Signaling peptide receptor is a type of

receptor Receptor may refer to: * Sensory receptor, in physiology, any structure which, on receiving environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve impulse *Receptor (biochemistry), in biochemistry, a protein molecule that receives and responds to a ...

which binds one or more

signaling peptide Peptides (, ) are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Long chains of amino acids are called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. A ...

s or

signaling protein In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) or cell communication is the ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellula ...

s. An example is the

tropomyosin receptor kinase B Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), also known as tyrosine receptor kinase B, or BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor or neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NTRK2'' gene. TrkB is a recepto ...

(TrkB), which is bound and activated by the

neurotrophic Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. Most NTFs exert their trop ...

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, is a protein found in the and the periphery. that, in humans, is encoded by the ''BDNF'' gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the cano ...

(BDNF). Another example is the

μ-opioid receptor The μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin, but a low affinity for dynorphins. They are also referred to as μ(''mu'')-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. The prototypical � ...

(MOR), which is bound and activated by the

opioid Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid us ...

peptide hormone Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptide, or proteins, respectively. The latter have longer amino acid chain lengths than the former. These hormones have an effect on the endocrine system of animals, including h ...

β-endorphin ''beta''-Endorphin (β-endorphin) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone that is produced in certain neurons within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It is one of three endorphins that are produced in ...

Adiponectin receptor

AdipoR₁

* Agonists ** Peptide ***

Adiponectin Adiponectin (also referred to as GBP-28, apM1, AdipoQ and Acrp30) is a protein hormone and adipokine, which is involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown. In humans it is encoded by the ''ADIPOQ'' gene and it is produced ...

*** ADP-355 *** ADP-399 ** Non-peptide ***

AdipoRon AdipoRon is a selective, orally active, synthetic small-molecule agonist of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) (Kd = 1.8 μM and 3.1 μM, respectively). It activates AMPK and PPARα signaling and ameliorates ...

***

(–)-Arctigenin Arctigenin is a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae, including the greater burdock (''Arctium lappa'') and ''Saussurea heteromalla''. It has shown antiviral and anticancer effects in vitro. It is the aglycone of arctiin. The use of a ...

***

Arctiin Arctiin is a lignan found in many plants of the family Asteraceae, particularly the greater burdock (''Arctium lappa'') and ''Centaurea imperialis'', and in ''Trachelospermum asiaticum'', ''Saussurea heteromalla'', Retrieved on April 25, 2011. a ...

***

Gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Occurrence Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ...

***

Matairesinol Matairesinol is an organic compound. It is classified as a lignan, i.e., a type of phenylpropanoid. It is present in some cereals, e.g. rye, and together with Secoisolariciresinol, has attracted much attention for its beneficial nutritional effec ...

* Antagonists ** Peptide *** ADP-400

AdipoR₂

* Agonists ** Peptide ***

*** ADP-355 *** ADP-399 ** Non-peptide ***

***

Deoxyschizandrin Deoxyschizandrin is a bio-active isolate of ''Schisandra chinensis''. Deoxyschizandrin has been found to act as an agonist of the adiponectin receptor 2 Adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ADIPOR2'' ...

***

Parthenolide Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone of the germacranolide class which occurs naturally in the plant feverfew (''Tanacetum parthenium''), after which it is named, and in the closely related tansy (''Tanacetum vulgare''). It is found in highest ...

*** Syringing ***

Taxifoliol Taxifolin (5,7,3',4'-flavan-on-ol), also known as dihydroquercetin, belongs to the subclass flavanonols in the flavonoids, which in turn is a class of polyphenols. Stereocenters Taxifolin has two stereocenters on the C-ring, as opposed to querc ...

* Antagonists ** Peptide *** ADP-400

Angiotensin receptor

Bradykinin receptor

* Agonists **

Bradykinin Bradykinin (BK) (Greek brady-, slow; -kinin, kīn(eîn) to move) is a peptide that promotes inflammation. It causes arterioles to dilate (enlarge) via the release of prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and ...

Kallidin Kallidin is a bioactive kinin formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the action of kallikreins. Kallidin is a decapeptide whose sequence is H-Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg-OH. It can be converted to bradykinin b ...

* Antagonists ** FR-173657 **

Icatibant Icatibant, sold under the brand name Firazyr, is a medication for the symptomatic treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE) in adults with C1-esterase-inhibitor deficiency. It is not effective in angioedema caused by medication f ...

LF22-0542 Safotibant (INN) also known by the research code LF22-0542 is a non-peptide bradykinin B1 antagonist. It displayed binding Ki values of 0.35 and 6.5 nM at cloned human and mouse B1 receptors, respectively, while having no affinity for either huma ...

Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor

* Agonists **

Amylin Amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is a 37-residue peptide hormone Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptide, or proteins, respectively. The latter have longer amino acid chain lengths than the forme ...

CGRP Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides consisting of calcitonin, amylin, adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 ( intermedin) and calcitonin‑receptor‑stimulating peptide. Calcitonin is mainly produc ...

Pramlintide Pramlintide (trade name Symlin) is an injectable amylin analogue drug for diabetes (both type 1 and 2), developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals (now a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca). Pramlintide is sold as an acetate salt. Pharmacology Pram ...

* Antagonists ** Atogepant ** BI 44370 TA ** CGRP (8-37) ** MK-3207 **

Olcegepant Olcegepant (INN Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway; before the advent of motorized transportation they also ...

Rimegepant Rimegepant, sold under the brand name Nurtec ODT among others, is a medication used for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura (migraine), aura in adults and the preventative treatment of episodic migraine in adults. It is taken O ...

** SB-268262 **

Telcagepant Telcagepant (INN) (code name MK-0974) is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist which was an investigational drug for the acute treatment and prevention of migraine, developed by Merck & Co. In the acute treatment of migraine, ...

Ubrogepant Ubrogepant, sold under the brand name Ubrelvy, is a medication used for the acute (immediate) treatment of migraine with or without aura (a sensory phenomenon or visual disturbance) in adults. It is not indicated for the preventive treatment of ...

* Antibodies **

Eptinezumab Eptinezumab, sold under the brand name Vyepti, is a medication used for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. It is a monoclonal antibody that targets calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) alpha and beta. It is administered by intrav ...

Erenumab Erenumab, sold under the brand name Aimovig, is a medication which targets the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) for the prevention of migraine. It is administered by subcutaneous injection. Erenumab, which was developed by Amgen ...

Fremanezumab Fremanezumab, sold under the brand name Ajovy, is a medication used to prevent migraines in adults. It is given by injection under the skin. The most common side effect is pain and redness at the site of injection. Other side effects include ...

Galcanezumab Galcanezumab, sold under the brand name Emgality, is a humanized monoclonal antibody used for the prevention of migraine. It is also used for cluster headaches. Common side effects include pain or redness at the site of injection. Other side ...

Cholecystokinin receptor

CCK_A

* Agonists **

Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek ''chole'', "bile"; ''cysto'', "sac"; ''kinin'', "move"; hence, ''move the bile-sac (gallbladder)'') is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and ...

* Antagonists ** Amiglumide **

Asperlicin Asperlicin is a mycotoxin, derived from the fungus '' Aspergillus alliaceus''. It acts as a selective antagonist for the cholecystokinin receptor CCKA, and has been used as a lead compound A lead compound (, i.e. a "leading" compound, not to be ...

Devazepide Devazepide (L-364,718, MK-329) is benzodiazepine drug, but with quite different actions from most benzodiazepines, lacking affinity for GABAA receptors and instead acting as an CCKA receptor antagonist. It increases appetite and accelerates ga ...

Dexloxiglumide Dexloxiglumide is a drug which acts as a cholecystokinin antagonist, selective for the CCKA subtype. It inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions, and despite older selective CCKA antagonists such as lorglumide and devaz ...

** Lintitript **

Lorglumide Lorglumide (CR-1409) is a drug which inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions, acting as a cholecystokinin antagonist, with fairly high selectivity for the CCKA subtype. It has been suggested as a potential treatment for ...

** Loxiglumide ** Pranazepide **

Proglumide Proglumide (Milid) is a drug that inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions. It acts as a cholecystokinin antagonist, which blocks both the CCKA and CCKB subtypes. It was used mainly in the treatment of stomach ulcers, ...

** Tarazepide ** Tomoglumide

CCK_B

* Agonists **

CCK-4 Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp- Met- Asp- Phe-NH2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone cholecystokinin. Unlike cholecystokin which has a variety of roles in the gastrointestinal system as well as central nervou ...

Gastrin Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas. Gastrin ...

** Pentagastrin (CCK-5) * Antagonists ** Ceclazepide ** CI-988 (PD-134308) ** Itriglumide ** L-365,360 ** Netazepide **

** Spiroglumide

Unsorted

* Antagonists ** Nastorazepide

Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor

CRF₁

* Agonists ** Cortagine **

Corticorelin Corticorelin ( INN, trade name Xerecept) is a diagnostic agent. It is a synthetic form of human corticotropin-releasing hormone (hCRH). Medical uses The corticorelin stimulation test helps to differentiate between the causes for adrenocorticotro ...

