Palatalization (sound change)

Palatalization is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. In some cases, palatalization involves assimilation or lenition.

Types

Palatalization is sometimes an example of assimilation. In some cases, it is triggered by a palatal or palatalized consonant or front vowel, but in other cases, it is not conditioned in any way.

Consonant

Palatalization changes place of articulation or manner of articulation of consonants. It may add palatal secondary articulation or change primary articulation from velar to palatal or alveolar, alveolar to postalveolar.

It may also cause a consonant to change its manner of articulation from stop to affricate or fricative. The change in the manner of articulation is a form of lenition. However, the lenition is frequently accompanied by a change in place of articulation.
* > , , , , ,

Palatalization of velar consonants commonly causes them to front, and apical and coronal consonants are usually raised. In the process, stop consonants are often spirantised except for palatalized labials.

Palatalization, as a sound change, is usually triggered only by mid and close (high) front vowels and the semivowel . The sound that results from palatalization may vary from language to language. For example, palatalization of may produce , etc. A change from to may pass through as an intermediate state, but there is no requirement for that to happen.

In the Nupe language, and are palatalized both before front vowels and , while velars are only palatalized before front vowels. In Ciluba, palatalizes only a preceding , , or . In some variants of Ojibwe, velars are palatalized before , but apicals are not. In Indo-Aryan languages, dentals and are palatalized when occurring in clusters before , but velars are not.

Vowel

Palatalization sometimes refers to vowel shifts, the fronting of a back vowel or raising of a front vowel. The shifts are sometimes triggered by a nearby palatal or palatalized consonant or by a high front vowel. The Germanic umlaut is a famous example.

A similar change is reconstructed in the history of Old French in which Bartsch's law turned open vowels into or after a palatalized velar consonant. If it was true for all open vowels in Old French, it would explain the palatalization of velar plosives before .

In Erzya, a Uralic language, the open vowel is raised to near-open after a palatalized consonant, as in the name of the language, .

In Russian, the back vowels are fronted to central , and the open vowel is raised to near-open , near palatalized consonants. The palatalized consonants also factor in how unstressed vowels are reduced.

Unconditioned

Palatalization is sometimes unconditioned or spontaneous, not triggered by a palatal or palatalized consonant or front vowel.

In southwestern Romance, clusters of a voiceless obstruent with were palatalized once or twice. This first palatalization was unconditioned. It resulted in a cluster with a palatal lateral , a palatal lateral on its own, or a cluster with a palatal approximant . In a second palatalization, the was affricated to or spirantized to .
* Vulgar Latin "to call" > Aromanian /kʎimari/, Aragonese /kʎamar/, Spanish , Italian
: > Istriot , Portuguese

In the Western Romance languages, Latin was palatalized once or twice. The first palatalization was unconditioned: the was vocalized to or spirantized to . In a second palatalization, the was affricated to :
* Vulgar Latin "night" > French , European Portuguese , eastern Occitan , Catalan (Old Catalan ), Mozarabic , Galician
: > Spanish , western Occitan , Romansh , Brazilian Portuguese

Effects

Allophony and phonemic split

Palatalization may result in a phonemic split, a historical change by which a phoneme becomes two new phonemes over time through palatalization.

Old historical splits have frequently drifted since the time they occurred and may be independent of current phonetic palatalization. The lenition tendency of palatalized consonants (by assibilation and deaffrication) is important. According to some analyses, the lenition of the palatalized consonant is still a part of the palatalization process itself.

In Japanese, allophonic palatalization affected the dental plosives and , turning them into alveolo-palatal affricates and before , romanized as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨j⟩ respectively. Japanese has, however, recently regained phonetic and from loanwords, and the originally-allophonic palatalization has thus become lexical. A similar change has also happened in Polish and Belarusian. That would also be true about most dialects of Brazilian Portuguese but for the strong phonotactical resistance of its native speakers that turn dental plosives into post-alveolar affricates even in loanwords: McDonald's .

For example, Votic has undergone such a change historically, ''*keeli'' → 'language', but there is currently an additional distinction between palatalized laminal and non-palatalized apical consonants. An extreme example occurs in Spanish, whose palatalized ( 'soft') has ended up as from a long process where Latin became palatalized to (Late Latin) and then affricated to (Proto-Romance), deaffricated to (Old Spanish), devoiced to (16th century), and finally retracted to a velar, giving (c. 1650). (See History of the Spanish language and Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives for more information).

Examples

Palatalization has played a major role in the history of English, and of other languages and language groups throughout the world, such as the Romance, Greek, Slavic, Baltic, Finnic, Swedish, Norwegian, Mordvinic, Samoyedic, Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Goidelic, Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Albanian, Arabic, and Micronesian languages.

