Paul Abraham Dukas ( or ; 1 October 1865 – 17 May 1935) was a French composer, critic, scholar and teacher. A studious man of retiring personality, he was intensely self-critical, having abandoned and destroyed many of his compositions. His best-known work is the orchestral piece ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'' (''L'apprenti sorcier''), the fame of which has eclipsed that of his other surviving works. Among these are the opera '' Ariane et Barbe-bleue'', his Symphony in C and Piano Sonata in E-flat minor, the ''

Variations, Interlude and Finale on a Theme by Rameau The ''Variations, Interlude and Finale on a Theme by Rameau'' (French: ''Variations, interlude et finale sur un thème de Rameau'') were composed by Paul Dukas between 1899 and 1902. The work was first performed in Paris in 1903. Structure :Menu ...

'' (for solo piano), and a ballet, '' La Péri''. At a time when French musicians were divided into conservative and progressive factions, Dukas adhered to neither but retained the admiration of both. His compositions were influenced by composers including

Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classic ...

, Berlioz,

Franck Franck can refer to: People * Franck (name) Other * Franck (company), Croatian coffee and snacks company * Franck (crater), Lunar crater named after James Franck See also

* Franc (disambiguation) * Franks * Frank (disambiguation) * Fran ...

, d'Indy and

Debussy (Achille) Claude Debussy (; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionism in music, Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most infl ...

. In tandem with his composing career, Dukas worked as a music critic, contributing regular reviews to at least five French journals. Later in his life he was appointed professor of composition at the

Conservatoire de Paris The Conservatoire de Paris (), also known as the Paris Conservatory, is a college of music and dance founded in 1795. Officially known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (CNSMDP), it is situated in the avenue ...

and the École Normale de Musique; his pupils included Maurice Duruflé,

Olivier Messiaen Olivier Eugène Prosper Charles Messiaen (, ; ; 10 December 1908 – 27 April 1992) was a French composer, organist, and ornithology, ornithologist who was one of the major composers of the 20th-century classical music, 20th century. His m ...

, Walter Piston,

Manuel Ponce Manuel María Ponce Cuéllar (8 December 1882 – 24 April 1948) was a Mexican composer active in the 20th century. His work as a composer, music educator and scholar of Mexican music connected the concert scene with a mostly forgotten traditio ...

Joaquín Rodrigo Joaquín Rodrigo Vidre, 1st Marquess of the Gardens of Aranjuez (; 22 November 1901 – 6 July 1999), was a Spanish composer and a virtuoso pianist. He is best known for composing the '' Concierto de Aranjuez'', a cornerstone of the classical gu ...

and Xian Xinghai.

Life and career

Early years

Dukas was born in Paris, the second son in a Jewish family of three children.Lockspeiser, p. 89 His father, Jules Dukas, was a banker, and his mother, Eugénie, was a capable pianist.Havard de la Montagne, Denis
"Paul Dukas"
''Musica et Memoria'' (French text), accessed 18 March 2011 When Dukas was five years old, his mother died giving birth to her third child, Marguerite-Lucie. Dukas took piano lessons but showed no unusual musical talent until he was 14 when he began to compose while recovering from an illness.Schwartz, Manuela and G.W. Hopkins
"Dukas, Paul."
''Grove Music Online'', Oxford Music Online, accessed 19 March 2011 He entered the

at the end of 1881, aged 16, and studied piano with

Georges Mathias Georges Amédée Saint-Clair Mathias (; 14 October 182614 October 1910) was a French composer, pianist and teacher. Alongside his teaching work, Georges Mathias was a very active concert pianist. Biography Mathias was born in Paris. He studied ...

, harmony with

Théodore Dubois Clément François Théodore Dubois (24 August 1837 – 11 June 1924) was a French Romantic composer, organist, and music teacher. After study at the Paris Conservatoire, Dubois won France's premier musical prize, the Prix de Rome in 1861. He bec ...

and composition with Ernest Guiraud.Schwerké, Irving
"Paul Dukas: A Brief Appreciation"
''

The Musical Quarterly ''The Musical Quarterly'' is the oldest academic journal on music in America. Originally established in 1915 by Oscar Sonneck, the journal was edited by Sonneck until his death in 1928. Sonneck was succeeded by a number of editors, including Ca ...

'', July 1928, pp. 403–412, accessed 17 March 2011 Among his fellow students was

Claude Debussy (Achille) Claude Debussy (; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionism in music, Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most infl ...

