The perfective aspect ( abbreviated ), sometimes called the

aorist Aorist (; abbreviated ) verb forms usually express perfective aspect and refer to past events, similar to a preterite. Ancient Greek grammar had the aorist form, and the grammars of other Indo-European languages and languages influenced by th ...

ic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole; i.e., a unit without interior composition. The perfective aspect is distinguished from the imperfective aspect, which presents an event as having internal structure (such as ongoing, continuous, or habitual actions). The term ''perfective'' should be distinguished from ''perfect'' (see

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). The distinction between perfective and imperfective is more important in some languages than others. In

Slavic languages The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the ...

, it is central to the verb system. In other languages such as

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, the same form such as ''ich ging'' ("I went", "I was going") can be used perfectively or imperfectively without grammatical distinction. In other languages such as

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, the distinction between perfective and imperfective is made only in the past tense (e.g., Latin ''veni'' "I came" vs. ''veniebam'' "I was coming", "I used to come"). However, perfective should not be confused with tense—perfective aspect can apply to events in the past, present, or future. The perfective is often thought of as for events of short duration (e.g., "John killed the wasp"). However, this is not necessarily true—a perfective verb is equally right for a long-lasting event, provided that it is a complete whole; e.g., ''Tarquinius Superbus regnavit annos quinque et viginti'' (Livy) "Tarquin the Proud reigned for 25 years." It simply "presents an occurrence in summary, viewed as a whole from the outside, without regard for the internal make-up of the occurrence." The perfective is also sometimes described as referring to a "completed" action, but it would be more accurate to say that it refers to an action or situation that is seen as a complete whole; e.g., the Russian perfective future "I shall kill you" refers to an event that has not yet been completed. The essence of the perfective is an event seen as a whole. However, most languages that have a perfective use it for various similar

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roles—such as momentary events and the onsets or completions of events, all of which are single points in time and thus have no internal structure. Other languages instead have separate momentane, inchoative, or

cessative aspect The cessative aspect or terminative aspect is a grammatical aspect referring to the end of a state. It is the opposite of the inchoative aspect and conveys the idea of "to stop doing something" or "to finish doing something". In Yaqui, the cessati ...

s for those roles, with or without a general perfective.

Equivalents in English

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has neither a simple perfective nor imperfective aspect; see

imperfective The imperfective (abbreviated or more ambiguously ) is a grammatical aspect used to describe ongoing, habitual, repeated, or similar semantic roles, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future. Although many languages have a ge ...

for some basic English equivalents of this distinction. When translating into English from a language that has these aspects, the translator sometimes uses separate English verbs. For example, in Spanish, the imperfective ''sabía'' can be translated "I knew" vs. the perfective ''supe'' "I found out", ''podía'' "I was able to" vs. ''pude'' "I succeeded", ''quería'' "I wanted to" vs. ''quise'' "I tried to", ''no quería'' "I did not want to" vs. ''no quise'' "I refused". The Polish perfective aspect is translated into English as a simple tense and the imperfective as a continuous; for example the imperfective "oglądałem" is translated into "I was watching", while the perfective "obejrzałem" is translated into "I watched". Such distinctions are often language-specific.

Marking

Languages may mark perfective aspect with morphology, syntactic construction, lexemes/particles, or other means. * Older

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: the aspect prefixes ge- (in

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), gi- (in

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and

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), and ga- (in

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) indicate perfective aspects of verbs. * Thai: the aspect marker ขึ้น , grammaticalized from the word for "ascend," indicates a certain type of underconstrained perfective aspect when it follows a main verb *

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: the perfective aspect is marked using the perfective aspect participle. The perfective participle is constructed as shown in the table below, the consonant -य्- (-y-) is added to the perfective suffix when the verb root ends in a vowel.

Perfective vs. perfect

The terms ''perfective'' and '' perfect'' should not be confused. A ''perfect'' tense (abbreviated or ) is a grammatical form used to describe a past event with present relevance, or a present state resulting from a past situation. For example, "I have put it on the table" implies both that I put the object on the table and that it is still there; "I have been to France" conveys that this is a part of my experience as of now; and "I have lost my wallet" implies that this loss is troublesome at the present moment. A perfect tense does not necessarily have to be perfective in aspect. For example, "I have been waiting here for an hour" and "I have been going to that doctor all my life" are perfect but also imperfective in aspect. There are some languages, however, such as Modern Greek, in which the perfect tense is always perfective.

Examples

Hindi-Urdu

Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
'' Hindustani) has 3 grammatical aspectsː '' Habitual'', ''Perfective'' and '' Progressive''. Each aspect is constructed from its participle and a number of auxiliary verbs can be used with the aspectual participles such asː honā (to be, to happen), rêhnā (to stay, to remain), jānā (to go), ānā (to come), and karnā (to do). These verbs themselves can be made into aspectual participles and can be used with the default auxiliary verb ''honā'' (to be), hence forming sub-aspects that combine the nuance of two aspects. The auxiliary ''rêhnā'' (to stay) gives a nuance of continuity of the perfective state, ''jānā'' (to go) is used to construct the passive voice (in its habitual subaspect) and also shows that the action is completed (in its perfective subaspect), ''karnā'' (to do) gives the nuance that the perfective action is repeated habitually. Conjugating the auxiliary verbs which are in the infinitive form above into their aspectual forms using the auxiliary ''honā'' (to be) gives the following subaspectual forms of the perfective aspect in their infinitive formː

Notes

External links

Greek tenses
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perfective Aspect Grammatical aspects