Philippine art

The Arts in the Philippines are all the arts in the Philippines, from the beginning of civilization to the present. They reflect a range of artistic influences on the country's culture, including indigenous art. Philippine art consists of two branches: traditional and non-traditional art. Each branch is divided into categories and subcategories.

Overview

The National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the cultural agency of the Philippine government, has categorized Filipino arts as traditional and non-traditional. Each category has sub-categories.
*Traditional arts:
**Ethnomedicine – including albularyo, babaylans, and hilot
**Folk architecture – including stilt, land, and aerial houses
**Maritime transport – boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions
**Weaving – including back-strap loom weaving and other, related forms of weaving
**Carving – including woodcarving and folk non-clay sculpture
**Folk performing arts – including dances, plays, and dramas
**Folk (oral) literature – including epics, songs, and myths
**Folk graphic and plastic arts – including calligraphy, tattooing, writing, drawing, and painting
**Ornaments – including mask-making, accessory-making, ornamental metal crafts
**Textile (fiber) art – including headgear weaving, basketry, and fishing gear
**Pottery – including ceramics, clay pots and sculpture
**Other artistic expressions of traditional culture – including non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions

*Non-traditional arts:
**Dance – including choreography, direction, and performance
**Music – including composition, direction, and performance
**Theater – including direction, performance, production design, lighting and sound design, and playwriting
**Visual arts – including painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed-media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging
**Literature – including poetry, fiction, essays, and literary or art criticism
**Film and broadcast arts – including direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media
**Architecture and allied arts – including non-folk architecture, interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design
**Design – including industrial and fashion design

Traditional arts

Traditional arts in the Philippines include folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornaments, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture. Traditional artists or groups of artists receive the Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan Award (GAMABA) for their contributions to the country's intangible cultural heritage.

Ethnomedicine

Ethnomedicine is one of the oldest traditional arts in the Philippines. Traditions (and objects associated with them) are performed by medical artisans and shamans. Practices, grounded on the physical elements, are an ancient science and art. Herbal remedies, complementing mental, emotional, and spiritual techniques, are also part of many traditions as well. The category was added to the GAMABA in 2020.

Folk architecture

Folk architecture in the Philippines varies by ethnic group, and structures are made of bamboo, wood, rock, coral, rattan, grass, and other materials. They include the hut-style bahay kubo, highland houses (known as ''bale'') with four to eight sides, the coral houses of Batanes which protect from the area's harsh, sandy winds, the royal torogan (engraved with an intricate okir motif) and palaces such as the Darul Jambangan (Palace of Flowers), the residence of the sultan of Sulu before colonization. Folk architecture also includes religious buildings, generally called spirit houses, which are shrines to protective spirits or gods. Most are open-air, house-like buildings made of native materials. Some were originally pagoda-like (a style continued by natives who converted to Islam), and are now rare. Other buildings have indigenous and Hispanic motifs (''bahay na bato'' architecture and its prototypes). Many ''bahay na bato'' buildings are in Vigan, a World Heritage Site. Folk structures range from simple, sacred stick stands to indigenous castles or fortresses (such as Batanes' ijangs and geological alterations such as the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (another World Heritage Site).

File:Traditional stilt houses in Bangaan of the Ifugao people.jpg, Rice granaries from Ifugao, called bale
File:Daru Jambangan.jpg, Daru Jambangan (Palace of Flowers), the royal residence of the ruler of the Tausug
File:Model of Torogan Marano.jpg, Scaled-down replica of the torogan, inspired by the Kawayan Torogan, a National Cultural Treasure in Lanao del Sur
File:Bahay na bato houses of philippines.jpg, Some bahay na bato houses
File:Oldest House in Ivatan.jpg, Dakay house, the oldest surviving coral houses in the Batanes still used today (c. 1887)
File:Batad Rice Terraces, Ifugao Province, Philippines.jpg, Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Batad Rice Terraces after the rain.JPG, Batad Rice Terraces
File:WIKI-2012-negdelacruz-VIGAN-bricks 04.jpg, Bahay na bato houses in Vigan, World Heritage Site and part of a National Cultural Treasure
File:Couvent de Lazi 12 sept 2019.jpg, Bahay na bato-style Lazi convent
File:01827jfLandmarks Buildings Intramuros Manilafvf 44.jpg, Bahay na bato in Intramuros

Maritime transport

Maritime transport includes boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions. These structures, traditionally made of wood chosen by elders and crafters, connected the islands. Although boats are believed to have been used in the archipelago for thousands of years, the earliest evidence of boat-making has been carbon-dated to 320 AD: the Butuan boats identified as large balangays. In addition to the balangay, indigenous boats include the two-masted double-outrigger fishing armadahan, the avang trading ship, the awang dugout canoes, the balación sailing outrigger boat, the bangka, the bangka anak-anak canoe, the '' salambáw''-lifting basnigan, the bigiw double-outrigger sailboat, the birau dugout canoe, the buggoh dugout canoe, the casco barge, the single mast and pointed chinarem, the rough-sea open-deck chinedkeran, the djenging double-outrigger plank boat, the garay pirate ship, the guilalo sailing outrigger ship, the falua open-deck boat, the junkun canoe, the motorized junkung, the outrigger karakoa and lanong warships, the lepa houseboat, the ontang raft, the owong lake canoe, the open-deck fishing boat panineman, the double-outrigger paraw sailboat, the salisipan war canoe, the tataya fishing boat, the motorized tempel, the dinghy tiririt, and the outrigger vinta. From 1565 to 1815, Manila galleons were built by Filipino artisans.

File:Caracoa (Karakoa).jpg, A large karakoa outrigger warship, 1711
File:Balangay boat with Philippine flag.jpg, A balangay reconstruction
File:Old Moro Sailing Boat (A Bajau lepa houseboat).jpg, The Sama-Bajau's lepa house-boat with elaborate carvings
File:Falua boat in Basco, Batanes.jpg, A modernized falua in Batanes
File:Iranun lanong warship by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg, A large lanong outrigger warship, 1890
File:Shipyards and Arsenal, Cavite, Philippines (1899).jpg, Filipino boat-builders in a Cavite shipyard (1899)
File:Balatik, a paraw from the Tao Expedition, Philippines.jpg, A paraw in Palawan
File:Balangingi Garay ships by Rafael Monleón (1890).png, Garay warships of the Banguingui
File:Boating at Lake Sebu.jpg, An owong at Lake Sebu
File:Armadahan.png, An armadahan at Laguna de Bay (1968)
File:Salisipan by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg, War canoe salisipan, 1890
File:Balacion o Parao del la Laguna (1847).png, Painting of a balación, 1847
File:Planks of a Butuan balangay in the Butuan National Museum.jpg, Some of the remains of the Butuan Balangay (320 AD), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg, A Manila galleon visiting Micronesia, c. 1590s
File:Tagalog Casco barge.jpg, A casco, 1906

Weaving

Weaving is an ancient art form, and each ethnic group has a distinct weaving technique. The weaving arts include basket weaving, back-strap loom weaving, headgear weaving, and fishnet weaving.

Cloth and mat weaving

Valuable textiles are made with a back strap loom. Fibers such as cotton, abaca, banana fiber, grass, and palm are used in Filipino weaving. There are a number of types of woven cloth. Pinilian is an Ilocano cotton cloth woven with a ''pangablan'', using ''binakul'', ''binetwagan'', or ''tinumballitan'' styles. Bontoc weave emphasizes the concept of centeredness, key to the culture of the Bontoc people. The weave begins with the sides (''langkit''), followed by the ''pa-ikid'' (side panels), ''fatawil'' ( warp bands), and ''shukyong'' (arrows). The ''sinamaki'' weaving then begins, incorporating a ''tinagtakho'' (human figure), ''minatmata'' (diamond), and ''tinitiko'' (zigzag). The last is the center (''pa-khawa''), with the ''kan-ay'' (supplementary weft). Kalinga textiles contain geometric designs; one motif is a lozenge pattern known as ''inata-ata''. Piña is considered the finest indigenous Filipino textile. Aklanon textiles are used in national costumes. Hablon is the textile of the Karay-a and Hiligaynon peoples. Tapestry woven by the Yakan people uses the ''bunga-sama'' supplementary weft weave, the ''siniluan'' warp-floating pattern, the ''inalaman'' supplementary-weft technique, and the ''pinantupan'' weft-band pattern. Blaan weaving depicts crocodiles and curls. The Mandaya use a mud-dye technique. Meranaw textiles are used for the malong and other Maranao clothing. T'nalak is a Tboli textile. The oldest known ''ikat'' textile in Southeast Asia is the Banton cloth, dating to the 13th to 14th centuries.

Unlike cloth weaving with a loom, mats are woven by hand. They are woven in cool shade, and are kept cool to preserve their integrity. An example is the banig of Basey, where its weavers usually work in a cave. Fibers include banana, grass, and palm.

File:Binakol, Northern Luzon, Abra, Tinguian, 20th century, IV.JPG, Binakol
File:Shaman blanket, northwestern Luzon, Abra, Tinguian people, 20th century, cotton, repp weave, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Itneg shaman blanket
File:T'nalak cloth of the T'boli people from Lake Sebu.jpg, T'nalak
File:Double ikat weaving from Sulu, Philippines, East-West Center.JPG, A double ikat mat from Sulu
File:Malong (tube skirt) from Mindanao, Honolulu Museum of Art 14180.1.JPG, Rayon Malong
File:Pis siyabit (headscarf), Tausug people, Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art 14451.1.JPG, Silk Pis siyabit
File:Tube shirt (patadyong) from the Philippines, Sulu Archipelago, Honolulu Museum of Art .jpg, Silk Patadyong
File:Banton Burial Cloth.JPG, Banton cloth, the oldest surviving ikat textile in Southeast Asia (13th-14th century), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Shirt MET 83.50.1 detail CP4.jpg, Filipino shirt made of piña (1850s)
File:Panel (Philippines), early 19th century (CH 18386599).jpg, Panel made of silk, piña, and metallic threads (1800s)
File:Skirt from northern Luzon, late 1990s, cotton, glass beads, plain weave, warp-faced, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Northern Luzon textile used in skirt
File:Skirt from Bagobo, Mindanao, abacá (Musa textilis), Honolulu Museum of Art 7908.1.JPG, Bagobo textile used in skirt

Basketry

Baskets have intricate designs, styles and forms for specific purposes, such as harvesting, rice storage, traveling, and sword storage. Basket weaving is believed to have arrived with north-to-south human migration. Some of the finest baskets made are from Palawan, in the southwest. Materials vary by ethnic group, and include bamboo, rattan, pandan, cotton tassels, beeswax, abacá, bark, and dyes. Basketry patterns include closed crossed-over underweave, closed bamboo double-twill weave, and a spaced rattan pentagon pattern. Products include the ''tupil'' (lunch box), ''bukug'' (basket), ''kabil'' (carrying basket), ''uppig'' (lunch basket), ''tagga-i'' (rice basket), ''bay'ung'' (basket pouch), ''lig-o'' (winnowing tray), and ''binga'' (bag). Weaving traditions have been influenced by modern demands.

