The 1119 papal election (held January 29 to February 2) was, of all the elections currently considered legitimate by the

Roman Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

, the smallest papal election of the twelfth century. It is likely that only two cardinal bishops, four cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons participated in the election. The election took place in the abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, France, while most of the other cardinals remained in Italy. A non-cardinal Guy de Bourgogne, the

Archbishop of Vienne The Archbishopric of Vienne, named after its episcopal seat in Vienne in the Isère département of southern France, was a metropolitan Roman Catholic archdiocese. It is now part of the Archdiocese of Lyon. History The legend according to whi ...

, was elected Pope Callixtus II. It was agreed by the cardinals at Cluny that they would seek the approval of the cardinals in Rome before they proceeded to enthrone the elected person. The cardinals in Rome granted their consent, and Guy was crowned in

Vienne Vienne (; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Viéne'') is a landlocked department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne. It had a population of 438,435 in 2019.Pope Gelasius II was in exile from Rome, which was in the hands of the Emperor

Henry V Henry V may refer to: People * Henry V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1026) * Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1081/86–1125) * Henry V, Duke of Carinthia (died 1161) * Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine (c. 1173–1227) * Henry V, Count of Luxembourg (1 ...

and his antipope Maurice Burdinus, and had fled to France. The struggle with the emperor over the

Investiture Controversy The Investiture Controversy, also called Investiture Contest ( German: ''Investiturstreit''; ), was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops ( investiture) and abbots of mona ...

was costing him dearly. He held a synod in Vienne in the first half of January 1119, from which he moved to Lyon by January 14. As he was leaving Vienne, Gelasius ordered Archbishop Guy of Vienne to join him in Cluny after he himself had arrived there. The pope then held another synod in Mâcon, where he was stricken by a sudden severe illness, which Pandulfus Pisanus identified as pleurisy. Immediately upon recognising the severity of his condition, he summoned Cardinal Kuno von Urach, the Bishop of Palestrina, and, according to Falco of Benevento, offered him the papacy. Kuno emphatically refused. Instead, Kuno suggested the archbishop of Vienne. Gelasius was near death when his party reached Cluny, only 24 km (15 mi) from Mâcon, but he was able to have a farewell meeting with the cardinals who had accompanied him, and to receive the sacraments before he died on 29 July 1119. The "Historia Compostelana" states that, before Pope Gelasius died, the archbishop of Vienne (Guy de Bourgogne) arrived, while the cardinals and the Bishops of Ostia and Porto were discussing possible candidates for the papacy with several Romans. Pope Gelasius (''adhuc vivens'', still alive) named the archbishop of Vienne and Abbot Pontius of Cluny to the Roman clergy and people as possible successors. The archbishop of Vienne, however, did not arrive at Cluny until 1 February, three days ''after'' the pope's death. Moreover, the cardinal bishops present at Cluny were Ostia and Palestrina, not Porto. The "Historia Compostelana" does not appear to be a reliable source.

Cardinal electors

The cardinals who accompanied Gelasius II to Cluny are known from the '' Liber Pontificalis'' associated with "Pandulphus" (either

Pandulf of Pisa Pandulf of Pisa was a twelfth-century Italian cardinal, and biographer of several contemporary popes. He was a native of Rome. He was a nephew of Cardinal Hugo of Alatri. Under Pope Paschal II, and probably with the patronage of his uncle, Pandulf ...

or Pandulf of Lucca), from the charter from Cluny, and from the chronicle of

Ordericus Vitalis Orderic Vitalis ( la, Ordericus Vitalis; 16 February 1075 – ) was an English chronicler and Benedictine monk who wrote one of the great contemporary chronicles of 11th- and 12th-century Normandy and Anglo-Norman England. Modern historia ...

. Probably ten cardinals took part in the election.

Proceedings

The cardinals attending the requiem Mass of Gelasius II in Cluny on 30 January 1119 were divided over whether his successor should be elected on the spot (as was permitted by the papal bull '' In Nomine Domini'' of Pope Nicholas II), or whether they should return to Rome and hold the election with the full College of Cardinals. A major consideration was the schism in which the emperor supported his own anti-pope, "Gregory VIII" (Maurice Burdinus), which could profit from the absence of a legitimate pope. Although the cardinals proceeded with the election immediately, they agreed that they would submit their choice to the entire College thereafter.Stroll, 2004, p. 58. The election, following canon law, would not have begun until three days after the pope's death, 1 February, and, according to the rules established by Nicholas II, the two cardinal-bishops, Lambertus and Kono, had the exclusive right of nomination. Archbishop Guy of Vienne arrived at Cluny on that same day, 1 February. Archbishop Guy was probably the most prominent prelate in Europe. His grandfather had been Duke Richard II of Normandy, making Guy a cousin of King Henry I of England; his brother Raymornd had been Duke of Burgundy, and his sister married his successor; his brother Étienne had been Comte de Varsac et de Mâcon; his brother Raymond, Count d' Amous, had married Urraca, the daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile, making the young Alfonso VII his nephew and ward; a sister was Countess of Savoy and mother of Amadeus III. When Alfonso VI died on 30 June 1109, Guy became tutor (governor) of the under-age

Alfonso VII Alphons (Latinized ''Alphonsus'', ''Adelphonsus'', or ''Adefonsus'') is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. 739–757) in the Christian successor states of the Visigothic kingdom in the Iberian peninsula. ...