Corticotropin-releasing hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (also known as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin; corticotropin may also be spelled corticotrophin) is a peptide hormone involved in stress (biology), stress responses. It is a releasing ...

Sauvagine Sauvagine is a neuropeptide from the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and is orthologous to the mammalian hormone, urocortin 1, and the teleost fish hormone, urotensin 1. It is 40 amino acids in length, and has the sequence ...

** Stressin I **

Urocortin Urocortin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UCN'' gene. Urocortin belongs to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of proteins which includes CRF, urotensin I, sauvagine, urocortin II and urocortin III. Urocortin is invol ...

* Antagonists **

Antalarmin Antalarmin (CP-156,181) is a drug that acts as a CRH1 antagonist. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also known as Corticotropin-releasing factor, is an endogenous peptide hormone released in response to various triggers such as chronic stres ...

Astressin-B Astressin-B is a nonselective corticotropin releasing hormone antagonist that reduces the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol. It reduces the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone and improves the sexual drive of rats under ...

CP-154,526 CP-154,526 is a potent and selective antagonist of the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 developed by Pfizer. CP-154,526 is under investigation for the potential treatment of alcoholism. See also * Antalarmin * Pexacerfont * Corticotro ...

Emicerfont Emicerfont (GW-876,008) is a drug developed by GlaxoSmithKline which acts as a CRF-1 antagonist. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), also known as Corticotropin releasing hormone, is an endogenous peptide hormone which is released in response t ...

Hypericin Hypericin is a naphthodianthrone, an anthraquinone derivative which, together with hyperforin, is one of the principal active constituents of ''Hypericum'' (Saint John's wort). Hypericin is believed to act as an antibiotic, antiviral and non-speci ...

** LWH-234 ** NBI-27914 ** NBI-74788 **

Pexacerfont Pexacerfont (INN, previously known as BMS-562,086) is a drug developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb which acts as a CRF1 antagonist. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), also known as corticotropin-releasing hormone, is an endogenous peptide hormone ...

** R-121919 ** TS-041 **

Verucerfont Verucerfont (GSK-561,679) is a drug developed by GlaxoSmithKline which acts as a CRF-1 antagonist. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), also known as Corticotropin releasing hormone, is an endogenous peptide hormone which is released in respon ...

CRF₂

* Agonists **

* Antagonists **

Cytokine receptor

Endothelin receptor

* Agonists **

Endothelin 1 Endothelin 1 (ET-1), also known as preproendothelin-1 (PPET1), is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. The protein encoded by this gene ''EDN1'' is proteolytically processed to release endothelin 1. Endotheli ...

Endothelin 2 Endothelin 2 (ET-2) is a protein encoded by the EDN2 gene in humans. It was first discovered in 1988 by Yanagisawa and team and belongs to a family of three endothelin peptide Protein isoform, isoforms (Endothelin 1, ET-1, ET-2, Endothelin 3, ET- ...

Endothelin 3 Endothelin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EDN3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the endothelin family. Endothelins are endothelium-derived vasoactive peptides involved in a variety of biological functions ...

** IRL-1620 ** Sarafotoxin * Antagonists ** A-192621 **

Ambrisentan Ambrisentan (U.S. trade name Letairis; E.U. trade name Volibris; India trade name Pulmonext by MSN labs) is a drug indicated for use in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The peptide endothelin constricts muscles in blood vessels, incr ...

** Aprocitentan **

Atrasentan Atrasentan is an experimental drug that is being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer. It is also being investigated as a therapy for diabetic kidney disease. Atrasentan failed a phase 3 tria ...

** Avosentan **

Bosentan Bosentan, sold under the brand name Tracleer and Safebo among others, is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist medication used in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Bosentan is available as film-coated tablets (62.5 mg o ...

BQ-123 BQ-123, also known as cyclo(-D-Trp-D-Asp-Pro-D-Val-Leu-), is a cyclic pentapeptide that was first isolated from a fermentation broth of '' Streptomyces misakiensis'' in 1991. NMR studies indicate that the polypeptide backbone consists of a type II ...

BQ-788 BQ-788 is a selective ETB antagonist. See also * Endothelin Endothelins are peptides with receptors and effects in many body organs. Endothelin constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. The endothelins are normally kept in balan ...

Clazosentan Clazosentan (INN, trade name Pivlaz) is a drug belonging to the class of endothelin receptor antagonists. Mechanism The endothelin 1 receptor is one of the strongest known vasoconstrictors. After subarachnoidal bleedings, irritation of the blo ...

Darusentan Darusentan (LU-135252; HMR-4005) is an endothelin receptor antagonist. Gilead Colorado, a subsidiary of Gilead Sciences Gilead Sciences, Inc. () is an American biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Foster City, California, that focuses ...

