The ''Persian Bayán'' ( fa, بیان - "expression") is one of the principal scriptural writings of the

Báb The Báb (b. ʿAlí Muḥammad; 20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850), was the messianic founder of Bábism, and one of the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith. He was a merchant from Shiraz in Qajar Iran who, in 1844 at the age of 25, claimed ...

, the founder of Bábi religion, written in

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

. The Báb also wrote a shorter book in

Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...

, known as the Arabic Bayán.

Content

The Persian Bayán was written near the end of 1847 or the beginning of 1848, while the Báb was imprisoned in Maku. The book contains elements of Bábí law, discussion of religious concepts, and the glorification of ''

He whom God shall make manifest He or HE may refer to: Language * He (pronoun), an English pronoun * He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ * He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets * He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' ...

''. It was one of the Báb's first works in which he clearly states that he is the messianic figure of the

Twelfth Imam Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī ( ar, محمد بن الحسن المهدي) is believed by the Twelver Shia to be the last of the Twelve Imams and the eschatological Mahdi, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justi ...

and the

Mahdi The Mahdi ( ar, ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, al-Mahdī, lit=the Guided) is a messianic figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the end of times to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of Muhammad w ...

which the Shiʻas were expecting. With the claim, he also claimed the abrogation of the Islamic dispensation, and uses the new Bábí law to abrogate Islamic law. The whole book also revolves around the praise of ''He whom God shall make manifest'', promising the coming of a major prophet termed a Manifestation of God; this would be of major importance with Baháʼu'lláh's claim two decades later.

Shoghi Effendi Shoghí Effendi (; 1 March 1897 – 4 November 1957) was the grandson and successor of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, appointed to the role of Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith from 1921 until his death in 1957. He created a series of teaching plans that over ...

considered it a "eulogy of the Promised One", who had abrogated the laws of Islam, and prophesied about the coming of the

Baháʼí Faith The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people. Established by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, it initially developed in Iran and parts of the ...

Unities and chapters

The book was intended to be composed of nineteen 'unities' each of nineteen chapters, consisting of a total of 361 sections, which had numerical significance, but this was left incomplete and stops in the ninth 'unity'. It was intended to be finished by "

", a messianic figure in the Báb's writings. Baháʼís consider Baháʼu'lláh's '' Kitáb-i-Íqán'' as its completion.

Laws

Among the main themes of the Bayán are the mystic character of action, the prohibition of causing grief to others, refinement, perfection and the spiritualization of life and language. Baháʼí scholar, Nader Saiedi states that the severe laws of the Bayán were never meant to be put in practice, because their implementation depended on the appearance of He whom God shall make manifest, while at the same time all of the laws would be abrogated unless the Promised One would reaffirm them. Saiedi concludes that these can then only have a strategic and symbolic meaning, and were meant to break through traditions and to focus the Báb's followers on obedience to He whom God shall make manifest. The Báb stresses the importance of the recognition of the symbolic nature and spiritual meaning of each of his laws. In the Baháʼí view, Baháʼu'lláh is regarded as this Promised One. In his '' Kitab-i-Aqdas'', Baháʼu'lláh cancelled specific laws of the Bayan, while confirming others.

Right of completion

Certain early researchers of the religion believed that the right of completing the Bayán was conferred to Subh-i Azal. However, more modern scholarship shows that that interpretation is flawed because Subh-i-Azal is only given the right to complete the Bayán with the permission of ''

'', and that Subh-i-Azal was instituted as a nominal head and asked to preserve the religion until ''He whom God shall make manifest'' would arrive. The Báb eliminated any form of successorship or vicegerency from his religion and stated that no one else's writings would be authoritative after his death to the time of ''He Whom God shall make Manifest''. Some of the followers of Subh-i-Azal state that the Báb actually made Subh-i-Azal his vicegerent because the Báb in a tablet written to Azal stated that he should manifest the remaining paths of the Bayán if ''He Whom God shall make Manifest'' is made manifest during Azal's days. The

Azali An Azali ( fa, ازلی) or Azali Bábí is a follower of the monotheistic religion of Subh-i-Azal and the Báb. Early followers of the Báb were known as Bábís; however, in the 1860s a split occurred after which the vast majority of Bábís ...

s interpret this to mean the Báb gave Sub-i-Azal the right to complete the unfinished text of the Bayán. However, the Báb affirms to Subh-i-Azal himself that ''He Whom God shall make Manifest'' may appear in Subh-i-Azal's own lifetime, and thus eliminates any viceregency for Subh-i-Azal. One of the texts that the Azalis use to state that Subh-i-Azal was appointed as a viceregent is the controversial book Nuqtutu'l-Kaq, but the book's statements are very contradictory and problematic. In one section of the book the author states that the Bayán may become abrogated within a few years of the Báb's death, and that ''He Whom God shall make Manifest'' may appear during Azal's time, then later he states that the abrogation of the Bayán and the appearance of the Promised One could not occur before two thousand years. Even later the author makes the proposition that the Promised One is Subh-i-Azal himself, showing that the author truly did not believe that the appearance of the Promised One would have to take two thousand years. The proposition that ''He Whom God shall make Manifest'' would take two thousand years is absurd since the Báb discusses the advent of ''He Whom God shall make Manifest'' during Subh-i-Azal's lifetime as a conditional point for Subh-i-Azal to take certain action. An alternative interpretation of the passage in question is that Subh-i-Azal is asked to instead to making public or distribute the eight copies of the Bayan to eight people mentioned in the passage.

Browne and the Bayán

Edward G. Browne Edward Granville Browne FBA (7 February 1862 – 5 January 1926) was a British Iranologist. He published numerous articles and books, mainly in the areas of history and literature. Life Browne was born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, En ...

planned at one time to publish an edited text of the Persian Bayán, and did considerable work on the compilation of six manuscripts, but the work was never completed. This incomplete compilation, still exists in the Cambridge University Library (classmark Or. 1331–7 1, awaiting the attention of some future scholar.

Content

Unities and chapters

Laws

Right of completion

Browne and the Bayán

Notes

References

Further reading