, along with Archbishop Didacus of Compostela and

Queen Urraca Queen or QUEEN may refer to: Monarchy * Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom ** List of queens regnant * Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king * Queen dowager, the widow of a king * Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mothe ...

, and traveled to Bourgos to participate of the swearing of fealty to the young monarch. Although the contemporary accounts diverge on many points, it is clear across themthat the two candidates who emerged were Guy and Pontius of Cluny, both named as candidates by the late pontiff.Stroll, 2004, p. 59. The account of Gaufrid, prior of Vigois, relates that Gelasius II had preferred Pontius and predicted his election; In the view of Mary Stroll, Pontius was a far more conciliatory candidate, likely to negotiate a solution to the

. Two accounts in particular—those of Bernard of Carrion in the "Historia Compostelana", and Gaufrid of Vigois—detail the election of Guy, emphasizing the importance of his known confrontational stance towards Henry V (having previously

excommunicated Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose ...

him) and his powerful family, the

Salian dynasty The Salian dynasty or Salic dynasty (german: Salier) was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages. The dynasty provided four kings of Germany (1024–1125), all of whom went on to be crowned Holy Roman emperors (1027–1125). After the death of the l ...

Aftermath

According to the ''

Historia Compostelana The (fully titled in la, De rebus gestis D. Didaci Gelmirez, primi Compostellani Archiepiscopi) is an anonymously-written historical chronicle based on the relation of events by a writer in the immediate circle of Diego Gelmírez, second bisho ...

'', immediately following his election as Callixtus II, Guy de Bourgogne was being invested with the papal red mantle, as was the ceremonial custom. His retainers (''contribulibus atque militibus suis''), when they learned of his election, broke down the doors to the election chamber and rushed in with weapons in their hands; they approached the pope-elect, and violently tore off his mantle, stole, and other papal vestments. They complained that Vienne, Burgundy, and France did not want to lose such a wonderful patron, and demanded that the electors choose someone else. In fact, the violence was a demonstration in favor of Callixtus, but in favor of retaining him as archbishop. No other source, particularly not Pandulphus Pisanus, who was present, notices this incident. Following his enthronement, the new pope and Archbishop Didacus Gelmirez of Compostela were not friends. After a year travelling throughout France and holding councils and synods, the pope departed Cluny on 7 January 1120 on his journey to Italy. He reached Pisa on 12 May, and returned to Rome on 3 June. In April 1121, Callixtus II proceeded to

Sutri Sutri (Latin ''Sutrium'') is an Ancient town, modern ''comune'' and former bishopric (now a Latin titular see) in the province of Viterbo, about from Rome and about south of Viterbo. It is picturesquely situated on a narrow tuff hill, surrounded ...

, the location of his opponent,

Antipope Gregory VIII Gregory VIII (died 1137), born Mauritius Burdinus (''Maurice Bourdin''), was antipope from 10 March 1118 until 22 April 1121. Biography He was born in the Limousin, part of Occitania, France. He was educated at Cluny, at Limoges, and in Castil ...

, appointed by Henry V. The siege, which was being conducted by Cardinal Giovanni da Crema lasted for an additional eight days, until Gregory VIII was handed over to the pope. Callixtus then imprisoned the former antipope at the monastery of S. Lucia ad Saepta Solis, from which he was moved from monastery to monastery until his death in 1137.S. Mirand
Election of antipope Gregory VIII
/ref>

Notes

Sources

* * Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896). ''History of Rome in the Middle Ages''. Volume IV. part 2, second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1896). * Hüls, Rudolf (1977). '' Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130'', Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977. * * * *Stroll, Mary. 2004.
Calixtus II (1119-1124): A Pope Born to Rule
'. BRILL. . *

External links

*John Paul Adams (2010, revised 2016)

''Conclave''. California State University Northridge. Retrieved: 12 August 2021. *John Paul Adams

''Conclave''. California State University Northridge. Retrieved: 12 August 2021. {{Subject bar , portal1= Catholicism , portal2= Christianity , portal3= Vatican City , b=y, b-search=Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History , commons=y, commons-search=Papal conclave , n=y, n-search=Roman Catholic Church , q=y, q-search=Popes , s=y, s-search=Popes , v=y, v-search=Christian History , wikt=y, wikt-search=Pope , d=y 12th-century elections 1119

1119 Year 1119 ( MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Levant * June 28 – Battle of Ager Sanguinis: The Crusader army of the Principality of Anti ...

1119 in Europe 12th-century Catholicism