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The (
Dravyasaṃgraha, a major
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
: पञ्च परमेष्ठी for "five supreme beings") in Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religions, Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current ...
are a fivefold hierarchy of religious authorities worthy of veneration.
Overview
The five supreme beings are: #'' Arihant'': The awakened souls who have attained keval gyan are considered as Arihant. The 24Tirthankara
In Jainism, a ''Tirthankara'' (Sanskrit: '; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the ''dharma'' (righteous path). The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a '' tirtha'', which is a fordable passag ...
as or Jinas, the legendary founding figures of Jainism in the present time cycle are Arihants. All Tirthankaras are Arihants but not all Arihants are Thirthankars.
#''Siddha
''Siddha'' (Sanskrit: '; "perfected one") is a term that is used widely in Indian religions and culture. It means "one who is accomplished." It refers to perfected masters who have achieved a high degree of physical as well as spiritual ...
'' (Ashiri): The souls which have been liberated from the birth and death cycle.
#''Acarya
In Indian religions and society, an ''acharya'' (Sanskrit: आचार्य, IAST: ; Pali: ''ācariya'') is a preceptor and expert instructor in matters such as religion, or any other subject. An acharya is a highly learned person with a t ...
''
#''Upadhyaya
Upadhyaya is a Brahmin name from Sanskrit ''upādhyāya'' "teacher" (from ''upa'' ‘with, under’ + ''adhyāya'' ‘studying’).https://www.ancestry.ca/name-origin?surname=Upadhyay
Notable people
*Amar Upadhyay, Indian model, film and telev ...
'' ("Preceptors")
#''Muni'' or '' Jain monks''
The five initials, viz. ''A+A+A+U+M'' are taken as forming the Aum
''Om'' (or ''Aum'') (; sa, ॐ, ओम्, Ōṃ, translit-std=IAST) is a sacred sound, syllable, mantra, or an invocation in Hinduism. ''Om'' is the prime symbol of Hinduism.Krishna Sivaraman (2008), ''Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Ved ...
syllable.
Five supreme beings
Dravyasaṃgraha, a major Jain text
Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the ca ...
, succinctly characterizes the five Supreme Beings (''Pañca-Parameṣṭhi'').
#Definition of the World Teacher (Arhat) - verse 50.
#Definition of the liberated souls (Siddha) - verses 51.
#Definition of the Chief Preceptor (Acarya) - verse 52.
#Definition of the Preceptor (Upadhyaya) - verse 53.
#Definition of the Ascetic (Sadhu) - verse 54.
Arihant
See also
*Namokar Mantra
The Ṇamōkāra mantra or Navkar Mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to ...
* Paramita
*Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religions, Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current ...
Notes
References
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Panca-Paramesthi Jain philosophy