The Baduspanids or Badusbanids ( fa, پادوسبانیان, Pâdusbâniân), were a local Iranian dynasty of

Tabaristan Tabaristan or Tabarestan ( fa, طبرستان, Ṭabarestān, or mzn, تبرستون, Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian: , ''Tapur(i)stān''), was the name applied to a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. ...

which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar. The dynasty was established in 665, and with 933 years of rule as the longest dynasty in Iran, it ended in 1598 when the Safavids invaded and conquered their domains.

History

During the

Arab invasion of Iran The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, was carried out by the Rashidun Caliphate from 633 to 654 AD and led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire as well as the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion. The ...

, the last

Sasanian The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named ...

King of Kings King of Kings; grc-gre, Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων, Basileùs Basiléōn; hy, արքայից արքա, ark'ayits ark'a; sa, महाराजाधिराज, Mahārājadhirāja; ka, მეფეთ მეფე, ''Mepet mepe'' ...

()

Yazdegerd III Yazdegerd III (also spelled Yazdgerd III and Yazdgird III; pal, 𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩) was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651. His father was Shahriyar and his grandfather was Khosrow II. Ascending the throne at the ...

() reportedly granted control over

to the Dabuyid ruler

Gil Gavbara Gil Gavbara ( fa, گیل گاوباره), also known as Gavbarih (the Cow Devotee), was king and founder of the Dabuyid dynasty in 642, ruling until his death in 660. Origins According to Ibn Isfandiyar, the Dabuyids were descended from Djamas ...

, who was a great-grandson of

Jamasp Jamasp (also spelled Zamasp or Djamasp; pal, 𐭩𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭮𐭯; fa, جاماسپ ''Jāmāsp'') was Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 496 to 498/9. He was a son of Peroz I and younger brother of Kavad I. Jamasp was installed on the Sasa ...

(). Gil Gavbara's son Baduspan I was granted control over Ruyan in 665, thus forming the Baduspanid dynasty, which would rule the region until the 1590s. Another son, Dabuya succeeded their father the former as the head of the Dabuyid family, ruling the rest of Tabaristan. The last Dabuyid ruler Khurshid managed to safeguard his realm against the

Umayyad Caliphate The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by th ...

, but after its replacement by the

Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttal ...

, he was finally defeated in 760. Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from

Amul Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) is an Indian dairy state government cooperative society, based in Anand, Gujarat. Formed in 1946, it is a cooperative brand managed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF), which today is ...

by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the

Bavandids The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright inde ...

, Qarinvandids, the Zarmihrids and Baduspanids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government. These rulers were largely if not completely autonomous. Due to the regional prominence of the Baduspanids, Ruyan became known as Rustamdar in the

Mongol The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

era, a deformed form of their regnal title, '' ustandar'', which they had used since the rule of

Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid was the Baduspanid ruler of Ruyan and Rustamdar from 937 to 949. He belonged to a distant branch of the family, descended from Afridun ibn Karan. After a period of instability and dynastic struggles, Shahriyar emerged vic ...

(). The Baduspanids were briefly deposed from power by the Mar'ashis, who ruled Rustamdar from 1381 till 1390, when they decided to install Baduspanid prince

Sa'd al-Dawla Tus Sa'd al-Dawla Tus ( fa, سعدالدوله توس) was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1390 to 1394. He was a son of ''ustandar'' Taj al-Dawla Ziyar (). The Baduspanids had been temporarily removed from power after their rule ...

on the throne in Rustamdar to challenge the Afrasiyabid prince Iskandar-i Shaykhi who accompanied the Turco-Mongol ruler

Timur Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kü ...

(), who intended to conquer Mazandaran. However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar-i Shaykhi, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran. In 1399/1400, he deprived the Baduspanids of most of their holdings by sending his troops to administer most of Rustamdar. The holdings of the new Baduspanid ruler

Kayumarth I Kayumarth I (also spelled Gayumarth I or Kayumars I; fa, ملک کیومرث یکم) was the ruler ('' ustandar'') of the Baduspanids from 1394 to 1453, with a three-year interruption. An active expansionist ruler, his kingdom experienced a resurg ...

were now restricted to that of the castle of Nur. However, in 1405, he restored his rule in Rustamdar. He died in 1453. After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively. The Baduspanid dynasty was never to be united again, with the two branches ruling separately until they were eventually deposed in 1590s by the

Safavid Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often conside ...

monarch of Iran,

Abbas the Great Abbas I ( fa, ; 27 January 157119 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered one of the greatest rulers of Iranian history and the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son ...

().

Known Baduspanid rulers

* 665-694 : Baduspan I * 694-723 : Khurzad ibn Baduspan * 723-762 :

Baduspan II Baduspan (also spelled Badusban and Fadusban) was the name of a mountainous district located in the Alborz area of Tabaristan/ Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It was a days walk south of the city of Sari A sari ...

* 762-791 : Shahriyar I ibn Baduspan * 791-822 : Vanda-Umid * 822-855 :

Abdallah ibn Vanda-Umid Abd Allah ( ar, عبدالله, translit=ʻAbd Allāh), also spelled Abdallah, Abdellah, Abdollah, Abdullah and many others, is an Arabic name meaning "Servant of God". It is built from the Arabic words '' abd'' () and ''Allāh'' (). Although the ...