** Edonentan ** Enrasentan ** Fandosentan ** Feloprentan **

Macitentan Macitentan, sold under the brand name Opsumit, is an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) developed by Actelion and approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The other two ERAs marketed as of 2014 are bosentan and am ...

** Nebentan **

Sitaxentan Sitaxentan sodium (TBC-11251) is a medication for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It was marketed as Thelin by Encysive Pharmaceuticals until Pfizer purchased Encysive in February 2008. In 2010, Pfizer voluntarily remove ...

** Sparsentan **

Tezosentan Tezosentan is a non-selective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist. It acts as a vasodilator and was designed by Actelion as a therapy for patients with acute heart failure. However, studies showed that tezosentan did not improve dyspnea Short ...

Zibotentan Zibotentan (INN; development code ZD4054) is an experimental anti-cancer drug candidate in development by AstraZeneca. It is an endothelin receptor antagonist. Zibotentan was granted fast track status for the treatment of prostate cancer by the ...

Galanin receptor

GAL₁

* Agonists **

Galanin Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the ''GAL'' gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors. Much of galanin's function ...

** Galanin (1-15) **

Galanin-like peptide Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a neuropeptide present in humans and other mammals. It is a 60-amino acid polypeptide produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophys ...

Galmic Galmic is a drug which acts as a selective, non-peptide agonist at the galanin receptor Receptor may refer to: * Sensory receptor, in physiology, any structure which, on receiving environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve impulse *R ...

** Galnon ** NAX 810-2 * Antagonists ** C7 ** Dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxide ** Galantide (M15) ** M32 **

M35 M35, M.35 or M-35 may refer to: Military * M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck, a US Army truck * , a Royal Navy mine countermeasures vessel launched in 1982 * ADGZ or ''M35 Mittlere Panzerwagen'', a 1930s Austrian Army heavy armored car * Cannone ...

** M40 ** SCH-202596

GAL₂

* Agonists **

** Galanin (1-15) ** Galanin (2-11) **

** Galnon ** J18 ** NAX 810-2 * Antagonists ** C7 ** Galantide (M15) ** M32 **

** M40 ** M871

GAL₃

* Agonists **

** Galanin (1-15) **

** Galnon * Antagonists ** C7 ** Galantide (M15) ** GalR3ant **

HT-2157 HT-2157 (former development code SNAP-37889) is a drug which acts as a selective non-peptide antagonist for the receptor GAL-3, which is usually activated by the neuropeptide galanin. Blocking this receptor with HT-2157 produced increased sero ...

** M32 **

** M40 ** SNAP-37889 ** SNAP-398299

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor

Growth hormone receptor

Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor

Glucagon-like peptide receptor

GLP-1

* Agonists **

Albiglutide Albiglutide (trade names Eperzan in Europe and Tanzeum in the US) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-1 agonist) drug marketed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for treatment of type 2 diabetes. As of 2017 it is unclear if it affects a person's risk ...

** Beinaglutide **

Dulaglutide Dulaglutide, sold under the brand name Trulicity among others, is a medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in combination with diet and exercise. It is also approved in the United States for the reduction of major adverse cardiova ...

** Efpeglenatide **

Exenatide Exenatide, sold under the brand name Byetta and Bydureon among others, is a medication used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2. It is used together with diet, exercise, and potentially other antidiabetic medication. It is a treatment option after ...

GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. It is produced and secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and certa ...

** Langlenatide **

Liraglutide Liraglutide, sold under the brand name Victoza among others, is an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, obesity, and chronic weight management. In diabetes it is a less preferred agent compared to metformin. Its effects on lo ...

Lixisenatide Lixisenatide (trade name Lyxumia in the European Union and Adlyxin in the U.S. and manufactured by Sanofi) is a once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Medical use Lixisenatide is used as adjunct to di ...

Oxyntomodulin Oxyntomodulin (often abbreviated OXM) is a naturally occurring 37-amino acid peptide hormone found in the colon, produced by the oxyntic (fundic) cells of the oxyntic (fundic) mucosa. It has been found to suppress appetite. The mechanism of actio ...

** Pegapamodutide **

Semaglutide Semaglutide, sold under the brand names Ozempic, Wegovy and Rybelsus, is an antidiabetic medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and as anti-obesity medication for long-term weight management, developed by Novo Nordisk in 2012. ...

Taspoglutide Taspoglutide is a former experimental drug, a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-1 agonist), that was under investigation for treatment of type 2 diabetes and being codeveloped by Ipsen and Roche. Initially, phase II trials reported it was e ...

