The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to television broadcasting: Television broadcasting: form of broadcasting in which a television signal is transmitted by radio waves from a terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter of a television station to TV receivers having an antenna.

Nature of television broadcasting

Television broadcasting can be described as all of the following: *

Technology Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and Reproducibility, reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in me ...

Electronics The field of electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour and effects of electrons using electronic devices. Electronics uses active devices to control electron flow by amplification ...

technology *

Telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that fe ...

technology *

Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum ( radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting beg ...

technology

Types of television broadcasting

Terrestrial television Terrestrial television or over-the-air television (OTA) is a type of television broadcasting in which the signal transmission occurs via radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a TV station to a TV receiver having an ante ...

* Closed-circuit television *

Outside broadcasting Outside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP) of television or radio programmes (typically to cover television news and sports television events) from a mobile remote broadcast television studio. Professional video camera ...

* Direct broadcast satellite (DBS)

History of television broadcasting

* History of television

Television broadcasting technology

Infrastructure and broadcasting system

Television set A television set or television receiver, more commonly called the television, TV, TV set, telly, tele, or tube, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers, for the purpose of viewing and hearing television broadcasts, or using ...

** List of television manufacturers *

Satellite television Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna comm ...

* Microwave link *

Television receive-only Television receive-only (TVRO) is a term used chiefly in North America, South America to refer to the reception of satellite television from FSS-type satellites, generally on C-band analog; free-to-air and unconnected to a commercial DBS prov ...

Television transmitter A television transmitter is a transmitter that is used for terrestrial (over-the-air) television broadcasting. It is an electronic device that radiates radio waves that carry a video signal representing moving images, along with a synchronized ...

* Transposer *

Transmitter station A transmitter station or transmission facility is an installation used for transmitting radio frequency signals for wireless communication, broadcasting, microwave link, mobile telephone or other purposes. Choice of location The location may b ...

System standards

* System A the 405 line system * 441 line system *

Broadcast television systems Broadcast television systems (or terrestrial television systems outside the US and Canada) are the encoding or formatting systems for the transmission and reception of terrestrial television signals. Analog television systems were standardized b ...

* System B * System G * System H * System I * System M *

Television signals

Video signal

* Analogue television synchronization * Back porch *

Black level Video black level is defined as the level of brightness at the darkest (black) part of a visual image or the level of brightness at which no light is emitted from a screen, resulting in a pure black screen. Video displays generally need to be cal ...

* Blanking level * Chrominance * Composite video * Frame (video) * Front porch *

Horizontal blanking interval Horizontal blanking interval refers to a part of the process of displaying images on a computer monitor or television screen via raster scanning. CRT screens display images by moving beams of electrons very quickly across the screen. Once the be ...

* Horizontal scan rate *

Luma (video) In video, luma represents the brightness in an image (the "black-and-white" or achromatic portion of the image). Luma is typically paired with chrominance. Luma represents the achromatic image, while the chroma components represent the color infor ...

* Overscan *

Raster scan A raster scan, or raster scanning, is the rectangular pattern of image capture and reconstruction in television. By analogy, the term is used for raster graphics, the pattern of image storage and transmission used in most computer bitmap image ...

Television lines Television lines (TVL) is a specification of an analog camera or monitor's horizontal image resolution. The TVL is one of the most important resolution measures in a video system. The TVL can be measured with the standard EIA 1956 resolution cha ...

* White clipper *

Vertical blanking interval In a raster scan display, the vertical blanking interval (VBI), also known as the vertical interval or VBLANK, is the time between the end of the final visible line of a frame or field and the beginning of the first visible line of the next fra ...

VF bandwidth In broadcast television systems, VF bandwidth, video bandwidth or more formally video frequency bandwidth is the range of frequencies between 0 and the highest frequency used to transmit a live television image. The maximum frequency can be found ...

* VIT signals

The sound signal

Multichannel television sound Multichannel Television Sound, better known as MTS, is the method of encoding three additional audio channels into an analog NTSC-format audio carrier. It was developed by the Broadcast Television Systems Committee, an industry group, and somet ...