Woven headpieces are common, and cultures use a variety of fibers to create headgear such as the Ivatan ''vakul'' and the snake headpiece of the Bontoc. Woven fish traps are a specialty of the Ilocano people. Broom weaving is another tradition, exemplified by the Kalinga people.

File:Rice Culture Woven Baskets (25092450361).jpg, Various rice baskets
File:Cesta para tabaco filipina MNA.jpg, Filipino tobacco basket
File:0045MuseumFilipinojf 20.JPG, Pasiking or basket bags
File:Ivatan Woman.png, Ivatan woman wearing a vakul
File:The Colors of T'nalak by Louie D.Photography.jpg, T'boli women utilizing the s'laong kinibang in dance
File:Headdress from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8367.1.JPG, Weaved hornbill headgear of the Ilongot
File:Hat from Gaddang in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8393.1.JPG, Gaddang people's weaved headgear
File:Hats from the Philippines, c. 1904 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09570.JPG, Filipino weaved hats
File:Mercaders Ilocanos (Ilocano Merchants).jpg, Ilocano merchants wearing the headgear kattukong and raincoat annangá
File:Banaue Philippines Handmade-brooms-01.jpg, Ifugao brooms
File:Manila fishermen, early 1800s.jpg, Manila fishermen utilizing the sarambaw fishnet (c. 1800s)
File:MuseumFilipinojf9923 08.JPG, Various weaved fish gears
File:Cap, Philippines, 20th century, rattan - Fernbank Museum of Natural History - DSC09928.JPG, Filipino cap
File:Bachelor's hat, Bontoc, northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8426.1.JPG, Variant of a Bontoc hat
File:Iraya Mangyan Community Village 003.JPG, Basket crafts made by the Iraya Mangyan

Relics

The Philippines has Buddhist artifacts with Vajrayāna influence, most of which date to the ninth century and reflect the iconography of the Śrīvijayan empire. They were produced from the Agusan-Surigao area on Mindanao to Cebu, Palawan, and Luzon.

The Agusan image is a , 21-karat gold statuette found in 1917 on the Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Mindanao, dates to the ninth or tenth centuries. The image is commonly known as the Golden Tara, an allusion to its reported identity as an image of a Buddhist Tara. The figure, about tall, is of a female Hindu or Buddhist deity sitting cross-legged and wearing a headdress and other ornaments. It is on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. A bronze statue of Lokesvara was found in Isla Puting Bato in Tondo, Manila.

An image of the Buddha was moulded on a clay medallion in bas-relief in the municipality of Calatagan. It reportedly resembles iconographic depictions of the Buddha in Siam, India, and Nepal: in a tribhanga pose inside an oval nimbus. Scholars have noted a Mahayanic orientation in the image, since the boddhisattva Avalokiteśvara is also shown.

Another gold artifact, from the Tabon Caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in the caves has been linked to those in Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam. Crude bronze statues of the Hindu deity Ganesha were found by Henry Otley Beyer in 1921 in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, and in Mactan, Cebu. The statues were produced locally. A bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara was also excavated that year by Beyer in Mactan. A gold Kinnara was found in Surigao. Other gold relics include rings (some with images of Nandi), jewellery chains, inscribed gold sheets, and gold plaques with repoussé images of Hindu deities.

Carving

Carving includes on woodcarving and the creation of folk non-clay sculptures.

Woodcarving

Indigenous woodcarving by some ethnic groups dates to before the Hispanic arrival; the oldest may be fragments of a wooden boat dating to 320 AD. A variety of woods are used to make wood crafts, which include bululs. These wooden figures, known by a number of names, are found from north Luzon to southern Mindanao. Wood okir is crafted by ethnic groups in Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago. Wood crafts of objects such as sword hilts and musical instruments depict ancient, mythical beings. Indigenous wood-crafting techniques have been utilized in Hispanic woodcarvings after colonization, such as in Paete.

Religious Hispanic woodcarvings were introduced with Christianity, and are a fusion of indigenous and Hispanic styles. Paete is a center of religious Hispanic woodcarving. Such woodcarving also exists in many municipalities, where most crafts depict the life of Jesus and the Virgin Mary.

File:Kampilan hilts moro philippine swords.jpeg, Kampilan hilts
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Art - 24815385009.jpg, Detail of a torogan's panolong with a naga okir motif
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Musical Instruments.jpg, Kulintang from Mindanao
File:Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg, Spinning wheel
File:San Agustin Church Door (33917643600).jpg, San Agustin Church door carvings (1607), part of a World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Saddle panel, Bisilan Island, Yakan, wood with shell inlay, Honolulu Museum of Art I.JPG, Carved saddle panel of the Yakan people, inlaid with shells
File:Altar Bas Relief.JPG, Carved bas relief at San Agustin Church, Manila
File:Ifugao rice spoon II.JPG, Ifugao rice spoon guarded by a wooden figure
File:Filippine, nord dell'isola di luzon, ifugao, figura con una ciotola seduta (bulul), XV sec. 02.JPG, Bulul god with pamahan cup (15th century)
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Art - 24556378753.jpg, Carved sarimanok
File:Chest, Mindanao, Maranao, wood and bone, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Wooden chest with bones
File:Maranao agong.jpg, Carved holder for an agong
File:TboliArts.jpg, Tboli carving of a macaque and a turtle at Lake Sebu's museum
File:Rice Culture Carabao Plowing Rice Paddy (24817921669).jpg, Carving depicting a Filipino farmer and a carabao
File:Philippines, archipel des échanges, Musée du quai Branly 02.jpg, Tomb markers from the Sulu archipelago
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Art (24887248800).jpg, Various crafts made with okir
File:Wooden Madonna (24849126830).jpg, Wooden Madonna
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Drums (24816051909).jpg, Giant wooden drums
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro & Lumad Shields & Knives.jpg, A number of wooden shields

Stone, ivory, and other carvings

Stone carving predates Western colonization. Carvings may represent an ancestor or a deity who helps the spirit of a loved one enter the afterlife. Ancient carved burial urns have been found in many areas, notably in the Cotabato region. The Limestone tombs of Kamhantik, in Quezon province, are thought to initially have rock covers and were sarcophagi. They are believed to have been originally roofed, as evidenced by holes where beams have been placed. Stone grave marks are carved with okir motifs to aid the dead. Mountainsides are carved to form burial caves, especially in the highlands of northern Luzon; the Kabayan Mummies are an example. Marble carvings are centered in Romblon, and most (primarily Buddhist statues and related works) are exported. With the arrival of Christianity, stone carvings became widespread; most are church facades or statues, or statues and other crafts for personal altars. A notable stone carving is the facade of Miagao Church.

Ivory carving has been practiced in the Philippines for a millenium; its oldest known ivory artifact is the Butuan Ivory Seal, dated to the ninth to 12th centuries. Ivory religious carvings (locally known as ''garing'') became widespread after ivory was imported to the Philippines from Asia, where carvings focused on Christian themes such as the Madonna and child, the Christ child, and the Sorrowful Mother. Many of the ivory carvings from the Philippines have gold and silver designs. The Filipino ivory trade has boomed because of the demand for carvings, but the government has cracked down on the illegal trade. In 2013, the Philippines was the first country to destroy its ivory stock; the ivory trade has decimated the world's elephant and rhinoceros populations. Horns of dead carabaos have substituted for ivory in the country for centuries.

File:Miagao Church Facade Closeup.JPG, Stone carvings at the facade of Miagao Church, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Museu de Cultures del Món 23.jpg, Various ancient carved limestone burial urns
File:Bas-relief work of artist Joseph Bergaño.jpg, Bas relief at Panay Church (1770s)
File:Romblon island 089col.jpg, Carved marbles from Romblon
File:Head of the Virgin Mary from the Philippines, 18th-19th century, carved ivory with inlaid glass eyes.JPG, Virgin Mary ivory head with inlaid glass eyes (18-19th century)
File:Visayan tenegre horn hilt closeup.JPG, Visayan tenegre buffalo horn hilt
File:Christ Child, Philippines, c. 1580-1640 AD, ivory, gold, paint - Peabody Essex Museum - Salem, MA - DSC05210.jpg, Ivory carving of Christ Child with gold paint (1580-1640)
File:RedSealofButuan.jpg, Stamp of the Butuan Ivory Seal (9th-12th century)
File:Our Lady of La Naval de Manila.jpg, Our Lady of La Naval de Manila, the oldest Christian statue in the Philippines made of ivory (1593 or 1596)
File:Filipino triptych, Museo de América.jpg, An ivory triptych (17th century)
File:Philippines mother-of-pearl 19th C - La divina pastora (Holy Virgin as shepherdess) IMG 9386 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg, Mother-of-pearl relief (19th century)
File:Basilica Del Santo Niño - Bas Relief 1.jpg, One of the carvings at the Basilica del Santo Niño
File:Customs of the World; illustration of a Bagoba Wellcome M0005579.jpg, Teeth filing is present in some ethnic groups in the country
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (25066044671).jpg, A likha portraying a god, one of only two likha that survived Spanish persecution and destruction
File:Helmet MET 36.25.98 004mar2015.jpg, Moro helmet, exterior made of carved carabao horn (18th century)

Folk performing arts

Folk dances, plays, and dramas are performed. Each ethnic group has its own heritage, and Filipino folk performing arts also have Spanish and American influences. Some dances are related to those in neighboring Austronesian and other Asian countries. Folk performing arts include the banga, manmanok, ragragsakan, tarektek, uyaoy (or uyauy), pangalay, asik, singkil, sagayan, kapa malong malong, binaylan, sugod uno, dugso, kinugsik kugsik, siring, pagdiwata, maglalatik, tinikling, subli, cariñosa, kuratsa, and pandanggo sa ilaw. Folk dramas and plays are based on popular epics such as Hinilawod, and the Senakulo is a popular drama with Hispanic groups.