GLP-2

* Agonists ** Apraglutide ** Elsiglutide ** Glepaglutide **

GLP-2 Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process ...

** Teduglutide

Others

* Propeptides **

Preproglucagon Proglucagon is a protein that is cleaved from preproglucagon. Preproglucagon in humans is encoded by the ''GCG'' gene. Proglucagon is a precursor of glucagon, and several other components. It is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in ...

Proglucagon Proglucagon is a protein that is cleaved from preproglucagon. Preproglucagon in humans is encoded by the ''GCG'' gene. Proglucagon is a precursor of glucagon, and several other components. It is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in ...

Glucagon receptor

* Agonists **

Dasiglucagon Dasiglucagon, sold under the brand name Zegalogue, is a medication used to treat severe hypoglycemia in people with diabetes. The most common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and injection site pain. Dasiglucagon was ...

Glucagon Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a Glucagon (medicati ...

* Antagonists ** Adomeglivant ** L-168,049 ** LGD-6972 * Propeptides **

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Gonadotropin receptor

Growth factor receptor

Insulin receptor

* Agonists ** Chaetochromin (4548-G05) **

Insulin-like growth factor 1 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults. IGF-1 is a protein that in humans is ...

Insulin-like growth factor 2 Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin. The MeSH definition reads: "A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the bloo ...

Insulin Insulin (, from Latin ''insula'', 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the ''INS'' gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism o ...

Insulin aspart Insulin aspart, sold under the brand name NovoLog and Fiasp, among others, is a insulin analog, modified type of Insulin (medication), medical insulin used to treat type I diabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is generally used by injection ...

Insulin degludec Insulin degludec (INN/USAN) is an ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue that was developed by Novo Nordisk under the brand name Tresiba. It is administered via subcutaneous injection once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those w ...

Insulin detemir Insulin detemir, sold under the brand name Levemir among others, is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin used to treat both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is used by injection under the skin. It is effective for up to 24 hours. ...

Insulin glargine Insulin glargine, sold under the brand name Lantus among others, is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin, used in the management of type I and type II diabetes. It is typically the recommended long acting insulin in the United King ...

Insulin glulisine Insulin glulisine is a rapid-acting modified form of medical insulin that differs from human insulin in that the amino acid asparagine at position B3 is replaced by lysine and the lysine in position B29 is replaced by glutamic acid. It was devel ...

Insulin lispro Insulin lispro, sold under the brand name Humalog among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is used by injection under the skin or within an insulin pump. Onset of effects typically occu ...

Mecasermin Mecasermin, sold under the brand name Increlex, also known as recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1), is a recombinant form of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) which is used in the long-term treatment of growth failur ...

Mecasermin rinfabate Mecasermin rinfabate (INN, USAN) (brand name Iplex), also known as /, is a drug consisting of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) which is used for ...

* Antagonists ** BMS-754807 ** S661 ** S961 * Kinase inhibitors ** Linsitinib * Antibodies ** Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

KiSS1-derived peptide receptor

* Agonists ** Kisspeptin (kisspeptin-54, metastin) ** Kisspeptin-10 ** KISS1-305 ** MVT-602 (RVT-602, TAK-448) ** TAK-683 * Antagonists ** Kisspeptin-234

Leptin receptor

* Agonists **

Leptin Leptin (from Ancient Greek, Greek λεπτός ''leptos'', "thin" or "light" or "small") is a hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and enterocytes in the small intestine that helps to regulate Energy homeostasis, energy balance by inhib ...

Metreleptin Metreleptin, sold under the brand name Myalept among others, is a synthetic analog of the hormone leptin used to treat various forms of dyslipidemia. It has been approved in Japan for metabolic disorders including lipodystrophy and in the United ...

Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor

MCH₁

* Agonists **

Melanin-concentrating hormone Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), also known as pro-melanin stimulating hormone (PMCH), is a cyclic 19-amino acid orexigenic hypothalamic peptide originally isolated from the pituitary gland of teleost fish, where it controls skin pigmentation ...

* Antagonists ** ATC-0065 ** ATC-0175 ** GW-803430 ** NGD-4715 ** SNAP-7941 **

SNAP-94847 SNAP-94847 is a drug used in scientific research, which is a selective, non-peptide antagonist at the melanin concentrating hormone receptor MCH1. In animal studies it has been shown to produce both anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, and als ...

MCH₂

* Agonists **

Melanocortin receptor

Neuropeptide FF receptor

* Agonists **

Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of amino acids that are synthesized and released by neurons. Neuropeptides typically bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neural activity and other tissues like the ...

Neuropeptide FF NPFF Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized as a pain-modulating peptide, with anti-opioid activity on morphine-induced analgesia. In humans, Neuropeptide FF pepti ...

