Paritta (

Pali Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or '' Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of '' Theravāda'' Buddh ...

), generally translated as "protection" or "safeguard," refers to the Buddhist practice of reciting certain verses and scriptures in order to ward off misfortune or danger, as well as to the specific verses and discourses recited as paritta texts. The practice of reciting or listening to the paritta suttas began very early in the history of

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...

.Piyadassi (1999a).
/ref>

Uses

In the Pali literature, these short verses are recommended by the

Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in L ...

as providing protection from certain afflictions. The belief in the effective power to heal, or protect, of the '' sacca-kiriya'', or asseveration of something quite true is an aspect of the work ascribed to the ''paritta''. It is also widely believed that all-night recitations of paritta by monks bring safety, peace and well-being to a community. Such recitations will also occur on auspicious occasions, such as the inauguration of a new temple or home or to provide blessings upon those who hear. Conversely, paritta discourses are recited on inauspicious occasions as well, such as at a funeral or on the death anniversary of a loved one. They may also be recited to placate antagonistic spirits.Anandajoti (2004), p. v. The '' Mahavamsa'' contains the earliest historical reference to this practice, describing how Upatissa I of Anuradhapura instructed monks to recite the Ratana Sutta through the night during a period when

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

was afflicted by plague and disease.

Discourse types

There are several paritta verses that are identified as such within the Pali Canon.

Reverential

Most paritta involve offering praise to the Buddha or, more broadly, the

Triple Gem In Buddhism, refuge or taking refuge refers to a religious practice, which often includes a prayer or recitation performed at the beginning of the day or of a practice session. Since the period of Early Buddhism until present time, all Theravad ...

(Buddha,

Dhamma Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for ' ...

Sangha Sangha is a Sanskrit word used in many Indian languages, including Pali meaning "association", "assembly", "company" or "community"; Sangha is often used as a surname across these languages. It was historically used in a political context t ...

). Of these paritta, one of the best known is the Ratana Sutta ( Sn 2.1) where, for instance, it states in part: :Whatever treasure there be either here or in the world beyond, whatever precious jewel there be in the heavenly worlds, there is nought comparable to the Tathagata (the Perfect One). This precious jewel is the Buddha. By this (asseveration of the) truth may there be happiness.

Aid seeking

A few paritta involve the asking directly for the aid of the Buddha. Examples of this type of paritta verse can be seen in the Candima Sutta ( SN 2.9) and Suriya Sutta (SN 2.10) of the Samyutta Nikaya. In these two scriptures, the deities Canda and

Surya Surya (; sa, सूर्य, ) is the sun as well as the solar deity in Hinduism. He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the Smarta tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja and a ...

protect themselves from the attack of the eclipse deity

Rahu Rāhu ( Sanskrit: राहु, 16px, ☊) is one of the nine major celestial bodies (navagraha) in Hindu texts and the king of meteors. It represents the ascension of the moon in its precessional orbit around the earth, also referred as th ...

by reciting short verses praising the Buddha and pleading for his protection: :"O Buddha, the Hero, thou art wholly free from all evil. My adoration to thee. I have fallen into distress. Be thou my refuge."Piyadassi (1999b).
/ref>
/ref> In these cases, the Buddha is shown as specifically hearing and responding to the paritta; he enjoins Rahu to release the captive deities rather than have his "head split into seven pieces".

Blessing

Another type of paritta relies on the virtue of the individual who is ascribed as reciting the paritta in the Canon, rather than making reference to the virtues of the Buddha. This type of paritta can be seen in the Angulimala Sutta, the story of the murderer-turned-monk Angulimala. On passing a pregnant woman experiencing a difficult labor, Angulimala is moved to provide assistance. Asking the Buddha how he can help, the Buddha tells him to provide a sort of blessing to the woman by reciting a short verse proclaiming his own virtue:

Sister, since I was born in the noble birth, I do not recall intentionally killing a living being. Through this truth may there be wellbeing for you, wellbeing for your fetus.

This verse is now used as a blessing for expectant mothers in the

Theravada ''Theravāda'' () ( si, ථේරවාදය, my, ထေရဝါဒ, th, เถรวาท, km, ថេរវាទ, lo, ເຖຣະວາດ, pi, , ) is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school ...