Afridunid line

* 855-??? : Afridun ibn Karan * ???-??? : Baduspan III * ???-??? : Shahriyar II ibn Baduspan * 887-899 : Hazar Sandan

Shahriyarid line

* 899-938 :

* 938-965 :

Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mon ...

* 965-??? : Istwandad * 974-1010 : Zarrin-Kamar I * 1010-1036 : Ba-Harb * 1036-1067 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar I * 1067-1092 : Ardashir * 1092-1132:

Hazarasp I Hazorasp ( uz, Hazorasp, Ҳазорасп), also known as Khazarasp (russian: Хазарасп), or by its more ancient name Hazarasp ( fa, هزار اسپ, meaning ''"thousand horses"''), is an urban-type settlement in Uzbekistan, administrative ...

* 1117-1168 :

Shahrivash Shahrivash ( fa, شهریوَش), also known as Shahrnush ( fa, شهرنوش), was the ruler of the Paduspanid dynasty from 1117 to 1168. He was the son and successor of Hazarasp I. Biography In 1140, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmad Sanjar sent an arm ...

* 1168-1184 : Kai Ka'us I * 1184-1190 :

Hazarasp II Hazorasp ( uz, Hazorasp, Ҳазорасп), also known as Khazarasp (russian: Хазарасп), or by its more ancient name Hazarasp ( fa, هزار اسپ, meaning ''"thousand horses"''), is an urban-type settlement in Uzbekistan, administrative c ...

* 1190-1209 :

Bavandid The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright inde ...

occupation * 1209-1213 : Zarrin-Kamar II * 1213 -1223 : Bisutun I * 1223-1242/1243 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar II * Died in 1242 : Hosam al-Dawla Ardashir * 1242- ???? :

Iskandar I Iskandar, Iskander, Askander, Eskinder, or Scandar ( ar, إسكندر ( fa, اسکندر ''Eskandar'' or سکندر ''Skandar''), is a variant of the given name Alexander in cultures such as Iran (Persia), Arabia and others throughout the Middle ...

* 1242-1272 : Shahragim * 1272-1301 : Namawar Shah Ghazi * 1301-1311 :

Kay Khusraw Kay Khosrow ( fa, کیخسرو) is a legendary king of Iran of Kayanian dynasty and a character in the Persian epic book, ''Shahnameh''. He was the son of the Iranian prince Siavash who married princess Farangis of Turan while in exile. Be ...

* 1311-1317 :

Shams al-Muluk Muhammad Shams al-Muluk Muhammad was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1312/3 to 1317. He was the son and successor of Kay Khusraw. A devout ruler, he sought to associate himself with religious scholars, and also laid the foundations ...

* 1317-1324 :

Nasir al-Din Shahriyar Nasir al-Din Shahriyar was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1317 to 1325. He was the brother and successor of Shams al-Muluk Muhammad. During his reign, Shahriyar cut all contact with the Mongol Ilkhanate, and supported his b ...

* 1324-1333 :

Taj al-Dawla Ziyar Taj al-Dawla Ziyar was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1325 to 1333. He succeeded to the throne after instigating the murder of his predecessor and brother Nasir al-Din Shahriyar through his son Iskandar. He defeated his broth ...

* 1333-1359 :

Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar was the ruler (''ustandar'') of the Baduspanids from 1333 to 1360. Under his rule, the kingdom reached its zenith. Taking advantage of the collapse of the Mongol Ilkhanate in 1335, he expanded his rule into the southern Albor ...

* 1359-1378 :

Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1360 to 1379. He is notable for sponsoring the composition of the history chronicle ''Tarikh-i Ruyan'' by Awliya Allah Amuli Awliya Allah Amuli was a 14th-century h ...

* 1378-1379 :

Adud al-Dawla Qubad Adud al-Dawla Qubad was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1379 to 1381. The son and successor of Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi, Qubad was soon after his accession accused by the Mar'ashis of being uncooperative and mistreating the ...

* 1379-1391 : Mar'ashi occupation * 1391-1394 :

* 1399-1453 :

Nur branch

* 1453-1467 : Ka'us II * 1467-1499 : Jahangir I * 1499-1507 : Bisutun II * 1507-1550 : Bahman of Tabaristan * 1550-1576 : Kayumarth IV * 1582-1586 :

Sultan Aziz Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

* 1586-1593/1594 :

Jahangir III Jahangir III ( fa, جهانگیر), was the last ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Nur. He was the son and successor of Sultan Aziz. In 1593/94, he traveled to the court of the Safavid Shah Abbas I, where he handed over his domains to him, and spe ...

Kojur branch

* 1453-1476 : Iskandar IV * 1476-1491 : Taj-al-Dawla ibn Iskandar * 1491-1507 :

Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla Sharīf ( ar, شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (), plural ashrāf (), shurafāʾ (), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, f ...

* 1507-1543 :

Ka'us III Ka'us III ( fa, کاووس), was the fourth ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Kojur. He was the son and successor of Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla. Biography During his reign, relations with the Kia'id Khan Ahmad Khan flourished, and by 1514 family tie ...

* 1543-1555 :

Kayumarth III Kayumarth III ( fa, کیومرث), was the fifth ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Kojur. He was the son and successor of Ka'us III. Biography During the reign of Kayumarth's father, Ka'us III, the latter had Kayumarth imprisoned for unknown reaso ...

* 1555-1567 : Jahangir II * 1568-1590 :

Sultan Mohammad ibn Jahangir Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

* 1590-1598 : Jahangir IV

References

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Sasanian Empire