** Neuropeptide SF (RFRP-1) ** Neuropeptide VF (RFRP-3) * Antagonists **

BIBP-3226 BIBP-3226 is a drug used in scientific research which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for both the Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 and also the neuropeptide FF receptor. It was the first non-peptide antagonist developed for the Y1 recepto ...

** RF9

Neuropeptide S receptor

* Agonists **

Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, mainly produced by neurons in the amygdala and between Barrington's nucleus and the locus coeruleus, although NPS-responsive neurons extend projections into many other br ...

* Antagonists ** ML-154 **

SHA-68 SHA-68 is a drug which acts as a selective, non-peptide antagonist at the neuropeptide S receptor NPSR. In animal studies it reduced motor stereotypes, and blocks the stimulant action of neuropeptide S.Fukatsu K, Nakayama Y, Tarui N, Mori M, ...

Neuropeptide Y receptor

Y₁

* Agonists **

Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY has been identified as the most abundant peptide present in the ma ...

Peptide YY Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the gene. Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released from cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, a ...

* Antagonists ** BIBO-3304 **

** BVD-10 ** GR-231118 ** PD-160170

Y₂

* Agonists ** 2-Thiouridine 5'-triphosphate **

** Neuropeptide Y (13-36) **

** Peptide YY (3-36) * Antagonists **

BIIE-0246 BIIE-0246 is a drug used in scientific research which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2. It was one of the first non-peptide Y2-selective antagonists developed, and remains among the most widely used t ...

** JNJ-5207787 ** SF-11

Y₄

* Agonists ** GR-231118 **

Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas. It regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by ...

* Antagonists **

UR-AK49 UR-AK49 is a drug used in scientific research which acts as a potent antagonist for the Neuropeptide Y / Pancreatic polypeptide receptor Y4, and also as a partial agonist at the histamine Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved ...

Y₅

* Agonists ** BWX-46 **

* Antagonists ** CGP-71683 ** FMS-586 ** L-152,804 **

Lu AA-33810 Lu AA-33810 is a drug developed by Lundbeck, which acts as a potent and highly selective antagonist for the Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5, with a Ki of 1.5nM and around 3300x selectivity over the related Y1, Y2 and Y4 receptors. In animal studies ...

** MK-0557 ** NTNCB ** Velneperit (S-2367)

Neurotensin receptor

NTS₁

* Agonists **

Neurotensin Neurotensin is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin release and has significant interaction with the dopaminergic system. Neurotensin was first isolated from extracts of bovine h ...

Neuromedin N Neuromedin N is a neuropeptide derived from the same precursor polypeptide as neurotensin Neurotensin is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin release and has significant intera ...

* Antagonists **

Meclinertant Meclinertant (SR-48692) is a drug which acts as a selective, non-peptide antagonist at the neurotensin receptor NTS1, and was the first non-peptide antagonist developed for this receptor. It is used in scientific research to explore the interact ...

SR-142948 SR-142948 is a drug used in scientific research which is a non-peptide antagonist selective for the neurotensin receptors, although not selective between subtypes. Study SR-142948 has been used to study the role of neurotensin in the regulatio ...

NTS₂

* Agonists **

* Antagonists **

Levocabastine Levocabastine (trade name Livostin or Livocab, depending on the region) is a selective second-generation H1 receptor antagonist which was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1979. It is used for allergic conjunctivitis. As well as acting as ...

***

Opioid receptor

Orexin receptor

Oxytocin receptor

Prolactin receptor

Parathyroid hormone receptor

* Agonists **

Abaloparatide Abaloparatide, sold under the brand name Tymlos among others, is a parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) analog medication used to treat osteoporosis. It is an anabolic (i.e., bone growing) agent. In 2017, it was approved to treat postmeno ...

Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. PTH influences bone re ...

** Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) ** Semparatide **

Teriparatide Teriparatide, sold under the brand name Forteo, is a form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) consisting of the first (N-terminus) 34 amino acids, which is the bioactive portion of the hormone. It is an effective anabolic (promoting bone formation) age ...

Relaxin receptor

* Agonists ** Insulin-like factor 3 **

Relaxin Relaxin is a protein hormone of about 6000 Da first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw. The relaxin family peptide hormones belong to the insulin superfamily and consists of seven peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; rela ...