, with whom Dukas formed a close friendship. Two early overtures survive from this period, ''Goetz de Berlichingen'' (1883) and ''Le Roi Lear'' (1883). The manuscript of the latter was rediscovered in the 1990s and the work was performed for the first time in 1995. Dukas won several prizes, including the second place in the Conservatoire's most prestigious award, the Prix de Rome, for his cantata ''Velléda'' in 1888. Disappointed at his failure to win the top prize, he left the Conservatoire in 1889."Paul Dukas"
''

The Musical Times ''The Musical Times'' is an academic journal of classical music edited and produced in the United Kingdom and currently the oldest such journal still being published in the country. It was originally created by Joseph Mainzer in 1842 as ''Mainzer ...

'', July 1935, pp. 655–656, accessed 17 March 2011 After compulsory military service he began a dual career as a composer and a music critic.

1890s

Dukas's career as a critic began in 1892 with a review of

Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most op ...

's ''

Der Ring des Nibelungen (''The Ring of the Nibelung''), WWV 86, is a cycle of four German-language epic music dramas composed by Richard Wagner. The works are based loosely on characters from Germanic heroic legend, namely Norse legendary sagas and the '' Nibe ...

'' conducted by

Gustav Mahler Gustav Mahler (; 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was an Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation. As a composer he acted as a bridge between the 19th-century Austro-German tradition and the modernism ...

Covent Garden Covent Garden is a district in London, on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the central square, now a popular shopping and tourist si ...

in London. His review was published in '' La Revue Hebdomadaire''; he later wrote also for ''Minerva'', ''La Chronique des Arts'', '' Gazette des Beaux-Arts'' and ''Le Courrier Musical''. His Parisian debut as composer was a performance of his overture ''

Polyeucte ''Polyeucte'' is a drama in five acts by French writer Pierre Corneille. It was finished in December 1642 and debuted in October 1643. It is based on the life of the martyr Saint Polyeuctus (Polyeucte).Charles Lamoureux and his Orchestre Lamoureux in January 1892. Based on a tragedy by

Corneille Pierre Corneille (; 6 June 1606 – 1 October 1684) was a French tragedian. He is generally considered one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine. As a young man, he earned the valuable patrona ...

, the work, like many French works of the period, shows the influence of Wagner, but is coherent and displays some individuality. Although Dukas wrote a fair amount of music, he was a perfectionist and destroyed many of his pieces out of dissatisfaction with them. Only a few of his compositions remain. After ''Polyeucte'', he began writing an opera in 1892. He wrote his own libretto, ''Horn et Riemenhild'', but he composed only one act, "realising too late that the work's developments were more literary than musical". The Symphony in C major was composed in 1895–96, when Dukas was in his early 30s. It is dedicated to Paul Vidal, and had its first performance in January 1896, under the direction of the dedicatee. In a study of Dukas published towards the end of the composer's life, Irving Schwerké wrote, "The work … is an opulent expression of modernism in classical form. Its ideational luxuriance, nobility of utterance and architectural solidity mark it as one of the most conspicuous achievements of contemporaneous writing, and magnificently refute the generally prevalent notion that no French composer has ever produced a great symphony." Like

Franck Franck can refer to: People * Franck (name) Other * Franck (company), Croatian coffee and snacks company * Franck (crater), Lunar crater named after James Franck See also

* Franc (disambiguation) * Franks * Frank (disambiguation) * Fran ...

's only symphony, Dukas's is in three movements rather than the conventional four. Schwerké wrote of it: The work received a mixed reception at its first performance. Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht, later known as a conductor, was a member of the orchestra at the premiere, and wrote, "the work which nowadays seems to us so lucid aroused not only the protestations of the public, but also those of the musicians of the orchestra."Langham Smith, Richard (1994). Notes to Chandos CD 209225 The symphony was better received when the Lamoureux Orchestra revived it in 1902. The symphony was followed by another orchestral work, by far the best known of Dukas' compositions, his scherzo for orchestra, ''L'apprenti sorcier'' (''

The Sorcerer's Apprentice "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (german: "Der Zauberlehrling", link=no, italic=no) is a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe written in 1797. The poem is a ballad in 14 stanzas. Story The poem begins as an old sorcerer departs his workshop, leaving ...

'') (1897), a short piece (lasting for between 10 and 12 minutes in performance) based on

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

's poem "

Der Zauberlehrling "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (german: "Der Zauberlehrling", link=no, italic=no) is a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe written in 1797. The poem is a ballad in 14 stanzas. Story The poem begins as an old sorcerer departs his workshop, leaving ...