English

Anglo-Frisian

In Anglo-Frisian, the language that gave rise to English and the Frisian languages, the velar stops and the consonant cluster were palatalized in certain cases and became the sounds , , , and . Many words with Anglo-Frisian palatalization survive in Modern English, and the palatalized sounds are typically spelled , , , and in Modern English.

Palatalization only occurred in certain environments, and so it did not apply to all words from the same root. This is the origin of some alternations in cognate words, such as ''speak'' and ''speech'' , ''cold'' and ''chill'' , ''burrow'' and ''bury'' , ''dawn'' and ''day'' . Here originates from unpalatalized and from unpalatalized .

Some English words with palatalization have unpalatalized doublets from the Northumbrian dialect and from Old Norse, such as ''shirt'' and ''skirt'' , ''church'' and ''kirk'' , ''ditch'' and ''dike'' . German only underwent palatalization of : ''cheese'' and ; ''lie'' and ; ''lay'' and ; ''fish'' and .

The pronunciation of as with a hard is a spelling pronunciation, since the actual Old English pronunciation gave rise to ''witch''.

Other

Others include the following:
*Palatisation of /s/ to /ʃ/ in modern English
In some English-speaking areas, the sound /s/ changed to /ʃ/, like for example in the words Worcestershire (/wʊs.tɚ.ʃiɹ/ to /wʊʃ.tɚ.ʃiɹ/) and Association (/əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/ to /əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/).
Various other examples include ''Asphault'', ''(to) assume''.
*Rhotic palatalization:
:This is found in non-rhotic dialects of New York City, according to Labov, triggered by the loss of the coil–curl merger. It results in the palatalization of /ɝ/. (Labov never specified the resultant vowel.)
*In Glasgow and some other urban Scottish accents, is given an apico-alveolar articulation, which auditorily gives an impression of a retracted pronunciation similar to .

Semitic languages

Arabic

= Historical

=
While in most Semitic languages, e.g. Aramaic, Hebrew, Ge'ez the Gimel represents a , Arabic is considered unique among them where the Gimel was palatalized in most dialects to Jīm an affricate or further into a fricative . While there is variation in Modern Arabic varieties, most of them reflect this palatalized pronunciation except in Egyptian Arabic and a number of Yemeni and Omani dialects, where it is pronounced as . It is not well known when this change occurred or if it is connected to the pronunciation of Qāf as a , but in most of the Arabian peninsula which is the homeland of the Arabic language, the represents a and represents a , except in western and southern Yemeni Arabic, Yemen and parts of Omani Arabic, Oman where represents a and represents a , which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of to and the pronunciation of the as a as shown in the table below:

= Modern Arabic dialects

=
Some modern Arabic varieties developed palatalization of (turning into , , , or ), (turning into or ) and (turning into ), usually when adjacent to front vowel, though these palatalizations also occur in other environments as well. These three palatalizations occur in a variety of dialects, including Mesopotamian Arabic, Iraqi, rural Levantine Arabic, Levantine varieties (e.g. rural Palestinian Arabic, Palestinian), a number of Gulf Arabic dialects, such as Kuwaiti Arabic, Kuwaiti, Qatari Arabic, Qatari, Bahrani Arabic, Bahraini, and Gulf Arabic, Emarati, as well as others like Najdi Arabic, Najdi, the southern dialects of Saudi Arabia, parts of Oman and Yemen and various Bedouin Arabic, Bedouin dialects across the Arab world, Arab World. Examples:

* ('dog') > Iraqi and Gulf , and traditional Najdi .
* ('rooster') > rural Palestinian
* ('Sharjah') > Gulf while other neighboring dialects pronounce it without palatalization.
* ('new') > Gulf
* ('water container') > traditional Najdi , although this phenomenon is fading among the younger generations where is pronounced like in most other dialects in Saudi Arabia.

Palatalization occurs in the pronunciation of the second person feminine singular pronoun in those dialects. For instance:

Classical Arabic 'your eye' (to a female) is pronounced:

* in Gulf, Iraqi, and rural levantine dialects (e.g. rural Palestinian)
* in traditional Najdi and a number of bedouin dialects.
* or in some southern dialects in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Speakers in these dialects that do not use the palatalization would merge the feminine and masculine suffix pronouns e.g. ('your eye' to a male/female) as opposed to Classical Arabic ('your eye' to a male) and ('your eye' to a female) and most other modern urban dialects (to a male) and (to a female).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic features the palatalization of kaph (turning into ), taw (turning into ) and gimel (turning into ), albeit in some dialects only and seldom in the standardized version of the language.
*In the Upper Tyari dialects, in a stressed syllable is palatalized and replaced with (e.g. ''beta'', 'house' ).
* may be palatalized to among Assyrians who originate from Urmia; Iran; and Nochiya Tribe, Nochiya, southeastern Turkey.
*In Urmian and some Tyari dialects, is palatalized to .