NICAM Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex (NICAM) is an early form of lossy compression for digital audio. It was originally developed in the early 1970s for point-to-point links within broadcasting networks.Croll, M.G., Osborne, D.W. and Spi ...

* Pre-emphasis * Sound in syncs *

Zweikanalton Zweikanalton ("two-channel sound") or A2 Stereo, is an analog television sound transmission system used in Germany, Austria, Australia, Switzerland, Netherlands and some other countries that use or used PAL-B or PAL-G. TV3 Malaysia formerly used ...

Broadcast signal

* Beam tilt * Downlink CNR * Earth bulge *

Frequency offset In radio engineering, a frequency offset is an intentional slight shift of broadcast radio frequency (RF), to reduce interference with other transmitters. Interference The most important problem encountered in broadcasting via terrestrial tra ...

* Field strength in free space * Knife-edge effect *

Null fill Null fill in radio engineering is used in radio antenna systems which are located on mountains or tall towers, to prevent too much of the signal from overshooting the nearest part of intended coverage area. Phasing is used between antenna elements ...

Output power of an analog TV transmitter The output power of a TV transmitter is the electric power applied to antenna system. There are two definitions: nominal (or peak) and thermal. Analogue television systems put about 70% to 90% of the transmitters power into the sync pulses. The r ...

Path loss Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system ...

Radio propagation Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affect ...

Radiation pattern In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern) refers to the ''directional'' (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or other source.Constantine A. Balanis: “A ...

* Skew * Television interference

=Modulation and frequency conversion

= * Amplitude modulation *

Frequency mixer In electronics, a mixer, or frequency mixer, is an electrical circuit that creates new frequencies from two signals applied to it. In its most common application, two signals are applied to a mixer, and it produces new signals at the sum and di ...

Frequency modulation Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing. In analog fre ...

Quadrature amplitude modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the name of a family of digital modulation methods and a related family of analog modulation methods widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit information. It conveys two analog message signa ...

* Vestigial sideband modulation (VSBF)

=IF and RF signal

= *

Differential gain Differential gain is a kind of linearity distortion which affects the color saturation in TV broadcasting. Composite color video signal Composite color video signal (CCVS) consists of three terms: *Luminance (monochrome) signal *Auxiliary s ...

* Differential phase *

Distortion In signal processing, distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of a signal. In communications and electronics it means the alteration of the waveform of an information-bearing signal, such as an audio signa ...

* Group delay and phase delay * Intercarrier method * Intermediate frequency * Noise (electronics) *

Radio frequency Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around to around . This is roughly between the ...

Residual carrier In analogue TV technology, residual carrier is the ratio of carrier level which is modulated by the maximum video signal to the unmodulated carrier level. Video signal Video signal (VF) or more formally composite video signal (CVS) is the sig ...

* Split sound system *

Superheterodyne transmitter Superheterodyne transmitter is a radio or TV transmitter which uses an intermediate frequency signal in addition to radio frequency signal. Types of transmitters There are two types of transmitters. In some transmitters, the information ...

Television channel frequencies The following tables show the frequencies assigned to broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter designator for the system used. The frequencies shown are for the analogue video and audio carriers. ...

Ultra high frequency Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter ( ...

Very high frequency Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves ( radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies immediately below VH ...

* Zero reference pulse

Color TV

* Colorburst * Color killer * Color television *

Dot crawl Dot crawl is a visual defect of color analog video standards when signals are transmitted as composite video, as in terrestrial broadcast television. It consists of moving checkerboard patterns which appear along horizontal color transitions (ver ...

Hanover bars Hanover bars, in one of the PAL television video formats, are an undesirable visual artifact in the reception of a television image. The name refers to the city of Hannover, in which the PAL system developer Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH ...

NTSC The first American standard for analog television broadcast was developed by National Television System Committee (NTSC)National Television System Committee (1951–1953), Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12–19, with Some supplement ...

PAL Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 ...