File:Tinikling.jpg, Tinikling
File:Parangal Dance Co. performing Pangalay at 14th AF-AFC 2.JPG, Pangalay
File:Folklore of the popular heritage of the State of the Philippines 15.jpg, Singkil royal dance
File:Passionplayjf1974 04.JPG, Senakulo in Bulacan
File:Kaamulan Festival - Courtship dance.jpg, Lumad courtship dance
File:Folklore of the popular heritage of the State of the Philippines 18.jpg, Maglalatik
File:Paragua.jpg, Jota Zamboanguena Chavacano

Folk (oral) literature

Folk (oral) literature includes the epics, songs, myths, and other oral literature of Filipino ethnic groups. The country's poetry is rich in metaphors. Tanaga poetry has a 7777 syllable count, and its rhyme forms range from dual rhymes to none. Awit poetry has 12-syllable quatrains, with rhyming similar to the ''Pasyon'' chanted in the ''pabasa''. Another awit is the 1838 ''Florante at Laura''. Dalit poetry contains four lines of eight syllables each. Ambahan poetry consists of seven-syllable lines with rhythmic end syllables, often chanted and sometimes written on bamboo. Balagtasan is a debate in verse. Other poems include ''A la juventud filipina'', and '' Ako'y may alaga''.

Epic poems include the 17-cycle, 72,000-line ''Darangen'' of the Maranao and the Hinilawod. Others include '' Biag ni Lam-Ang'', ''Ibalon'', ''Hudhud'', ''Alim'', the ''Ulalim'' cycle, ''Lumalindaw'', ''Kudaman'', the ''Agyu Cycle'', ''Tulelangan'', ''Gumao of Dumalinao'', ''Ag Tubig Nog Keboklagan'', ''Keg Sumba Neg Sandayo'', and ''Tudbulul''. Filipino Sign Language is used to pass on oral literature to the hearing-impaired. Folk literature is documented by scholars in manuscripts, tapes, and video recordings.

File:Pasyon, pabasa.jpg, Pabasa during the Pasyon
File:The rotation of Visayan Philippine bakunawa.png, Bakunawa, a deity from the Visayas and Bicol, in a divination-rotation chart as explained in ''Signosan'' (1919)
File:Manananggal.jpg, A manananggal drawing, as depicted in folk stories
File:Buraq sculpture from Mindanao Philippines.jpg, A buraq sculpture, as depicted in folk stories
File:Mariang Makiling statue at the University of the Philippines in Los Baños.jpg, Sculpture depicting Makiling, the protector-goddess of Mount Makiling
File:Banaue Rice Terraces and its statue friend.JPG, A hogang, fern-trunk statue, of a god protecting boundaries in Ifugao
File:Kaamulan Festival - Tableau Presentation.jpg, Performance at the Kaamulan, depicting gods and heroes from the people's ancient religions

Folk graphic and plastic arts

These are tattooing, folk writing, and folk drawing and painting.

Folk writing (calligraphy)

The Philippines has a number of indigenous scripts collectively known as suyat, each of which has its own calligraphy. Since 16th-century Spanish colonization, ethnolinguistic groups have used the scripts in a variety of media. By the end of the colonial era, only four suyat scripts survived and continue to be used: the Hanunó'o and Buhid scripts and those of the Tagbanwa and Palawan peoples. All four were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme as ''Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, , Tagbanua and Pala’wan)'' in 1999.

Artists and cultural experts have also revived extinct suyat scripts, including the Visayan badlit script, the ''iniskaya'' script of the Eskaya people, the baybayin script of the Tagalog people, the sambali script of the Sambal people, the basahan script of the Bicolano people, the sulat pangasinan script of the Pangasinense people, and the kur-itan (or kurdita) script of the Ilocano people. Spanish and Arabic Jawi scripts are also used. Suyat-based calligraphy has become increasingly popular. Philippine Braille is used by the visually impaired.

File:Ancient Philippine Script Monreal Stone (24558270153).jpg, One of the Monreal Stones of Ticao written in the baybayin script
File:Ilokano baybayin prayer.gif, Amami, a fragment of a prayer written in kur-itan or kurdita, the first to use the krus-kudlit
File:Inskripsyon sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna.jpg, Laguna Copperplate Inscription written in the kawi script, precursor to baybayin (900 CE), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Surat guhit (basahan).jpg, Basahan (surat bikol) script sample
File:Bayi, a bamboo bow from Mindoro.jpg, Hanunó'o calligraphy written on bamboo
File:Buhid script sample.svg, Buhid script sample
File:Jawiscript arabic.gif, Jawi script, used in the Sulu archipelago
File:"Maradika" Qur'an of Bayang, Lanao del Sur.jpg, The Koran of Bayang, written in the kirim script on paper, a National Cultural Treasure; kirim is used in mainland Muslim Mindanao
File:Eskayascript.gif, Eskaya script sample
File:DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg, Pages of the ''Doctrina Christiana'', an early Christian book in Spanish, Tagalog in Latin script and in Baybayin (1593)
File:Philippine passport (2016 edition) Baybayin.jpg, Indigenous script in the country's passport
File:Guhit kalingking.jpg, Tagbanwa calligraphy on bamboo

Folk drawing and painting

Folk drawings have been known for thousands of years in the archipelago. The oldest folk drawing is the rock drawings and engravings which include the petroglyphs in Angono (Rizal), which was created during the Neolithic age of the Philippines, corresponding to 6000 BC to 2000 BC. The drawings have been interpreted as religious in nature, with infant drawings made to relieve the sickness of children. Another known petroglyph is in Alab (Bontoc), which is dated to be not later than 1500 BC, and represents symbols of fertility such as the pudenda. In contrast, ancient folk drawings as petrographs can be found in specific sites in the country as well. The petrographs of Peñablanca in Cagayan compose charcoal drawings. The petrographs of Singnapan in southern Palawan are also drawn with charcoal. The petrograhs in Anda (Bohol) comppose drawings made with red hematite. Recently discovered petrographs in Monreal (Ticao) include drawings of monkeys, human faces, worms or snakes, plants, dragonflies, and birds.

Folk paintings, like folk drawings, are works of art that usually include depictions of folk culture. Evidences suggest that the people of the archipelago have been painting and glazing their potteries for thousands of years. Pigments used in paintings range from gold, yellow, reddish purple, green, white, blue-green, to blue. Statues and other creations have also been painted on by various ethnic groups, using a variety of colors. Paintings on skin with elaborate designs is also a known folk art which continue to be practiced in the Philippines, especially among the Yakan people.

Tattooing was introduced by Austronesian ancestors thousands of years ago, where it developed into cultural symbols in a variety of ethnic groups. Although the practice has been in place for thousands of years, its documentation was first put on paper in the 16th century, where the bravest Pintados (people of central and eastern Visayas) were the most tattooed. Similar tattooed peoples were documented among the Bicolanos of Camarines and Tagalogs of Marinduque.
Tattooed people in Mindanao include the Manobo, where their tattoo tradition is called pang-o-túb. The T'boli also tattoo their skin, believing that the tattoos glow after death, guiding the soul in its journey into the afterlife. But perhaps the most popular tattooed people in the Philippines are the highland peoples of Luzon collectively called the Igorot, where they are traditionally tattooed prior to colonization. Presently, only the small village of Tinglayan in Kalinga province has traditional tattoo artists crafting the batok, headed by master tattooist and Kalinga matriarch Whang-od. In the last decade, the many traditional tattoo arts of the Philippines has experienced a revival after centuries of decline. Body folk drawing adornment through scarification also exist among certain ethnic groups in the Philippines.

File:Angono Petroglyphs1.jpg, A portion of the Angono Petroglyphs (6000-2000 BC), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Yakan.jpg, Yakan couple with traditional facial paintings called tanyak tanyak
File:Kutkut.jpg, Painting made with the Waray people's kut-kut technique, developed in Samar
File:St Joseph, Philippines, 17th century AD, gilt and painted ivory - Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas - Madrid, Spain - DSC07947.JPG, Painted ivory statue of St. Joseph (17th century)
File:Visayans 1.png, Pintados recorded in the Boxer Codex (c. 1590)
File:Whang-od tattooing.jpg, Whang-od applying a Kalinga tattoo
File:Bontoc.jpg, Tattooed Bontoc warrior
File:A LUZON NEGRITO WITH SPEAR.jpg, Aeta man with body scarification

Ornament

Ornament art includes a variety of fields, ranging from accessory-making, to ornamental metal crafts, and many others.

Glass art

Glass art is an old art form in the Philippines, with many artifacts made of glass found in some sites such as Pinagbayanan. Stained glasses have been in place in many churches in the country since Spanish occupation. Initially, European craftfolks managed the production of stained glasses in the country, but later on, Filipino craftfolks also entered the scene, notably since the 20th century. An important set of stained glass creations is those from the Manila Cathedral, where the pot glass technique was used. The Marian theme is a vivid depiction throughout the glasses, with stern focus on Mary's life and saints in their Marian reverence. Major ''Our Lady'' images in the windows include the mother of Peace and Good Voyage, of Expectation, of Consolation, of Loreto, of the Pillar, of Remedies, of “La Naval,” of the Abandoned, of Carmel, of the Miraculous Medal, of the Rule, of Montserrat, of Lourdes, of Peñafrancia, of Perpetual Help, of Fatima, of Sorrows, and of Nasalambao. Some glass arts in the Philippines aside from stained glasses focus on chandeliers and sculptures, among others.

File:Aringay Church's stained glass window of Jeremiah.jpg, Jeremiah at Aringay church
File:San Sebastian Church Stained Glass.jpg, San Sebastian Church window, part of a National Cultural Treasure
File:Zadkiel memorial stained glass, Mainside Protestant Chapel.jpg, Zadkiel at Samar church

Hat-making, mask-making, and related arts

Hat-making is a fine art in many communities throughout the country, with the gourd-based tabungaw of Abra and Ilocos being one of the most prized. Indigenous Filipino hats were widely used in the daily lives of the people until the 20th century when they were replaced by Western-style hats. They are currently worn during certain occasions, such as festivals, rituals, or in theatre.