". During Dukas's lifetime ''

'' commented that the world fame of the work not only overshadowed all other compositions by Dukas, but also eclipsed Goethe's original poem. The popularity of the piece became a matter of irritation to Dukas. In 2011, the ''

Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language '' Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and th ...

'' observed, "The popularity of ''L'apprenti sorcier'' and the exhilarating film version of it in Disney's ''

Fantasia Fantasia International Film Festival (also known as Fantasia-fest, FanTasia, and Fant-Asia) is a film festival that has been based mainly in Montreal since its founding in 1996. Regularly held in July of each year, it is valued by both hardcor ...

'' possibly hindered a fuller understanding of Dukas, as that single work is far better known than its composer."

20th century works

In the decade after ''L'apprenti sorcier'', Dukas completed two complex and technically demanding large-scale works for solo piano: the Piano Sonata (1901), dedicated to Saint-Saëns, and ''

'' (1902). In Dukas's piano works critics have discerned the influence of Beethoven, or, "Beethoven as he was interpreted to the French mind by César Franck". Both works were premiered by Édouard Risler, a celebrated pianist of the era.Lockspeiser, p. 90 There are also two smaller works for piano solo. The Sonata, described by the critic Edward Lockspeiser as "huge and somewhat recondite",Lockspeiser, p. 92 did not enter the mainstream repertoire, but it has been more recently championed by such pianists as Marc-André Hamelin and Margaret Fingerhut. Lockspeiser describes the ''Rameau Variations'' as more developed and assured ... Dukas infuses the conventional form with a new and powerful spirit." In 1899 Dukas turned once again to operatic composition. His second attempt, ''L'arbre de science'', was abandoned, incomplete, but in the same year he began work on his one completed opera, '' Ariane et Barbe-bleue'' (''Ariadne and Bluebeard''). The work is a setting of a libretto by Maurice Maeterlinck.Arnold, Denis and Richard Langham Smith
"Dukas, Paul (Abraham)."
''The Oxford Companion to Music''. Ed. Alison Latham, Oxford Music Online, accessed 19 March 2011 The author had intended the libretto to be set by Grieg but in 1899 he offered it to Dukas. Dukas worked on it for seven years and it was produced at the

Opéra-Comique The Opéra-Comique is a Paris opera company which was founded around 1714 by some of the popular theatres of the Parisian fairs. In 1762 the company was merged with – and for a time took the name of – its chief rival, the Comédie-Italienne ...

in 1907. The opera has often been compared to Debussy's '' Pelléas et Mélisande'' which was first performed while Dukas was writing ''Ariane et Barbe-bleue''. Not only are both works settings of Maeterlinck, but there are musical similarities; Dukas even quotes from the Debussy work in his score. Although it won considerable praise, its success was overshadowed by the Paris premiere of

Richard Strauss Richard Georg Strauss (; 11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a German composer, conductor, pianist, and violinist. Considered a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, he has been described as a successor of Richard Wag ...

's sensational opera ''

Salome Salome (; he, שְלוֹמִית, Shlomit, related to , "peace"; el, Σαλώμη), also known as Salome III, was a Jewish princess, the daughter of Herod II, son of Herod the Great, and princess Herodias, granddaughter of Herod the Great, a ...

'' at much the same time. Nonetheless, within a short time of its premiere, Dukas's opera was produced in Vienna, where it aroused much interest in

Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was as ...

's circle, and in Frankfurt, Milan and New York. It did not maintain a regular place in the repertory, despite the advocacy of

Arturo Toscanini Arturo Toscanini (; ; March 25, 1867January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed and influential musicians of the late 19th and early 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orch ...

, who conducted it in New York three years in succession, and Sir Thomas Beecham, who pronounced it "one of the finest lyrical dramas of our time,"Lockspeiser, p. 91 and staged it at

in 1937. Interest in it revived in the 1990s, with productions in Paris (

Théâtre du Châtelet The Théâtre du Châtelet () is a theatre and opera house, located in the place du Châtelet in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France. One of two theatres (the other being the Théâtre de la Ville) built on the site of a ''châtelet'', a ...