Romance languages

The Romance languages developed from Vulgar Latin, the colloquial form of Latin spoken in the Roman Empire. Various palatalizations occurred during the historical development of the Romance languages. Some groups of the Romance languages underwent more palatalizations than others. One palatalization affected all groups, some palatalizations affected most groups, and one affected only a few groups.

Gallo-Romance

In Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance, Vulgar Latin * became * very early, with the subsequent deaffrication and some further developments of the vowel. For instance:
* "cat" >
* "bald" (fem.) >
* * "white" (fem.) >
* "chain" >
* "dear" >

Early English borrowings from French show the original affricate, as ''chamber'' "(private) room" < Old French < Vulgar Latin ; compare French "room".

Mouillé

Mouillé (, "moistened") is a term for palatal consonants in the Romance languages. Palatal consonants in the Romance languages developed from or by palatalization.

''L'' and ''n mouillé'' have a variety of origins in the Romance languages. In these tables, letters that represent or used to represent or are bolded. In French, merged with in pronunciation in the 18th century; in most dialects of Spanish, yeísmo, has merged with into the new phoneme of . Romanian formerly had both and , but both have either merged with or got lost: > > Romanian "woman"; > > Romanian "vineyard".

Satem languages

In certain Indo-European language groups, the linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed "palato-velars" of Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European () were palatalized into sibilants. The language groups with and without palatalization are called satem and centum languages, after the characteristic developments of the PIE word for "hundred":
*PIE > Avestan language, Avestan ''satəm'' (palatalization)
::Latin ' (no palatalization)

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages are known for their tendency towards palatalization.

In Proto-Slavic language, Proto-Slavic or Common Slavic times the velar consonant, velars *k *g *x experienced three successive palatalizations. In the Slavic first palatalization, first palatalization they were fronted to *č *ž *š before the front vowels *e *ē *i *ī. In the Slavic second palatalization, second palatalization, the velars changed to *c, *dz or *z, and *s or *š (depending on dialect) before new *ē *ī (either from Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic, monophthongization of previous diphthongs or from borrowings). The third palatalization, also called the progressive palatalization, was triggered by a preceding *i or *ī and had the same outcomes as the third palatalization.

In the process of iotation various sounds were also palatalized in front of the semivowel *j. The results vary by language.

In addition, there were further palatalizing sound changes in the various Slavic languages after the break-up of Proto-Slavic. In some of them, including Polish and Russian, most sounds were palatalized by a following front vowel, causing the rise of a phonological opposition between ''hard'' (unpalatalized) and ''soft'' (palatalized) consonants. In Kashubian language, Kashubian and the neighboring Polish dialects the reflexes of PS velars *k *g were palatalized a fourth time before front vowels, resulting in palatal affricates.

Sinitic languages

In many varieties of Chinese, namely Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin, Taihu Wu, Northern Wu, and several others scattered throughout China, the velar series, , were palatalized before the Syllable#Chinese model, medials and shifted to alveolo-palatal consonant, alveolo-palatal series . Alveolo-palatal consonants occur in modern Standard Chinese and are written as in Pinyin. Postal romanization does not show palatalized consonants, reflecting the Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca), dialect of the imperial court during the Qing dynasty. For instance, the name of the capital of China was formerly spelled ''Peking'', but is now spelled ' , and ''Tientsin'' and ''Sian'' were the former spellings of ' and ' .

See also

* Iotation, a related process in Slavic languages
* Labio-palatalization
* Index of phonetics articles
* Manner of articulation
* Standard Chinese phonology#Palatal series, Palatalization in Standard Chinese
* Tatar language#Palatalisation, Palatalization in Tatar
* Vulgar Latin#Consonant development, Palatalization in Vulgar Latin
* Soft sign, a Cyrillic grapheme indicating palatalization

References

Bibliography

* Bynon, Theodora. ''Historical Linguistics''. Cambridge University Press, 1977. (hardback) or (paperback).
*
*
*Crowley, Terry. (1997) ''An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.'' 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
*
*{{cite book , last=Stieber , author-link=Zdzisław Stieber , first=Zdzisław , date=1989 , title=Zarys gramatyki porównawczej języków słowiańskich , language=pl , location=Warszawa , publisher=Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe , isbn=83-01-00663-3

External links

Erkki Savolainen, Internetix 1998. ''Suomen murteet – Koprinan murretta''.
(with a sound sample with palatalized t')



Assimilation (linguistics)
Vowel shifts
Historical linguistics
Palatal consonants