The art of mask creation is both an indigenous and imported tradition, as certain communities have mask-making practices prior to colonization, while some mask-making traditions were introduced through trade from parts of Asia and the West. Today, these masks are worn mostly during festivals, Moriones Festival, and MassKara Festival. A related art is puppet-making, which is notable for its products used in theater plays and festivals such as the Higantes Festival. Most indigenous masks are made of wood, where these works of art are almost always rudimentary as they represent beings outside basic human comprehension. Gold masks made specifically for the dead also abound in the country, specifically in the Visayas region. However, the practice of gold mask making ceased due to Spanish colonization. Masks made of bamboo and paper used in Lucban depict the proverbial Filipino farming family. Masks of Marinduque are used in pantomimic dramatization, while masks of Bacolod depict egalitarian values, showing ancient traditions of equality among the people, regardless of economic standards. In theater, various masks are notable among epics, especially those related to the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

File:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Money Museum salakot display.jpg, Gourd-based Salakot (bottom)
File:Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons Plate 15.png, Brass helmets (top) from Bangsamoro
File:Hat from Northern Luzon, Bontic, wood and beads, HAA.JPG, Bontoc wood hat
File:Silver-inlaid tortoiseshell salakot.jpg, Tortoiseshell salakot with inlaid silver
File:Hat, Mindanao, Mandaya, palm, bamboo, feathers, cotton, fiber and beads, Honolulu.jpg, Mandaya people's sadok
File:A Woman At The Kalibo Ati-Atihan Festival, Philippines.jpg, Participant with headgear during the Ati-Atihan festival
File:CVP 4421.jpg, Masked participants during the MassKara Festival
File:MuseumFilipinojf9956 33.JPG, Various masks used during the Kwaresma

Accessory-making

Accessories in the Philippines are almost always worn with their respective combination of garments, with some being used as accessories for houses, altars, and other objects. Among the more than a hundred ethnic groups in the Philippines, the most accessorized is possibly the Kalinga people. The Gaddang people also exhibit a very accessorized culture. The most famous accessories utilized by numerous ethnic groups in the Philippines are omege-shaped fertility objects called a lingling-o, which are used from the northern islands of Batanes to the southern islands of Palawan. The oldest lingling-o currently known is dated at 500 BC and is made of nephrite jade. Shells have traditionally been used as fine mediums for accessories in the Philippines as well.

The art of gold craftsmanship is prevalent among Filipino ethnic groups, where the most known goldsmiths came from Butuan. Regalia, jewelries, ceremonial weapons, teeth ornamentation, and ritualistic and funerary objects made of high-quality gold have been excavated in many Filipino sites, attesting the archipelago's flourished gold culture between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. While certain gold craft techniques have been lost due to colonization, later techniques influenced by other cultures have also been adopted by Filipino goldsmiths.

File:Filippine, luzon del nord, gaddang, copricapo suklong, xix secolo.jpg, Accessory of the Gaddang people
File:Earring from Kalinga in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8411.1.JPG, A lingling-o of the Kalinga people
File:Earring from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8372.1.JPG, Ilongot earring
File:MET 12 176 18 d1.jpeg, Filipino gold and coral necklace (17th-18th c.)
File:Jewelry and clothing ornaments.jpg, Gold jewelries (12th-15th century)
File:Filippine, luzon del nord, tinggian, cintura akusan, XIX-XX secolo.jpg, Itneg accessory
File:Hair ornament from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art I.JPG, Ilongot hair ornament
File:Belt from Bontoc, northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8426.1.JPG, Bontoc belt
File:Necklace from Northern Luzon, Ilongot, brass, mother-of-pearl and beads, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG, Mother-of-pearl necklace
File:Pectoral, Northern Luzon, Ifugao, brass, thread and glass beads, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Ifugao pectoral accessory
File:3 necklaces from the Philippines, 12th-15th century, gold, semi-precious stone and glass, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg, Necklaces made of gold, semi-precious stones, and glass (12th-15th century)
File:MET 12 176 20 d2.jpeg, Necklace made of gold and coral (17th–19th century)

Ornamental metal crafts

Ornamental metal crafts are metal-based products that are specifically used to beautify something else, which may or may not be made of metal. They are prized in many communities in the Philippines, where possibly the most sought after are those made by the Maranao, specifically from Tugaya, Lanao del Sur. Metal crafts of the Moro people have been made to decorate a variety of objects, where all are imbibed with the traditional okir motif. Numerous metal crafts are also utilized to design and give emphasis to religious objects such as altars, Christian statues, and clothing, among many other things. Apalit, Pampanga is one of the major centers for the craft. Gold has been utilized in many ornamental crafts of the Philippines, where majority that have survived colonialism and looting are human accessories with elaborate ancient designs.

File:Our Lady of Manaoag 1.JPG, Our Lady of Manaoag with metal headpiece, part of a National Cultural Treasure
File:Jaw harp handle, Mindanao, Maranao, horn with brass studs, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Maranao kubing jaw harp with okir motif
File:Image of golden Garuda of Palawan.jpg, Golden garuda ornament from Palawan
File:Retablo of Holy Cross Parish, Nabua, Camarines Sur.jpg, Nabua Church retablo
File:Santa Monica Parish Church3351jf 05.JPG, Santa Monica Church chandelier, part of a National Cultural Treasure
File:Armadura kurab-a-kulang, Joló, Filipinas, Museo del Ejército de Toledo.JPG, Indigenous armor from Sulu, made of metal, carabao horn, and silver
File:J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG, Wrought iron at Malolos Church
File:Belt from Northern Luzon, the Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art 8366.1.JPG, Northern Luzon metal belt

Pottery

The art of pottery, categorized into ceramic making, clay pot-making, and folk clay sculpture, has long been a part of various cultures in the Philippines, with evidence pointing to a pottery culture dating around 3,500 years ago. Important pottery artifacts from the Philippines include the Manunggul Jar (890–710 BCE) and the Maitum anthropomorphic pottery (5 BC-225 AD). High-fired potteries were first made around 1,000 years ago, which led to what scholars describe as the 'ceramic age' in the Philippines. The ceramic trade also became prevalent, where potteries and shards as far as the Arab world, possibly Egypt, and East Asia has been found in the Philippines according to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Specific jars were also traded directly to Japan. Prior to colonization, porcelain imported from foreign lands have already become popular among many communities in the archipelago as seen in the many archaeological porcelains found throughout the islands. While oral literature from Cebu have noted that porcelain were already being produced by the natives during the time of Cebu's early rulers, prior to the arrival of colonizers in the 16th century. Despite this, the earliest known porcelain made by natives of the Philippines is officially dated at 1900s, as porcelain found in Filipino archaeological sites were all branded by the time of their rediscovery as "imported", which has become a major debate today. The late 19th to early 20th century led to Filipinos working as porcelain artisans in Japan to fly back into the Philippines, re-introducing the process of making the craft. All but one porcelain from the era survived World War II. Notable folk clay art in the country include ''The Triumph of Science over Death'' (1890), and ''Mother's Revenge'' (1894), Popular potteries in the country include tapayan and palayok. The art of pottery has met media attention in recent years, as various techniques and designs are continually being crafted by Filipino artisans.

File:Jar, Republic of the Philippines, ceramic, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Philippine ceramic (100-1400 CE)
File:Calatagan Pot, 14th-15th Centuries AD (32154714093).jpg, Calatagan Pot with suyat calligraphy (14th-15th century)
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (25041268432).jpg, Burial pots, with the right having wave designs
File:Intramuros Pot Shard (32928448906).jpg, The Intramuros Pot Shard, with a script on it
File:Manunggul Jar.jpg, Manunggul Jar from Palawan (890–710 BC), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery - 24532486603.jpg, Burial jar top of one of the Maitum anthropomorphic pottery from Sarangani (5 BC-370 AD)
File:Mindanao Burial Jar.jpg, Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jar No. 13 (5 BC-370 AD), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Pottery houses for rice anito (spirits) among the Itneg people (1922, Philippines).jpg, Itneg pottery house for an anito (c. 1922)
File:La venganza de la madre (The Mother's Revenge).jpg, ''The Mother's Revenge'' (1894), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (25041403662).jpg, Multiple clay heads used as toppings for burial jars, each with a unique face
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (24791553049).jpg, An ancient mini-jar and a goblet
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (32927714626).jpg, An ancient burial jar head
File:Butuan National Museum - pottery 2 - Butuan, Filippine.jpg, Porcelain found in the Philippines
File:Jar, made in China and collected in the Philippines, 11th century, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Porcelain jar found in the Philippines (11th century)
File:Porcelain, Palawan, 15th Century (24517982393).jpg, Porcelain found in Palawan (15th century)
File:Porcelain, Broken Reef, 11-12th Century (25051523851).jpg, Porcelain found in the Philippines (11th-12th century)

Other artistic expressions of traditional culture

Various traditional arts are too distinct to be categorized into specific sections. Among these art forms include non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions, among many others.

Non-ornamental metal crafts

Non-ornamental metal crafts are metal products that stand on their own. These crafts are usually already beautiful as they are, and seldom need ornamental metal crafts to further their indigenous aesthetics. Each ethnic group has their own terms for artisans specializing in metal works, with the Moro people being one of the foremost creators of quality metal works, which usually are decorated with the okir motif. Metal crafts are also notable among the craftsfolk of various craft epicenters of the country, such as Baguio in the north. Hispanic metal crafts are prevalent among lowlanders. These crafts usually include giant bells, where the largest in Asia is conserved at Panay Church. Deity crafts made of metals, notably gold, has been found in the Philippines as well, with the Agusan image being a notable example.