, 1990) and Hamburg ( Staatsoper, 1997), and at the Opéra Bastille in Paris in 2007. Dukas's last major work was the sumptuous oriental ballet '' La Péri'' (1912). Described by the composer as a "poème dansé" it depicts a young Persian prince who travels to the ends of the Earth in a quest to find the lotus flower of immortality, coming across its guardian, the Péri (fairy).Blakeman, Edward (1990). Notes to Chandos CD 208852, p. 5 Because of the very quiet opening pages of the ballet score, the composer added a brief "Fanfare pour précéder ''La Peri''" which gave the typically noisy audiences of the day time to settle in their seats before the work proper began. ''La Péri'' was written for the Russian-French dancer Natalia Trouhanova, who starred in the first performance at the Châtelet in 1912.

Diaghilev Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev ( ; rus, Серге́й Па́влович Дя́гилев, , sʲɪˈrɡʲej ˈpavləvʲɪdʑ ˈdʲæɡʲɪlʲɪf; 19 August 1929), usually referred to outside Russia as Serge Diaghilev, was a Russian art critic, pa ...

planned a production with his

Ballets Russes The Ballets Russes () was an itinerant ballet company begun in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 throughout Europe and on tours to North and South America. The company never performed in Russia, where the Revolution disrupted society. ...

but the production did not take place; the company's choreographer Fokine staged ''L'apprenti sorcier'' as a ballet in 1916. In 1916, Dukas married Suzanne Pereyra (1883-1947), who was of Portuguese descent. They had one child, a daughter Adrienne-Thérèse, born in December 1919.

Later years

In the last years of his life, Dukas became well known as a teacher of composition. When Charles-Marie Widor retired as professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire in 1927, Dukas was appointed in his place. He also taught at the École Normale de Musique in Paris. His many students included Jehan Alain,

Elsa Barraine Elsa Jacqueline Barraine (13 February 1910, in Paris – 20 March 1999, in Strasbourg) was a composer of French music in the time after the Neoclassicism#In music, neoclassicist movement of Les Six, Ravel, and Stravinsky. Despite being considered ...

Yvonne Desportes Yvonne Desportes (18 July 1907 – 29 December 1993) was a French composer, writer, and music educator. She was born in Coburg, Germany, to Émile Desportes, a composer, and Bertha Troriep, a painter. She was a student of Paul Dukas and won t ...

, Francis Chagrin, Carlos Chávez, Maurice Duruflé, Georges Hugon,

Jean Langlais Jean François-Hyacinthe Langlais III (15 February 1907 – 8 May 1991) was a French composer of modern classical music, organist, and improviser. He described himself as "" ("Breton, of Catholic faith"). Biography Langlais was born in La ...

, Walter Piston,

David Van Vactor David Van Vactor (May 8, 1906 – March 24, 1994) was an American composer of contemporary classical music. He was born in Plymouth, Indiana, and received Bachelor of Music (1928) and Master of Music (1935) degrees from Northwestern Universit ...

and Xian Xinghai. As a teacher he was conservative but always encouraging of talent, telling one student, "It's obvious that you really love music. Always remember that it should be written from the heart and not with the head." He said his method of teaching was "to help young musicians to express themselves in accordance with their own natures. Music necessarily has to express something; it is also obliged to express somebody, namely, its composer." ''Grove'' observes that his wide knowledge of the history of European music, and his editorial work on Rameau, Scarlatti and Beethoven, gave him "particular authority in teaching historical styles". After ''La Péri'', Dukas completed no new large-scale compositions, although, as with his contemporary

Jean Sibelius Jean Sibelius ( ; ; born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius; 8 December 186520 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often ...

, there were frequent reports of major work in hand.Walsh, p. 110 After several years of silence, in 1920 he produced a tribute to his friend Debussy in the form of ''La plainte, au loin, du faune...'' for piano, which was followed by ''Amours'', a setting of a sonnet by

Pierre de Ronsard Pierre de Ronsard (; 11 September 1524 – 27 December 1585) was a French poet or, as his own generation in France called him, a " prince of poets". Early life Pierre de Ronsard was born at the Manoir de la Possonnière, in the village of ...

