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A phase shift module is a microwave network module which provides a controllable phase shift of the RF signal. Phase shifters are used in
Microwave Phase Shifter
information from Herley General Microwave * Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control. * Differential, single-ended or waveguide: ** Differential
"Phase Shifters"
Microwaves101.com
Microwave Phase Shifter
information from Herley General Microwave
A low cost electro-mechanical phase shifter design, including a brief summary of solid state methods @ www.activefrance.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Phase Shift Module Radar Microwave technology
A phase shift module is a microwave network module which provides a controllable phase shift of the RF signal. Phase shifters are used in phased array
In antenna (radio), antenna theory, a phased array usually means an electronically scanned array, a computer-controlled Antenna array, array of antennas which creates a radio beam, beam of radio waves that can be electronically steered to point ...
s.
Classification
Active versus passive
Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy. * Active: ** Applications:active electronically scanned array
An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the a ...
(AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)
** Gain: The phase shifter amplifies while phase shifting
** Noise figure
Noise figure (NF) and noise factor (''F'') are figures of merit that indicate degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is caused by components in a signal chain. These figures of merit are used to evaluate the performance of an amplifie ...
(NF)
** Reciprocity: not reciprocal
* Passive:
** Applications: active electronically scanned array
An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the a ...
(AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)
** Loss: the phase shifter attenuates while phase shifting
** NF: NF = loss
** Reciprocity: reciprocal
Analog versus digital
* Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.information from Herley General Microwave * Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control. * Differential, single-ended or waveguide: ** Differential
transmission line
In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmis ...
: A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk.
** Antenna selection: dipole
In physics, a dipole () is an electromagnetic phenomenon which occurs in two ways:
* An electric dipole moment, electric dipole deals with the separation of the positive and negative electric charges found in any electromagnetic system. A simple ...
, tapered slot antenna (TSA)
** Examples: coplanar strip, slotline
* Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk.
** Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip, monopole
** Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline
* Waveguide
** Antenna selection: waveguide, hornFrequency band
One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line
* One-conductor or dielectric transmission line ( optical fibre, finline, waveguide): ** Modal ** No TEM or quasi-TEM mode, not TTD or quasi-TTD ** Higher-order TE, TM, HE or HM modes are distorted * Two-conductor transmission line ( CPW,microstrip
Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be fabricated with any technology where a conductor is separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as ''substrate''. Microstrip lines are used to convey microwave-freq ...
, slotline, stripline):
** Differential or single-ended
** TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD
* Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter
** A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis.
** A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for squint-free and ultra wideband (UWB) beam steering.Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal
*Reciprocal: T/R *Non-reciprocal: T or RTechnology
* Non semi-conducting (ferrite, ferro-electric,RF MEMS
A radio-frequency microelectromechanical system (RF MEMS) is a microelectromechanical systems, microelectromechanical system with electronic components comprising moving sub-millimeter-sized parts that provide radio-frequency (RF) functionality. ...
, liquid crystal):
** Passive
* Semi-conducting (RF CMOS, GaAs. SiGe, InP, GaN or Sb):
** Active: BJT or FET transistor based MMICs, RFICs or optical ICs
** Passive: PIN diode based hybrids
Design
* Loaded-line: ** Distortion: *** Distorted if lumped *** Undistorted and TTD if distributed * Reflect-type: ** Applications: reflect arrays (S11 phase shifters) ** Distortion: *** Distorted if S21 phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler *** Undistorted and TTD if S11 phase shifter * Switched-network ** Network: *** High-pass or low-pass *** or T ** Distortion: *** Undistorted if theleft-handed
In human biology, handedness is an individual's preferential use of one hand, known as the dominant hand, due to and causing it to be stronger, faster or more dextrous. The other hand, comparatively often the weaker, less dextrous or simply l ...
high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections
* Switched-line
** Applications: UWB beam steering
** Distortion: undistorted and TTD
* Vector summing
Figures of merit
* Number of effective bits, if digital it* Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic A, V* DC power consumption W* Distortion: group velocity dispersion (GVD) s2/nm* Gain Bif active, loss Bif passive *Linearity
In mathematics, the term ''linear'' is used in two distinct senses for two different properties:
* linearity of a '' function'' (or '' mapping'');
* linearity of a '' polynomial''.
An example of a linear function is the function defined by f(x) ...
: IP3, P1dB Bm* Phase shift / noise figure �/dB(phase shifter) or time delay / noise figure s/dB(TTD phase shifter)
* Power handling W, dBm* Reliability ycles, MTBF* Size m2* Switching time sReferences
External links
"Phase Shifters"
Microwaves101.com
Microwave Phase Shifter
information from Herley General Microwave
A low cost electro-mechanical phase shifter design, including a brief summary of solid state methods @ www.activefrance.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Phase Shift Module Radar Microwave technology