File:Food jar (gadur), Mindanao, Maranao, brass with silver inlay, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG, Brass gadur
File:Moro cannon or swivel gun (lantaka) from the Sulu Archipelago, brass, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg, Lantaka guns
File:Betel box from the Philippines, Mindanao, Maranao people, probably 20th century, copper alloy with silver inlay, HAA.JPG, Copper betel nut box with silver inlay
File:Teapot-shaped ewer, Mindanao, Philippines, c. 1800 AD, brass, copper - Spurlock Museum, UIUC - DSC06011.jpg, Ewer from Mindanao (1800)
File:Lantaka Swivel Gun (25172974495).jpg, Detail of a lantaka gun
File:Silver Ciborium (25051473371).jpg, Silver ciborium
File:Largest bell in the Philippines and Asia.JPG, The largest church bell in Asia, housed at Panay Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Manobo Jewel Case.jpg, Manobo jewel case
File:Jar And Cover (Philippines), possibly 19th century (CH 18468101-2).jpg, Bronze jars (19th century)
File:Hinged box, Mindandao, Philippines, c. 1800 AD, brass - Spurlock Museum, UIUC - DSC06016.jpg, Hinged brass box (1800)

File:National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka - Gangsa - Kalinga people in Philippines - Collected in 2008.jpg, Gangsa gongs of the Kalinga people
File:Kulintang 04.jpg, Kulintang gongs of the Maranao people

Blade arts

The art of sword making is an ancient tradition in the Philippines, where Filipino bladesmiths have been creating quality swords and other bladed weapons for centuries, with a diverse array of types influenced by the sheer diversity of ethnic groups in the archipelago. Many of the swords are specifically made for ceremonial functions and agricultural functions, while certain types are used specifically for offensive and defensive warfare. The most known Filipino sword is the kampilan, a well-defined sharp blade with an aesthetically protruding spikelet along the flat side of the tip and a pommel which depicts one of four sacred creatures, a '' bakunawa'' (dragon), a ''buaya'' (crocodile), a ''kalaw'' ( hornbill), or a ''kakatua'' (cockatoo). Other Filipino bladed weapons include the balarao, balasiong, balisong, balisword, bangkung, banyal, barong, batangas, bolo, dahong palay, gunong, gayang, golok, kalis, karambit, panabas, pinutí, pirah, gunong, susuwat, tagan, utak. A variety of spears (sibat), axes, darts (bagakay), and arrows (pana/busog) are also utilized by all ethnic groups in the country.

File:Sword from the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art II.JPG, Kampilan sword from Sulu
File:Basih weapons.jpg, Basih weapons
File:Yakan ceremonial sword (panabas).jpg, Yakan ceremonial swords
File:Bagobo kampilan and Ifugao headhunting-axes.jpg, Lumad swords from Mindanao and Igorot axes from Luzon
File:Sword from the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG, Kalis sword from Sulu
File:2016 Singapur, Downtown Core, Muzeum Cywilizacji Azjatyckich, Ekspozycja (060).jpg, Moro swords
File:Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons Plate 5.png, War, ceremonial, and fishing spears in the Philippines
File:Lumad (Mandaya and T'boli) badao daggers.jpg, Lumad daggers in Mindanao
File:Filipino sword luzon vs visayan swords b.JPG, Swords from Luzon and Visayas
File:Bradlyes mayhem 3 4 5 6.jpg, Various balisongs
File:Visayan swords a ginunting b to c talibong.jpg, Various swords from the Visayas

Martial arts

Filipino martial arts vary from ethnic group to ethnic group due to the diversity of cultures within the archipelago. The most famous is Arnis (also called kali and eskrima), the national sport and martial art of the Philippines, which emphasize weapon-based fighting styles with sticks, knives, bladed weapons and various improvised weapons as well as open hand techniques. Arnis has met various cultural changes throughout history, where it was also known as ''estoque'', ''estocada'', and ''garrote'' during the Spanish occupation. Spanish recorderd first encountered the prevalent martial art as ''paccalicali-t'' to the Ibanags, ''didya/kabaroan'') to the Ilocanos, ''sitbatan/kalirongan'' to Pangasinenses, ''sinawali'' ("to weave") to the Kapampangans, ''calis/pananandata'' (use of weapons) to the Tagalogs, ''pagaradman'' to the Ilonggos, and ''kaliradman'' to the Cebuanos.

Unarmed martial techniques include Pangamot of the Bisaya, suntukan of the Tagalog, Rizal's sikaran of the Tagalog, dumog of the Karay-a, buno of the Igorot people, and yaw-yan. Some impact martial weapons include baston or olisi, bangkaw or tongat, dulo-dulo, and tameng. Edged martial weapons include daga/cuchillo which utilizes gunong, punyal and barung or barong, balisong, karambit which used blades similar to tiger claws, espada which utilizes kampilan, ginunting, pinuti and talibong, itak, kalis which uses poison-bladed daggers known as kris, golok, sibat, sundang, lagaraw, ginunting, and pinunting. Flexible martial weapons include latigo, buntot pagi, lubid, sarong, cadena or tanikala, tabak-toyok. Some projectile martial weapons include pana, sibat, sumpit, bagakay, tirador or pintik/saltik, kana, lantaka, and luthang. There are also martial arts practiced traditionally in the Philippines and neighboring Austronesian countries as related arts such as kuntaw and silat.

File:Parangal Dance Co. performing Sagayan at 14th AF-AFC 07.JPG, Sagayan, a war dance depicting the martial arts used in the Darangen
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro & Lumad Shields & Knives.jpg, Kalasag, shields used in Filipino warfare
File:Terry Lim's Kali Seminar with Maurice Ruiz and Ben Poon.jpg, Arnis being taught in Australia
File:Zambals 3.png, Sambal warriors specializing in archery and falconry, recorded in the Boxer Codex
File:Peter Siscon sequence grid.png, Suntukan sequence
File:Parangal Dance Co. performing Langka Kuntao at 14th AF-AFC 2.JPG, Kuntaw utilized in dance
File:Baras,Rizaljf5872 02.JPG, Statue depicting the sikaran
File:Grandmaster abaya.gif, Jendo

Culinary arts

Filipino cuisine is composed of the cuisines of more than a hundred ethnolinguistic groups found within the Philippine archipelago. The majority of mainstream Filipino dishes that compose Filipino cuisine are from the cuisines of the Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Maranao, Pangasinan, Cebuano (or ''Bisaya''), Tagalog, and Waray ethnolinguistic tribes. The style of cooking and the food associated with it have evolved over many centuries from their Austronesian origins to a mixed cuisine of Indian, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences, in line with the major waves of influence that had enriched the cultures of the archipelago, as well as others adapted to indigenous ingredients and the local palate. Dishes range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the complex paellas and '' cocidos'' created for fiestas of Spanish origin. Popular dishes include: '' lechón'' (whole roasted pig), ''longganisa'' (Philippine sausage), '' tapa'' (cured beef), ''torta'' (omelette), ''adobo'' (chicken or pork braised in garlic, vinegar, oil and soy sauce, or cooked until dry), ''kaldereta'' (meat in tomato sauce stew), ''mechado'' (larded beef in soy and tomato sauce), ''puchero'' (beef in bananas and tomato sauce), ''afritada'' (chicken or pork simmered in tomato sauce with vegetables), ''kare-kare'' (oxtail and vegetables cooked in peanut sauce), ''pinakbet'' (kabocha squash, eggplant, beans, okra, and tomato stew flavored with shrimp paste), ''crispy pata'' (deep-fried pig's leg), ''hamonado'' (pork sweetened in pineapple sauce), ''sinigang'' (meat or seafood in sour broth), ''pancit'' (noodles), and ''lumpia'' (fresh or fried spring rolls).

File:Philippine Food.jpg, A variety of Filipino food, including kare-kare, pinakbet, dinuguan, and crispy pata
File:Tapsilog in saudi arabia.jpg, Tapsilog, a common Filipino breakfast made of egg, rice, and beef or venison
File:Authentic Kapampangan Sisig.jpg, Sisig, usually served in scorching metal plates
File:Large bibinka.jpg, Bibingka, a popular Christmas rice cake with salted egg and grated coconut toppings
File:Halo halo1.jpg, Halo-halo, a common Filipino dessert or summer snack
File:Ensaladang Lato (Seaweed Salad) - Philippines 2.jpg, Kinilaw, a ceviche-like dish made of either seaweed, raw fish, tamilok, tofu, and others
File:Cafe Roces Bagnet.jpg, Bagnet, crispy pork belly usually partnered with pinakbet and dinardaraan
File:Chicken Adobo over rice.jpg, Chicken adobo on rice
File:Merienda with tapuy and biko.jpg, Tapuy rice wine partnered with biko rice cake
File:Home cooked Kaldereta.jpg, Kaldereta, a stew usually cooked using goat meat
File:08757jfCuisine of Bulacan foodsfvf 31.jpg, Sinigang, a sour soup with meat and vegetables
File:2144Paang Bundok, La Loma, Quezon City 46.jpg, Lechon, whole roasted pig, stuffed with spices

Other traditional arts

Shell crafts are prevalent throughout the Philippines due to the vast array of mollusk shells available within the archipelago. The shell industry in the country prioritizes crafts made of capiz shells, which are seen in various products ranging from windows, statues, lamps, and many others. Lantern-making is also a traditional art form in the country. The art began after the introduction of Christianity, and many lanterns (locally called ''parol'') appear in Filipino streets and in front of houses, welcoming the Christmas season, which usually begins in September and ends in January in the Philippines, creating the longest Christmas season of any country in the world. A notable festival celebrating Christmas and lanterns is the Giant Lantern Festival, which exhibits gigantic lanterns crafted by Filipino artisans. The art of pyrotechnics is popular in the country during the New Year celebrations and the days before it during the Christmas season. Since 2010, the Philippines has been hosting the Philippine International Pyromusical Competition, the world's largest pyrotechnic competition, previously called the World Pyro Olympics.

Lacquerware is an introduced art form in the Philippines. Although prized, only a few Filipino artisans have ventured into the art form. Filipino researchers are recently studying the possibility of turning coconut oil in lacquer. Paper arts are prevalent in many communities in the Philippines. Some examples of paper art include the taka papier-mâché of Laguna and the pabalat craft of Bulacan. One form of leaf folding art in the country is the puni, which utilizes palm leaves to create various forms such as birds and insects.

Bamboo arts are widespread in the country, with various products being made of bamboo from kitchen utensils, toys, furniture, to musical instruments such as the Las Piñas Bamboo Organ, the world's oldest and only organ made of bamboo. A notable bamboo art is the bulakaykay, which bamboos are intentionally bristled to create elaborate and large arches. Floristry is a fine art that continues to be popular during certain occasions such as festivals, birthdays, and Undas. The art of leaf speech, including its language and its deciphering, is a notable art among the Dumagat people, who use a mixture of leaves to express themselves to others and to send secret messages.

The art of shamanism and its related arts such as medicinal and healing arts are found in all ethnic groups throughout the country, with each group having their own unique concepts of shamanism and healing practices. Philippine shamans are regarded as sacred by their respective ethnic groups. The introduction of Abrahamic religions, by way of Islam and Christianity, downgraded many shamanitic traditions, with Spanish and American colonizers demeaning the native faiths during the colonial era. Shamans and their practices continue in certain places in the country, although conversions to Abrahamic faiths continue to interfere with their indigenous life-ways. The art of constellation and cosmic reading and interpretation is a fundamental tradition among all Filipino ethnic groups, as the stars are used to interpret the world's standing for communities to conduct proper farming, fishing, festivities, and other important activities. A notable constellation with varying versions among Filipino ethnic groups include ''Balatik'' and ''Moroporo''. Another cosmic reading is the utilization of earthly monuments, such as the Gueday stone calendar of Besao, which the locals use to see the arrival of ''kasilapet'', which signals the end of the current agricultural season and the beginning of the next cycle.