, for voice and piano, published in 1924 to mark the four hundredth anniversary of the poet's birth. Shortly before his death he had been working on a symphonic poem inspired by Shakespeare's '' The Tempest'', a play of which he had made a French translation in 1918 with an operatic version in mind. In the last year of his life Dukas was elected to membership of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Though adhering to neither the progressive nor conservative factions among French musicians of the era, Dukas had the friendship and respect of both. In 1920,

Vincent d'Indy Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy (; 27 March 18512 December 1931) was a French composer and teacher. His influence as a teacher, in particular, was considerable. He was a co-founder of the Schola Cantorum de Paris and also taught at the P ...

published a study of Dukas's music; Debussy remained a lifelong friend, though feeling that Dukas's music was not French enough; Saint-Saëns worked with Dukas to complete an unfinished opera by Guiraud, and they were both engaged in the rediscovery and editing of the works of

Jean-Philippe Rameau Jean-Philippe Rameau (; – ) was a French composer and music theorist. Regarded as one of the most important French composers and music theorists of the 18th century, he replaced Jean-Baptiste Lully as the dominant composer of French opera and ...

; Fauré dedicated his Second Piano Quintet to Dukas in 1921. In 1920, he became a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. Dukas died in Paris in 1935, aged 69. He was cremated and his ashes were placed in the

columbarium A columbarium (; pl. columbaria) is a structure for the reverential and usually public storage of funerary urns, holding cremated remains of the deceased. The term can also mean the nesting boxes of pigeons. The term comes from the Latin "''colu ...

Père Lachaise Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery (french: Cimetière du Père-Lachaise ; formerly , "East Cemetery") is the largest cemetery in Paris, France (). With more than 3.5 million visitors annually, it is the most visited necropolis in the world. Notable figure ...

in Paris.Cimetière du Père Lachaise. Plot: Division 87 (columbarium), urn 4938

List of works

Published by the composer

* ''

'', for orchestra (1897) * Piano Sonata in E-flat minor (1899–1900) * ''

'', for piano (c.1899–1902) * '' Ariane et Barbe-bleue'', opera (1899–1907) * ''Villanelle'', for horn and piano (1906) * ''Prélude élégiaque sur le nom de Haydn'', for piano (1909) * ''Vocalise-étude (alla gitana)'', for voice and piano (1909) * '' La Péri'', ballet (poème dansé) (1911; later supplemented with ''Fanfare pour précéder La Péri'' (1912)) * ''La plainte, au loin, du faune...'', for piano (1920) * ''Amours'', sonnet for voice and piano (1924) * ''Allegro'', for piano (1925) * ''Modéré'', for piano (?) (1933; published posthumously in 1936)

Early unpublished works

* ''Air de Clytemnestre'', for voice and small orchestra (1882) * ''Goetz de Berlichingen'', overture for orchestra (1883) * ''Le roi Lear'', for orchestra (1883) * ''Chanson de Barberine'', for soprano and orchestra (1884) * ''La fête des Myrthes'', for choir and orchestra (1884) * ''L'ondine et le pêcheur'', for soprano and orchestra (1884) * ''Endymion'', cantata for three solo voices and orchestra (1885) * ''Introduction au poème "Les Caresses"'', for piano (1885) * ''La vision de Saül'', cantata for three solo voices and orchestra (1886) * ''La fleur'', for choir and orchestra (1887) * Fugue (1888) * ''Hymne au soleil'', for choir and orchestra (1888) * ''Velléda'', cantata for three solo voices and orchestra (1888) * ''Sémélé'', cantata for three solo voices and orchestra (1889)

Destroyed and projected works

* ''Horn et Riemenhild'', opera (1892) * ''L'arbre de science'', opera (1899) * ''Le fil de parque'', symphonic poem (c.1908) * ''Le nouveau monde'', opera (c.1908–1910) * ''Le sang de Méduse'', ballet (1912) * Symphony No. 2 (after 1912) * Violin Sonata (after 1912) * ''La tempête'', opera (c.1918) * ''Variations choréographiques'', ballet (1930) * An untitled orchestral work for Boston Symphonic Orchestra (1932)

Notes

References

* * * * *

External links

Free scores
at the

Mutopia Project The Mutopia Project is a volunteer-run effort to create a library of free content sheet music, in a way similar to Project Gutenberg's library of public domain books. It started in 2000.Portal page at thInternet ArchiveRetrieved January 24, 2 ...

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Dukas, Paul 1865 births 1935 deaths 19th-century classical composers 19th-century French composers 19th-century French male musicians 20th-century classical composers 20th-century French composers 20th-century French male musicians Academics of the École Normale de Musique de Paris Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Conservatoire de Paris alumni French ballet composers French classical bassoonists 19th-century French Jews French male classical composers French music critics French music educators French opera composers French Romantic composers Jewish classical composers Male opera composers Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Modernist composers Musicians from Paris Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Prix Blumenthal Prix de Rome for composition Pupils of Georges Mathias