( 1, 2, 3) ** Serelaxin

Somatostatin receptor

Tachykinin receptor

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor

* Agonists ** Azetirelin ** JTP-2942 ** Montirelin ** Orotirelin ** Posatirelin ** Protirelin ** Rovatirelin ** RX-77368 (thymoliberin) ** Taltirelin ** TRH (TRF)

Thyrotropin receptor

* Agonists ** Thyrotropin alfa ** TSH (thyrotropin)

Vasopressin receptor

Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

VIPR₁

* Agonists ** Peptide *** Bay 55-9837 *** LBT-3393 ***

PACAP Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also known as PACAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ADCYAP1'' gene. pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide is similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide. One of its effect ...

***

VIP A very important person or personage (VIP or V.I.P.) is a person who is accorded special privileges due to their high social status, influence or importance. The term was not common until sometime after World War 2 by RAF pilots. Examples incl ...

VIPR₂

* Agonists ** Peptide *** LBT-3627 ***

***

PAC₁

* Agonists **

** PACAP (1-27) ** PACAP (1-38) * Antagonists ** PACAP (6-38)

Unsorted

PHI Phi (; uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; grc, ϕεῖ ''pheî'' ; Modern Greek: ''fi'' ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Archaic and Classical Greek (c. 9th century BC to 4th century BC), it represented an aspirated voicele ...

* PHM * PHV

Others

* Endogenous **

Adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin (ADM or AM) is a vasodilator peptide hormone of uncertain significance in human health and disease. It was initially isolated in 1993 from a pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla: hence the name. In humans ADM is encoded ...

Apelin Apelin (also known as APLN) is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the ''APLN'' gene. Apelin is one of two endogenous ligands for the G-protein-coupled APJ receptor that is expressed at the surface of some cell types. It is widely expressed i ...

Asprosin Asprosin is a protein hormone produced by mammals in ( white adipose) tissues that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood stream. Asprosin is encoded by the gene ''FBN1'' as part of the protein profibrillin and is released from the ...

Bombesin Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina'') by Vittorio Erspamer ''et al.'' and named after its source. NIHMSID 45053. It has two known homologs in mammals called ...

Calcitonin Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid (or endostyle) in humans and other chordates. in the ultimopharyngeal body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the ...

Carnosine Carnosine (''beta''-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Carnosine was discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich. Car ...

CART A cart or dray (Australia and New Zealand) is a vehicle designed for transport, using two wheels and normally pulled by one or a pair of draught animals. A handcart is pulled or pushed by one or more people. It is different from the flatbed tr ...

CLIP Clip or CLIP may refer to: Fasteners * Hair clip, a device used to hold hair together or attaching materials such as caps to the hair * Binder clip, a device used for holding thicker materials (such as large volumes of paper) together ** Bulldog ...

** DSIP **

Enteroglucagon Enteroglucagon is a peptide hormone derived from preproglucagon. It is a gastrointestinal hormone, secreted from mucosal cells primarily of the colon and terminal ileum. It consists of 37 amino acids. Enteroglucagon is released when fats and gluco ...

** Formyl peptide ** GALP ** GIP ** GRP **

Integrin Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, ...

ligands ***

collagen Collagen () is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix found in the body's various connective tissues. As the main component of connective tissue, it is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up from 25% to 35% of the whole ...

s ***

fibrinogen Fibrinogen (factor I) is a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin and then to a fibrin-based blood clo ...

***

fibronectin Fibronectin is a high- molecular weight (~500-~600 kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins. Fibronectin also binds to other extracellular matrix proteins such as collage ...

***

laminin Laminins are a family of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix of all animals. They are major components of the basal lamina (one of the layers of the basement membrane), the protein network foundation for most cells and organs. The laminins ...

s ***

ICAM-1 ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ICAM1'' gene. This gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein which is typically expressed on endothelial ...

***

ICAM-2 Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2), also known as CD102 (Cluster of Differentiation 102), is a human gene, and the protein resulting from it. Protein structure The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the intercellular adhesion mol ...

***

osteopontin Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone /sialoprotein I (BSP-1 or BNSP), early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SPP1'' gene (secr ...

***

VCAM-1 Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VCAM1'' gene. VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule. Stru ...

***

vitronectin Vitronectin (VTN or VN) is a glycoprotein of the hemopexin family which is abundantly found in serum, the extracellular matrix and bone. In humans it is encoded by the ''VTN'' gene. Vitronectin binds to integrin alpha-V beta-3 and thus promotes c ...

Kininogen Kininogens are precursor proteins for kinins, biologically active polypeptides involved in blood coagulation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammatory regulation, and the regulation of the cardiovascular and renal systems. Types o ...

s **

Motilin Motilin is a 22-amino acid polypeptide hormone in the motilin family that, in humans, is encoded by the ''MLN'' gene. Motilin is secreted by endocrine Mo cells (also referred to as M cells, which are not the same as the M cells, or microfold ce ...