Buddhist tradition.Piyadassi (1999a)
"Preface."
/ref>

Forms of expression

The Buddha and the arahants (the Consummate Ones) can concentrate on the paritta suttas without the aid of another. However, when they are ill, it is easier for them to listen to what others recite, and thus focus their minds on the

dhamma Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for ' ...

that the suttas contain, rather than think of the dhamma by themselves. There are occasions, as in the case of illness, which weaken the mind (in the case of worldlings), when hetero-suggestion has been found to be more effective than autosuggestion. In the ''Gilana Sutta'', even the Buddha Himself had the Seven Factors of Enlightenment recited to him by another monk to recover from a grave illness.Piyadassi (1999c).
/ref> While paritta texts generally are recited aloud, other mediums are known as well. In Thailand, paritta texts are printed on small pieces of cloth containing images of the Buddha or famous monks. Similar text- often in the Khom Thai script- is sometimes incorporated into tattoos believed to have protective powers, known as

Sak Yant Yantra tattooing or Sak Yant ( th, สักยันต์ ) is a form of tattooing using Indian yantra designs. It consists of sacred geometrical, animal and deity designs accompanied by Pali phrases that are said to offer power, protection, f ...

Collections

Paritta discourses are widely used and known, even if not necessarily understood, throughout the

Buddhist world. Popular collections of paritta verses are among the most widely known Pali texts in many Theravada countries. Translations of Paritta texts have not proven to be particularly popular- they are often little easier to understand than the Pali texts themselves, and in popular belief it is not necessary to understand the recitation for it to be effective. An example of such a collection is the Sinhala ''Pirit Potha'' ("The Book of Protection"), also known as ''Maha Pirit Potha'' and the ''Catubhanavarapali'' ("Text of the Four Recitals"). It has also been referred to as "The Buddhist Bible." Copies of this collection are common in the home of Sri Lankans and other Theravada countries, with children being instructed in the recitations in the morning and before bed. The most commonly recited texts are the Mangala Sutta, Ratana Sutta,

Karaniya Metta Sutta The Mettā Sutta is the name used for two Buddhist discourses (Pali: '' sutta'') found in the Pali Canon. The one, more often chanted by Theravadin monks, is also referred to as ''Karaṇīyamettā Sutta'' after the opening word, ''Karaṇīyam' ...

, and Khuddakapatha. The most common versions of the ''Maha Pirit Potha'' may have originated from a precursor of the Khuddakapatha, which otherwise receives relatively little attention in Theravada countries. The book typically contains a collection of twenty-four or twenty-nine discourses (''

suttas Buddhist texts are those religious texts which belong to the Buddhist tradition. The earliest Buddhist texts were not committed to writing until some centuries after the death of Gautama Buddha. The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts a ...

'') almost all delivered by the Buddha, and found scattered in the five original collections (''nikayas'') in Pali, which form the Sutta Pitaka, the "Canonical Discourses." Below, these discourses and related canonical sources are identified.

Notes

References

Sources

* Anandajoti Bhikkhu (edition, trans.) (2004). ''Safeguard Recitals''. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. . * Piyadassi Thera (trans. only) (1999a).
The Book of Protection: Paritta
'. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 08-14-2008 from "Access to Insight". * Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999b).
Candima Sutta: The Moon Deity's Prayer for Protection
' ( SN 2.9). Retrieved 08-14-2008 from "Access to Insight". * Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999c).
Gilana Sutta: Ill (Factors of Enlightenment)
' ( SN 46.16). Retrieved 08-14-2008 from "Access to Insight". * Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999d).
Ratana Sutta: The Jewel Discourse
' ( Sn 2.1). Retrieved 08-15-2008 from "Access to Insight". * Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999e).
Suriya Sutta: The Sun Deity's Prayer for Protection
' ( SN 2.10). Retrieved 08-14-2008 from "Access to Insight". * Rhys Davids, C.A.F., ''Dialogues of the Buddha'', part 3. * Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). ''The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary''. Chipstead:

Pali Text Society The Pali Text Society is a text publication society founded in 1881 by Thomas William Rhys Davids "to foster and promote the study of Pāli texts". Pāli is the language in which the texts of the Theravada school of Buddhism are preserved. The ...

. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. * Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2003).
Angulimala Sutta: About Angulimala
' ( MN 86). Retrieved 08-14-2008 from "Access to Insight".

External links

*
Book of Protection
' by Piyadassi Thera * Anandajoti Bhikkhu (edition and trans.) (2004)
Safeguard Recitals
(300+ pages) * Anandajoti Bhikkhu (edition and trans.) (2006)
Blessing Chants
(22 pages) * Anandajoti Bhikkhu (edition and trans.) (2006)
Daily Chanting
a weekly sequence of paritta chants (80 pages)

Examples of Paritta in the Burmese style. * Chandrabodhi chants the Ratana Sutta and other suttas in an 'Indian style' at
freebuddhistaudio
{{Buddhism topics Buddhist practices Pali words and phrases Buddhist chants Exorcism in Buddhism