File:Bayombong Church Nueva Vizcaya 1.jpg, Capiz shell window
File:Typical Philippine shell hanging lamp..JPG, Typical shell lamp in the Philippines
File:GLFjf1446 04.JPG, A huge lantern during the Giant Lantern Festival
File:Trio of traditional parols.jpg, Traditional bamboo and paper lanterns, sometimes made with bamboo and capiz shells as well
File:Parol na kayab2.jpg, Traditional leaf lantern
File:Horse taka.jpg, Taka, a type of papier-mâché art in Laguna
File:7474Photos taken 2020 coronavirus pandemic Baliuag, Bulacan 32.jpg, One form of sampaguita garland-making
File:Bamboo Organ, Las Pinas, Manila.jpg, Las Piñas Bamboo Organ (1824), a National Cultural Treasure

Non-traditional arts

The non-traditional arts in the Philippines encompass dance, music, theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, architecture and allied arts, and design. There are numerous Filipino specialists or experts on the various fields of non-traditional arts, with those garnering the highest distinctions declared as National Artist, equal to Gawad Manlilika ng Bayan (GAMABA).

Dance

The art of dance under the non-traditional category covers dance choreography, dance direction, and dance performance. Philippine dance is influenced by the folk performing arts of the country, as well as its Hispanic traditions. Many styles also developed due to global influences. Dances of the Igorot dances, such as banga, Moro dances, such as pangalay and singkil, Lumad dances, such as kuntaw and kadal taho and lawin-lawin, Hispanic dances, such as maglalatik and subli, have been inputted into contemporary Filipino dances. Ballet has also become a popular dance form in the Philippines since the early 20th century. Pinoy hip hop music has influenced specific dances in the country, where many have adapted global standards in hip hop and break dances. Many choreographers in the Philippines focus on both traditional and Westernized dances, with certain dance companies focusing on Hispanic and traditional forms of dance.

File:Sinulog5.jpg, Dancers during the Sinulog Festival
File:Filipino Dancers.jpg, Filipinos performing Hispanic dances in an international stage
File:Traditional dance during pamulinawen.jpg, Dancers during the Pamulinawen
File:Filipino folk dancers Pistahan festival.jpg, Performers of Moro dances in an international stage

Music

Musical composition, musical direction, and musical performance are the core of the art of music under the non-traditional category. The basis of Filipino music is the vast musical tangible and intangible heritage of the many ethnic groups in the archipelago, where some of which have been influenced by other Asian and Western cultures, notably Hispanic and American music. Philippine folk music includes the chanting of epic poetry, such as the Darangen and Hudhud ni Aliguyon, and singing of folk music traditions through various means such as the Harana. Some Filipino music genre include Manila sound which brought hopeful themes amidst the decaying status of the country during the martial law years, Pinoy reggae which focuses on dancehall music faithful to the expressions of Jamaican reggae, Pinoy rock which encompasses rock music with Filipino cultural sensibilities, Pinoy pop which is one of the most popular genre in the country, Tagonggo which is music traditionally played by finely-dressed male musicians, Kapanirong which is a serenade genre, Kulintang which is a genre of an entire ensemble of musicians utilizing a diverse array of traditional musical instruments, Kundiman which is a traditional genre of Filipino love music, Bisrock which is a genre of Sebwano rock music, and Pinoy hip hop which is genre of hip hop adopted from American hip hop music.

File:One Sound.jpg, Choir music
File:PUPLHS Chorale - Committed Concert 2012.jpg, PUP Chorale
File:Philippine Madrigal Singers (CCP Main Theater, 2016-10-08).jpg, University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers
File:Philippine culture harana 0.jpg, Depiction of harana

Theater

Theater has a long history in the Philippines. The basis of which is the folk performing arts under the traditional arts. In the non-traditional category, theatrical direction, theatrical performance, theatrical production design, theatrical light and sound design, and theatrical playwriting are the focal arts. Theater in the Philippines is Austronesian in character, which is seen in rituals, mimetic dances, and mimetic customs of the people. Plays with Spanish influences have affected Filipino theater and drama, notably the komedya, the sinakulo, the playlets, the sarswela, and the Filipino drama. Puppetry, such as ''carrillo'', is also a notable theater art. In contrast, theater with Anglo-American influence have also mixed with various art forms such as bodabil and the plays in English. Modern and original plays by Filipinos have also influenced Philippine theater and drama with the usage of representational and presentational styles drawn from contemporary modern theater and revitalized traditional forms from within or outside the country.

File:Sangdugong Panaguinip.jpg, Promotion for the opera, ''Sangdugong Panaguinip'' (1902)
File:CCP-Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino.jpg, Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater)
File:FEU Auditorium.JPG, Far Eastern University#FEU Auditorium, FEU's Art-deco style Auditorium
File:Manila Metropolitan Theater or MET.jpg, Manila Metropolitan Theater, a National Cultural Treasure

Visual arts

The visual arts under the non-traditional arts include painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.

Painting

Folk painting has always been part of various cultures in the Philippines. Petroglyphs and petrographs are the earliest known folk drawings and paintings in the country, with the oldest made during the Neolithic age. Human figures, frogs, lizards, along with other designs have been depicted. They may have been mostly symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic magic.

The influences brought by other Asian and Western cultures artistically advanced the art of paintings. In the 16th century and throughout the colonization era, paintings of religious propaganda for the spread of Catholicism became rampant. Majority of these paintings are essentially part of church structures, such as ceilings and walls. At the same time, non-religious paintings were also known. Notable painting during the time include the image of ''Our Lady of Porta Vaga, Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga'' (1692) and paintings at Camarin de da Virgen (1720). In the 19th century, wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced more secular Filipino art, causing art in the Philippines to deviate from religious motifs. The use of watercolour paintings increased and the subject matter of paintings began to include landscapes, Filipino inhabitants, Philippine fashion, and government officials. Portrait paintings featured the painters themselves, Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. Landscape paintings portrayed scenes of average Filipinos partaking in their daily tasks. These paintings often showcased ornately painted artists' names. These paintings were done on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals. Notable watercolor paintings were done in the Tipos del País style or the Letras y figuras style.

Notable oil paintings of the 19th century include ''Basi Revolt'' paintings (1807), ''Saint James the Apostle Parish Church (Paete), Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol'' (1852), ''Spoliarium'' (1884), ''La Bulaqueña'' (1895), and ''The Parisian Life (painting), The Parisian Life'' (1892). In the American occupation, a notable Filipino painting was ''The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines'' (1953). After World War II, painting were heavily influenced by the effects of war. Common themes included battle scenes, destruction, and the suffering of the Filipino people. Nationalistic themes in painting continued amidst the war's effects. Prime examples include ''International Rice Research Institute'' (1962) and the Manila Mural (1968) Paintings of the 20th–21st century have showcased the native cultures of the Philippines, as part of the spread of nationalism. Notable paintings during the era include ''Anita Magsaysay-Ho, Chickens'' (1968) and ''Abdulmari Imao, Sarimanok series'' (late 20th century). Some works have also criticized the lingering colonial viewpoints in the country, such as discrimination against darker-skinned people and the negative effects of colonialism. Notable artistic pieces of this topic are ''Pacita Abad, Filipina: A racial identity crisis'' (1990s), and ''Elmer Borlongan, The Brown Man's Burden'' (2003).

Numerous works of art have been made specifically as protest art against state authoritarian rule, human rights violations, and fascism.

File:2016 Official Portrait of Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga.jpg, ''Our Lady of Porta Vaga, Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga'', a National Cultural Treasure
File:Mujer filipina by Lorenzo de la Rocha Icaza - MBACO.jpg, ''Mujer filipina'' (1895)
File:Tampuhan by Juan Luna.jpg, ''Tampuhan (painting), Tampuhan'' (1895)
File:Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario.png, ''Damián Domingo, Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario'' (1820–30s)
File:Claveria visit to NC Feb 16 1845.jpg, ''José Honorato Lozano, The visit of Gov.-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua at Nueva Caceres'' (1845)
File:Unknown artist - Manila canal 19th C watercolour Philippines IMG 9389 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg, ''Manila canal'' (19th cent.)
File:La vendedora de lanzones, de Félix Resurrección Hidalgo.jpg, ''Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, La vendedora de lanzones'' (1877)
File:Basi Revolt.jpg, ''Basi Revolt'' (1807), List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Philippines Paete Church Mural3.JPG, One of the ''Saint James the Apostle Parish Church (Paete), Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol'' paintings (1852), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Hidalgo's The Assassination of Governor General Bustamante.jpg, ''Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, The Assassination of Governor Bustamante and His Son'' (1904), a National Cultural Treasure
File:The Parisian Life by Juan Luna.jpg, ''The Parisian Life (painting), The Parisian Life (Interior d'un Cafi)'' (1892), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Fabian de la Rosa, Women working in a rice field.jpg, ''Fabián de la Rosa, Women working in a rice field'' (1902)
File:Camarin painting6.jpg, One of the Santa Ana Church, Camarín de la Virgen paintings (1720–1725), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Filipino Painting Letras y Figuras 0.jpg, Painting utilizing the Letras y figuras technique (1847)
File:Fabian de la Rosa, A remembrance of the Villa Borghese.jpg, ''Fabián de la Rosa, Un recuerdo de la Villa Borghese'' (1909)
File:Fabián de la Rosa - Filipina.jpg, ''Filipina'' (1869-1937)
File:Cleopatra, por Juan Luna (Museo del Prado).jpg, ''The Death of Cleopatra'' (1881)
File:El Kundiman.jpg, ''El Kundiman'' (1932)
File:Luna damas-romanas.jpg, ''Las Damas Romanas'' (1882)
File:Camarin Entrance2.jpg, Entrance of the Camarin de la Virgen (1720–1725), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Ceiling Paintings 10 Nuestra Sra. del Carmen Parish Church, Balilihan, Bohol (100 dpi) (14802959169).jpg, Balilihan Church ceiling
File:'Our Lady of the Rosary', retablo from the Philippines, 19th-20th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG, ''Our Lady of the Rosary'' retablo

Sculpture

Non-folk sculpture in the Philippines is a major art form, with many artists and students focusing on the subject. Notable non-folk sculptures include ''Oblation (statue), Oblation'', which reflects selfless dedication and service to the nation, Rizal Monument, depicting Filipino martyr and scholar José Rizal, Tandang Sora National Shrine, depicting the revolutionary mother of the Katipunan Melchora Aquino, Mactan Shrine, which depicts the classical-era hero Lapulapu who vanquished the colonizers during his lifetime, People Power Monument, which celebrates the power and activism of the people over its government, ''Filipina Comfort Women'', which immortalizes the suffering of and judicial need for Filipina comfort women during World War II, and the Bonifacio Monument, depicting the revolutionary hero Andres Bonifacio.