Natriuretic peptide A natriuretic peptide is a peptide that induces natriuresis, which is the excretion of sodium by the kidneys. Known natriuretic peptides include the following: * atrial natriuretic peptide, also known as ANP * brain natriuretic peptide, also known ...

s ***

ANP ANP may refer to: In politics and government *Afghan National Police *''Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis'' or National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (Brazil), a regulatory agency in Brazil *American N ...

*** BNP *** CNP ***

urodilatin Urodilatin (URO) is a hormone that causes natriuresis by increasing renal blood flow. It is secreted in response to increased mean arterial pressure and increased blood volume from the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct. It is importan ...

Nesfatin-1 Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Increased nesfatin-1 in the hypothalamus contributes to diminished hunger, a 'sense of fullness', and a potential ...

Neuromedin B Neuromedin B (NMB) is a bombesin-related peptide in mammals. It was originally purified from pig spinal cord, and later shown to be present in human central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Sequence The sequence of the C-terminal deca ...

Neuromedin S Neuromedin S is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide found in the brain of humans and other mammals. It is produced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and is related to neuromedin U. It is thought to be involved in regulation of circadia ...

Neuromedin U Neuromedin may refer to: * Neuromedin B * Neuromedin N * Neuromedin S Neuromedin S is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide found in the brain of humans and other mammals. It is produced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and is related t ...

Obestatin Obestatin is a hormone that is produced in specialized epithelial cells of the stomach and small intestine of several animals including humans. Obestatin was originally identified as an anorectic peptide, but its effect on food intake remains cont ...

Osteocalcin Osteocalcin, also known as bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), is a small (49-amino-acid) noncollagenous protein hormone found in bone and dentin, first identified as a calcium-binding protein. Because osteocalcin has gl ...

Resistin Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine-rich peptide hormone derived from adipose tissue that in humans is encoded by th ...

Secretin Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver. It is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duode ...

Thymopoietin Lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2), isoforms beta/gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TMPO'' gene. LAP2 is an inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein. Thymopoietin is a protein involved in the induction of CD90 in the thymus. ...

Thymosin Thymosins are small proteins present in many animal tissues. They are named thymosins because they were originally isolated from the thymus, but most are now known to be present in many other tissues. Thymosins have diverse biological activities, ...

s **

Thymulin Thymulin (also known as thymic factor or its old name facteur thymique serique) is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977. It requires zinc for biological activity. Its peptide ...

Urotensin-II Urotensin-II (U-II) is a peptide ligand that is the strongest known vasoconstrictor. Because of the involvement of the UII system in multiple biological systems such as the cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, and renal, it represents a promising ...

VGF VGF or VGF nerve growth factor inducible is a secreted protein and neuropeptide precursor that may play a role in regulating energy homeostasis, metabolism and synaptic plasticity. The protein was first discovered in 1985 by Levi ''et al''. in an ...

* Exogenous **

Lifitegrast Lifitegrast, sold under the brand name Xiidra (), is a medication for the treatment of signs and symptoms of dry eye, a syndrome called keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Lifitegrast reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory cell binding. It is oft ...

(LFA-1 antagonist)

References

External links

* {{G protein-coupled receptors Peptides Receptors

Adiponectin receptor

AdipoR1

AdipoR2

Angiotensin receptor

Bradykinin receptor

Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor

Cholecystokinin receptor

CCKA

CCKB

Unsorted

Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor

CRF1

CRF2

Cytokine receptor

Endothelin receptor

Galanin receptor

GAL1

GAL2

GAL3

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor

Growth hormone receptor

Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor

Glucagon-like peptide receptor

GLP-1

GLP-2

Others

Glucagon receptor

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Gonadotropin receptor

Growth factor receptor

Insulin receptor

KiSS1-derived peptide receptor

Leptin receptor

Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor

MCH1

MCH2

Melanocortin receptor

Neuropeptide FF receptor

Neuropeptide S receptor

Neuropeptide Y receptor

Y1

Y2

Y4

Y5

Neurotensin receptor

NTS1

NTS2

Opioid receptor

Orexin receptor

Oxytocin receptor

Prolactin receptor

Parathyroid hormone receptor

Relaxin receptor

Somatostatin receptor

Tachykinin receptor

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Thyrotropin receptor

Vasopressin receptor

Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

VIPR1

VIPR2

PAC1

Unsorted

Others

See also

References

External links

AdipoR₁

AdipoR₂

CCK_A

CCK_B

CRF₁

CRF₂

GAL₁

GAL₂

GAL₃

MCH₁

MCH₂

Y₁

Y₂

Y₄

Y₅

NTS₁

NTS₂

VIPR₁

VIPR₂

PAC₁