia'' (over 1,000 species).

Members of the Piperaceae may be small trees, shrubs, or herbs. The distribution of this group is best described as pantropical.

The best-known species, ''Piper nigrum'', yields most peppercorns that are used as spices, including black pepper, although its relatives in the family include many other spices.

Etymology

The name Piperaceae is likely to be derived from the Sanskrit term ''pippali'', sa, पिप्पली, which was used to describe long peppers (like those of '' Piper longum'').

Taxonomy

The APG III system of 2009 recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Piperales in the unranked clade magnoliids. The family consists of five genera: ''Piper'', ''Peperomia'', ''Zippelia'', ''Manekia'', and ''Verhuellia''. The previously recognised Pacific genus ''Macropiper'', was recently merged into ''Piper''.Wanke, S., Jaramillo, M. A., Borsch, T., Samain, M.-T., Quandt, D., and Neinhuis, C. (2007) "Evolution of Piperales—''matK'' gene and ''trnK'' intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 42: 477–497. A tentative cladogram showing relationships based on Wanke et al. (2007)Wanke, S., Vanderschaeve, L., Mathieu, G., Neinhuis, C., Goetghebeur, P., and Samain, M.S. (2007) "From Forgotten Taxon to a Missing Link? The Position of the Genus ''Verhuellia'' (Piperaceae) Revealed by Molecules". ''Annals of Botany'', 99: 1231–1238. is shown below. This phylogeny was based on 6,000 base pairs of chloroplast DNA. Only recently has it become clear that ''Verhuellia'' is sister to the other four genera in the family.Samain et al. (2010) "''Verhuellia'' is a segregate lineage in Piperaceae: more evidence from flower, fruit and pollen morphology, anatomy and development". ''Annals of Botany'', 105.

Characteristics

Members of pepper family are small trees, shrubs, or perennial or annual herbs.

Roots and stems

Plants are often rhizomatous, and can be terrestrial or epiphytic. The stems can be either simple or branched.

Leaves

Leaves are simple with entire margins, and are positioned at the base of the plant or along the stem, and can be alternate, opposite, or whorled in arrangement. Stipules are usually present, as are petioles. The leaves are often noticeably aromatic when crushed.

Flowers

Inflorescences (in the form of spikes) are terminal, opposite the leaves, or located in the axils. Flowers are bisexual, with no perianth, each flower is subtended by a peltate bract. Stamens are 2–6, and hypogynous, with 2-locular anthers. There are usually 3-4 stigmas attached to a single pistil per flower, which is 1 or 3-4 carpellate. The ovary is 1 locular, and superior.

Fruits and seeds

Fruits are drupelike, with a single seed per fruit. The seeds have a minute embryo, and mealy perisperm.Boufford, D.E. (1997)). Flora of North America - Piperaceae. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10692l

Traditional medicinal uses

Numerous members of the ''Piperaceae'' family are used in the traditional medicinal systems of indigenous population for a wide variety of illnesses. Many studies have been undertaken to investigate these uses, with a large number of them focusing especially on the active ingredient Piperine and related compounds found in many members of this family, especially Black pepper, Long pepper and Betel.

References

External links

Plants of the World Online, Piperaceae

Angiosperm Phylogeny Website



Piperaceae at the online ''Flora of North America''

Piperaceae at the online ''Flora of China''

Piperaceae at the online ''Flora of Zimbabwe''

Piperaceae at the NCBI Taxonomy Browser


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Plants of the World Online, Piperaceae

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Magnoliid families
Pantropical flora