File:FvfMuseum6545 03.JPG, Mary and Child
File:20161015 Titopao Rizal Monument Closeup.jpg, Rizal Monument (1913), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Pambansang Bantayog ni Andres Bonifacio (Bonifacio National Monument).jpg, Bonifacio Monument (1933), a National Cultural Treasure
File:FvfMuseumManila6766 13.JPG, Commonwealth statue

Other visual arts

Printmaking began in the Philippines after the religious orders at the time, namely Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits, started printing prayer books and inexpensive prints of religious images, such as the Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ, or the saints, known as ''estampas'' or ''estampitas'', which were used to spread Roman Catholicism and to further colonize the islands. Maps were also printed through the art form, which includes the 1734 Velarde map. Printmaking has since diversified in the country, which has included woodblock printing and other forms. Photography started in the country in the 1840s, upon the introduction of the photographic equipment. Photos were used during the colonial era as mediums for news, tourism, instruments for anthropology and documentation, and as a means for the Spanish and Americans to assert their perceived social status onto the natives to support colonial propaganda.Guardiola, Juan. The Philippine Imaginary, Sociedad Española de Acción Cultural en el Exterior (SEACEX), Casa Asia and Seacex.es (undated)
, retrieved on: August 11, 2007 This later changed upon Philippine independence, where photography became widely used by the people for personal documentation and commercial usage. Other forms of visual arts in the Philippines are installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.

File:La Sagrada Familia folleto 1896.jpg, Religious print used for colonialism in the Philippines, 1896
File:Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallº del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn.jpg, An original copy of the printed Velarde map, 1734
File:Crayon sketch of Leonor Rivera by Rizal.jpg, Leonor Rivera crayon sketch (19th century)
File:Malolos congress.jpg, Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)#The Malolos Revolutionary Congress, Malolos Congress photo (1898)
File:Pre-1863 Malolos Church.jpeg, Pre-1863 lithograph photo of Malolos Cathedral
File:The Monkey and The Turtle 3.jpg, Third frame of the Filipino comic, ''The Monkey and The Turtle'' (1886)

Literature

Poetry, fiction, essay, and literary/art criticism are the focal arts of literature under the non-traditional arts, which are usually based on or influenced by the traditional art of folk (oral) literature of the natives, which focuses greatly on works of art from epics, ethnic mythologies, and related stories and traditions. In some cultures, calligraphy on various mediums were utilized to create literary works. An example is the ''ambahan'' of the Hanunoo Mangyan. Literature under the colonial regime focused greatly on Spanish-language works under Spanish occupation, then adjusting to the English-language under American occupation. From 1593 to 1800, majority of literary arts made in the Philippines were Spanish-language religious works, with a noble book being ''Doctrina Christiana'' (1593) and a Tagalog rendition of the ''Pasyon'' (1704). There are also works in the colonial eras that are written in native languages, mostly religious and government scripts for the propagation of colonialism. Nevertheless, Filipino literary works without colonial propaganda were made by local authors as well. At the same time, certain folk (oral) literature were inputted into manuscripts by Filipino writers such as the 17th century manuscript of the ancient Ilocano epic ''Biag ni Lam-ang''. In 1869, the epic ''Florante at Laura'' was published, inputting fiction writing with Asian and European themes. In 1878 or 1894, the first modern play in any Philippine language, ''Ang Babai nga Huaran'', was written in Hiligaynon. By the 19th century, the formative years of Spanish literature in the country moved forward into what became the nationalist stage of 1883–1903. During this era, the first novel written by a Filipino, ''Nínay'', was published. Works of literary art critical of colonial rulers became known as well, such as the 1887 ''Noli Me Tángere (novel), Noli Me Tángere'' and the 1891 ''El filibusterismo''. The first novel in Cebuano, ''Maming'', was published in 1900. The so-called golden age of Spanish-language literature in the Philippines began in 1903 to 1966, despite American occupation. During this era, works in native languages and in English started to boom as well. The go-to book of the working class, ''Banaag at Sikat'', was published in 1906, where the literary work dives into the concepts of socialism, capitalism, and the united laborers. The first Filipino book written in English, ''The Child of Sorrow'', was published in 1921. The early writing in English are characterized by melodrama, unreal language, and unsubtle emphasis on local color. The literary content later imbibed themes that express the search for Filipino identity, reconciling the centuries-old Spanish and American influence to the Philippines' archipelagic Asian heritage. From 1966 to 1967, fragments of ''In the Claws of Brightness, Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag'' were published, and later in 1986, the fragments were inputted into a novel. During the martial law era, prominent literary works tackling the evident human rights violations of those in power were published, such as ''Dekada '70 (novel), Dekada '70'' (1983) and ''Luha ng Buwaya'' (1983). Filipino literature in the 21st century dives into historical narratives in modernity, global outlooks, and concepts of equality and nationalism. Major works include ''Smaller and Smaller Circles'' (2002),Hidalgo (2006), p. 79. ''Ladlad'' (2007), ''Ilustrado'' (2008), and ''Insurrecto'' (2018).

File:Doctrina-cristiana.jpg, ''Doctrina Christiana'', 1593
File:Florante at Laura 1913 cover.png, ''Florante at Laura'', originally published in 1869
File:Noli Me Tangere.jpg, ''Noli Me Tángere (novel), Noli Me Tángere'', 1887
File:First page of El filibusterismo manuscript.jpg, ''El filibusterismo'', 1891

Film and broadcast arts

Film and broadcast arts focuses on the arts of direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media.

The origin of the cinematic arts in the Philippines officially began in 1897, upon the introduction of film, moving pictures into Manila. Filipinos aided foreign filmmakers in the Philippines for a time, until in 1919, when filmmaker José Nepomuceno made the first Filipino film, ''Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden)''. By the 1930s, the formative years of Filipino cinema began as interest in film genre as art began among the common folk. Theatre became an important influence to the boom of cinema in the Philippines. The 1940s created films that would point towards the reality of the people, due to the occupation years during World War II. More artistic and mature films sprang a decade later under the banner of quality films, as perceived at the time. The 1960s showed an era of commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action film, action flicks, and Western (genre), western spin-off (media), spin-offs, until the golden age of cinema met the turbulent years from the 1970s to 1980s due to the dictatorship. The films under the period were overseen by the government, with various filmmakers being arrested. A notable film made during the period is ''Himala'', which tackles the concept of religious fanaticism. The period after martial rule dealt with more serious topics, with independent films being made by many filmmakers. The 1990s saw the emergence of films related to Western films, along with the continued popularity of films focusing on the realities of poverty. Among the direst films at the time include ''Manila in the Claws of Light'', ''The Flor Contemplacion Story'', ''Oro, Plata, Mata'', and ''Sa Pusod ng Dagat''. Cinema in 21st century Philippines has met a revival of popular watchings, with films being produced by various fronts. Films regarding human equality, concepts of poverty, self-love, and historical narratives have met popular success. Key films during the era include ''The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros'', ''Caregiver (film), Caregiver'', ''Kinatay'', ''Thy Womb'', ''That Thing Called Tadhana'', ''The Woman Who Left'', and the film version of the book ''Smaller and Smaller Circles (film), Smaller and Smaller Circles''.

File:09564jfSM City North EDSAfvf 11.jpg, A cinema inside a Filipino mall
File:Zamboanga (1936), postcard.jpg, A postcard for the film, ''Zamboanga'' (1936)
File:Movie Museum of the Philippines 2.jpg, Various decaying old Filipino films. Restoration of some films have been undertaken by the ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project
File:JC Malolos 14.JPG, Eden, a former cinema conserved as part of the Malolos Historic Town Center

Architecture and allied arts

Architecture under the category of non-traditional arts focus on non-folk architecture and its allied arts such as interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design.

Non-folk architecture

The basis of Filipino non-folk architecture is the folk architecture of various ethnic groups within the Philippines. The diversity in vernacular architecture range from the Nipa hut, bahay kubo, bahay na bato, torogan, idjang, Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, payyo, and ethnic shrines and mosques. Upon the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, various Western architectures were introduced such as Baroque, which was used to establish the Manila Cathedral and Boljoon Church. However, due to the geologic nature of the islands, the Baroque architecture was later turned into a unique style now known as Earthquake Baroque, which was used into the building of Binondo Church, Daraga Church, and the World Heritage Sites of Paoay Church, Miagao Church, San Agustin Church, and Santa Maria Church. Throughout the colonial eras, from Spanish to American rule, various architecture styles were introduced. A notable Gothic Revival building is the San Sebastian Church, the only all-steel church in Asia. Beaux-Arts became popular among the wealthy classes. A notable example is the Lopez Heritage House. Art Deco continues to be a popular architecture in certain Filipino communities, with the city of Sariaya considered as the country's Art Deco capital. Italian and Italian-Spanish architecture can be seen on certain buildings such as Fort Santiago and The Ruins (mansion), The Ruins. Stick-style is notable among some wood buildings such as the Silliman University, Silliman Hall. Neoclassical is perhaps the most vividly depicted in the Philippines, as many government buildings follow the architecture. Examples include the Baguio Cathedral, Manila Central Post Office, and the National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila), National Museum of Fine Arts. Even after independence, architecture continued to evolve, with the usage of Brutalist architecture during the martial law era. After the restoration of democracy, a revival of indigenous architecture into neo-vernacular architecture occurred in the late 20th century and the 21st century. These buildings and structures have become iconic bases for Filipino nationalism and ethnic representation. Modern-style architecture is presently a popular style in the Philippines, with some examples include the Saint Andrew the Apostle Church and the Manila Hotel. In the present era, demolitions of culturally important buildings and structures have happened, despite the enactment of laws disallowing such acts. Many cultural workers and architects have made advances to stop the demolitions of certain buildings and structures.

File:The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.jpg, Baroque Manila Cathedral (c. 1571, rebuilt 1954)
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Paoay Church 001.jpg, Earthquake baroque Paoay Church (c. 1694), World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Basílica de San Sebastián, (Agustinos Recoletos) Manila, Filipinas..jpg, Gothic revival San Sebastian Church (c. 1891), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Boljoon Church, Cebu.jpg, Baroque Boljoon Church (c. 1783), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Baguio Museum (Gov. Pack Road, Baguio, Benguet)(2018-02-25).jpg, Neo-vernacular Baguio Museum (c. 1975)
File:Fort Santiago, Intramuros.JPG, Fort Santiago (c. 1593), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Gov. Natalio Enriquez House.JPG, Art Deco Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House (c. 1931)
File:Moonrising at Belfrey of Sta. Maria Church.jpg, Earthquake baroque Belfry of Santa Maria Church (c. 1810), World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Cotabato City Hall.jpg, Neo-vernacular Cotabato City Hall (20th century)
File:The Ruin.jpg, Italian-style The Ruins (mansion) (c. 1990s)
File:Jones Bridge December 2019.JPG, Neoclassical, Beaux-Arts Jones Bridge (c. 1919, rebuilt 1946)
File:The Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church in Tayum, Abra.JPG, Baroque Tayum Church (1803), a National Cultural Treasure
File:400 Year old Beauty.jpg, Renaissance revival University of Santo Tomas Main Building (1927), a National Cultural Treasure
File:The Malagonlong Bridge of Tayabas, Quezon 02.jpg, Malagonlong Bridge (1841), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Dupax del Sur Church.jpg, Baroque San Vicente Ferrer Church (Dupax del Sur), Dupax Church (1776), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Tumauini Cathedral - afternoon exterior DSC 0249.jpg, Baroque Tumauini Church (1805), a National Cultural Treasure

File:San Joaquin Cemetery Chapel.jpg, Baroque San Joaquin Campo Santo (1892), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Panglao watchtower, Bohol.png, Panglao, Bohol, Panglao Watchtower, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Capul Church, Northern Samar.JPG, Fortress-style Capul Church (1781), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Facade of Immaculate Conception Church in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental.jpg, Barn-style Immaculate Conception Parish Church (Jasaan), Jasaan Church (1887), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Sulu Provincial Capitol building.JPG, Moorish-style Sulu Provincial Capitol building

File:Villa Lizares (Lizares Mansion).jpg, Spanish-American Lizares Mansion (1937)
File:MoloMansion01.jpg, Neoclassical-Art Deco Molo Mansion (1920s)
File:Riverside View Of Philippine Post Office - panoramio.jpg, Neoclassical Manila Central Post Office (1928)
File:Negros Occidental High School.jpg, Gabaldon-style Negros Occidental High School (1927)
File:Nuestra Señora de la Luz Parish Church in Loon, Bohol.JPG, Loon Church (1864)
File:Palo Cathedral 01.JPG, Palo Cathedral (1596)
File:UNDERGROUND CEMETERY,,,LAGUNA.jpg, Above-ground walls of the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery
File:' THE ICON OF MANILA ' - City Hall Tower of Manila.jpg, Manila City Hall Clock-tower
File:Seng Guan Temple.jpg, Buddhist Seng Guan Temple (20th century)
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Molo Church Full DSC 2279.jpg, Neo-gothic feminist Molo Church
File:IJVMileLongBarracks6.jpg, Barracks at Corregidor
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Bastion de San Diego in Intramuros - afternoon exterior DSC 0053.jpg, Bastion-style Baluarte de San Diego (1587)
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Tuguegarao Cathedral Exterior reflection DSC 0452.jpg, Baroque Tuguegarao Cathedral (1768)
File:Nuestra Señora de la Porteria Church, Daraga, Albay.jpg, Churrigueresque Baroque Daraga Church (1773)
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Lazi Church DSC 2365.jpg, Baroque-neoclassical Lazi Church (1857)
File:Dapitan Church.JPG, Dapitan, Dapitan Church (1871)
File:QUIAPO CHURCH.jpg, Mexican Baroque Quiapo Church bell tower (1984)
File:Barasoain church ~MVI~ (gaga over Mondo Marcos).jpg, Barasoain Church

Architecturally allied arts

The allied arts of architecture include interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design. Interior design in the Philippines has been influenced by indigenous Filipino interiors and cultures, Hispanic styles, American styles, Japanese styles, modern design, avant-garde, tropical design, neo-vernacular, international style, and sustainable design. As interior spaces are expressions of culture, values, and aspirations, they have been heavily researched on by Filipino scholars. Common interior design styles in the country for decades have been Tropical, Filipino, Japanese, Mediterranean, Chinese, Moorish, Victorian, and Baroque, while Avant Garde Industrial, Tech and Trendy, Metallic Glam, Rustic Luxe, Eclectic Elegance, Organic Opulence, Design Deconstructed, and Funk Art have recently become popular. Landscape architecture in the Philippines initially followed the client's opulence, however, in recent years, the emphasis has been on the ecosystem and sustainability. Urban planning is a key economic and cultural issue in the Philippines, notably due to the high population of the country, marked with problems on infrastructures such as transportation. Many urban planners have initiated proposals for the uplifting of urban areas, especially in congested and flood-prone Metro Manila.

File:Betis Church, Betis 11.JPG, Interior of Betis Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Sschurch5.jpg, Interior of San Sebastian Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:San Agustin 01.jpg, Interior of San Agustin Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Walled City of Manila, detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734).jpg, Urban design for Intramuros, 1734

File:Interior of Balay Negrense, Silay City, Negros Occidental, Philippines.jpg, Balay Negrense interior
File:Puerto Princesa International Airport.jpg, Puerto Princesa International Airport interior
File:Pelaez Ancestral House, Photo Exhibit.JPG, Pelaez Ancestral House interior
File:Rizal Shrine Indoor (Calamba, Laguna).jpg, Calamba Rizal Shrine interior
File:Marcela Agoncillo House.jpg, Marcela Agoncillo House interior
File:Interior of Dapitan Church, Zamboanga del Norte.jpg, Dapitan Church interior
File:Wright Park in front of the Mansion House, Baguio City.jpg, Wright Park in front of the The Mansion (Baguio), Baguio Mansion
File:Relief Map of Mindanao by Jose Rizal in Dapitan City.jpg, Dapitan's Mindanao relief map (c. 1892), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Casa Manila Courtyard (34126888952).jpg, Casa Manila courtyard
File:View from the pathway at Paco Park.JPG, Paco Park, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Plaza Moriones, Fort Santiago.jpg, Plaza Moriones, Intramuros
File:Ayala Triangle Gardens North.jpg, Ayala Triangle Gardens

Design

The art of design is present in all forms of art, whether traditional or non-traditional, however, the design arts under the non-traditional arts usually emphasize industrial design and fashion design.

Industrial design

has been a key factor in improving the Philippine economy. Many artistic creations in the country are made through research and development, which interplay with aesthetics that allures customers. Packaging of food and other products, as well as the main aesthetics of certain products such as gadgets, are prime examples of industrial design, along with the aesthetics of mass-produced vehicles, kitchen equipment and utensils, furniture, and many others. A major annual event in the Philippines which focuses on industrial design, among others, is Design Week held in the third week of March and October since 2011.

File:GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740 04.JPG, Various jewelries
File:TACCRAFT3.JPG, Earth-tone bags
File:Angel ornament playing a violin by THE BLUESMITH COMPANY Philippines 01.JPG, Angel ornament made of capiz shell, silver, and metal
File:3-votive candle holders in cherry blossom design by THE BLUESMITH COMPANY Philippines 13.JPG, Candle holder inspired by the Philippine cherry blossom, ''Cassia javanica, balayong''
File:BarasChurchjf6149 13.JPG, Rattan rocking chair

Fashion design

The fashion arts are one of the oldest artistic crafts in the country, with each ethnic group having their own sense of fashion. Indigenous fashion inputs various materials created through the traditional arts, such as weaving and ornamental arts. Unlike industrial design, which is intended for objects and structures, fashion design is intended as a whole bodily package. Filipino fashion is founded on both the indigenous fashion aesthetics of the people, as well as aesthetics introduced by other Asian people and Western people, through trade and colonization. During the last years of the Hispanic era, ''Ilustrado'' fashion became prevalent, with majority of the population dressing in Hispanized outfits. This later slowly changed after the importation of American culture. In modern Filipino fashion, budget-friendly choices prevail, although expensive fashion statements are also available, notably for those in a so-called high society. Iconic outfits utilizing indigenous Filipino textiles, without culturally appropriating them, have recently become popular in the country.

File:Naturales 4.png, Tagalog royal fashion (1590)
File:Visayans 4.png, Visayan royal fashion (1590)
File:Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach in Philippine Terno 2.jpg, Contemporary fashion

Conservation of the Filipino arts

Museums are important vessels for the protection and conservation of Philippine arts. A number of museums in the Philippines possess works of art that have been declared as National Treasures, notably the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila. Other notable museums include Ayala Museum, Negros Museum, Museo Sugbo, Lopez Museum, and Metropolitan Museum of Manila. University museums also hold a vast array of art. Libraries and archives are also important, among the most known are the National Library of the Philippines and the National Archives of the Philippines. Various organizations, groups, and universities have also conserved the arts, especially the performing and craft arts.

Many conservation measures have been undertaken by both private and public institutions and organizations in the country, in addressing the heritage management in the Philippines. The enactment of laws such as the National Cultural Heritage Act have aided in Filipino art conservation. The act also established the country's repository of all culturally-related heritage, the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property. The National Commission for Culture and the Arts is currently the official cultural arm of the Philippine government. There have been proposals to establish a Philippine Department of Culture.

See also

* Architecture of the Philippines
* Baroque Churches of the Philippines
* Cinema of the Philippines
* Culture of the Philippines
* Earthquake Baroque
* Filipino cartoon and animation
* Filipino martial arts
* List of Filipino painters
* Literature of the Philippines
* Music of the Philippines
* National Artist of the Philippines
* National Living Treasures Award (Philippines)
* Philippine comics
* Pitoy Moreno

References

External links

National Commission for Culture and the ArtsPotteryFive Classics of Modern Philippine Art

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philippines, Art of the)
Arts in the Philippines
Art by country