* PAL-M *

PALplus PALplus (or ''PAL+'') is an analogue television broadcasting system aimed to improve and enhance the PAL format by allowing 16:9 (or 1.77:1) aspect ratio broadcasts, while remaining compatible with existing television receivers, defined by Internat ...

PAL-S PAL-S is the system of television receiver sets in the early days of the PAL system. Here PAL stands for ''Phase alternating at line rate'' and S stands for ''simple''. PAL system The color hue modulates the phase of a subcarrier named colo ...

* SECAM

Stages and output equipment

* Amplifiers *

Antenna (radio) In radio engineering, an antenna or aerial is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver (radio), receiver. In Transmission (telecommunicati ...

* Cavity amplifier * Diplexer * Dipole antenna * Dummy load * Electronic filter *

Tetrode A tetrode is a vacuum tube (called ''valve'' in British English) having four active electrodes. The four electrodes in order from the centre are: a thermionic cathode, first and second grids and a plate (called ''anode'' in British English). ...

Klystron A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by American electrical engineers Russell and Sigurd Varian,Pond, Norman H. "The Tube Guys". Russ Cochran, 2008 p.31-40 which is used as an amplifier for high radio frequen ...

Measuring instruments

* Distortionmeter * Field strength meter * Oscilloscope * Multimeter * Network analyzer * Psophometer * Vectorscope

Television broadcasting by country

, *

Television in Afghanistan Television in Afghanistan started broadcasting in August 1978, flourishing until the 1990s, when hostilities in the capital Kabul destroyed broadcasting infrastructure. Between 1996 and 2001, the Taliban government outlawed television, though some ...

Television in Albania Television in Albania was first introduced in 1960. RTSH dominated the Albanian broadcasting field up to the mid-1990s, a period when privately owned radio and TV stations started to occupy the vast empty Albanian frequencies. After several ye ...

* Television in Andorra * Television in Angola * Television in Argentina *

Television in Australia Television in Australia began experimentally as early as 1929 in Melbourne with radio stations 3DB and 3UZ, and 2UE in Sydney, using the ''Radiovision'' system by Gilbert Miles and Donald McDonald, and later from other locations, such as Br ...

* Television in Austria * Television in Azerbaijan * Television in Bangladesh * Television in Barbados * Television in Belarus *

Television in Belgium Television in Belgium was introduced in 1953 and began with one channel each in Dutch and French. The country is heavily cabled, with 93% of households watching television through cable as of 2003. History The three Belgian Communities – Dutch ...

* Television in Bermuda *

Television in Bosnia and Herzegovina Television in Bosnia and Herzegovina was first Timeline of the introduction of television in countries, introduced in 1961. Out of 94 TV stations, 71 are commercial, 20 are public (regional, local or municipal ownership), while 3 public services ...

Television in Brazil Television in Brazil has grown significantly since the first broadcasts in 1950, becoming one of largest and most productive commercial television systems in the world.Straubhaar, JosephBrazil - The Museum of Broadcasting Communications Its bi ...

* Television in Bulgaria * Television in Burma *

Television in Burundi Most mass media in Burundi is controlled by the government. Radio As of 30 June 2021, Burundi registers the following radio stations (Telecommunications Authority, 2021): Nationally owned radio stations * RADIO BUNTU IJWI RY’IMPFUVYI N’ABA ...

* Television in Canada * Television in Chile * Television in the People's Republic of China * Television in the Republic of China *

Television in Colombia Television in Colombia or Colombian television ( es, Televisión de Colombia) is a media of Colombia. It is characterized for broadcasting telenovelas, series, game shows and TV news. Until 1998 it was a state monopoly (though there was a short ...

* Television in Croatia * Television in Cuba * Television in Cyprus * Television in the Czech Republic * Television in Denmark * Television in Ecuador *

Television in Egypt Television in Egypt is mainly received through free satellite, while analog terrestrial represents 41% of total viewers. The Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAPMAS) said the average time an Egyptian spends watching televisio ...

* Television in England (''see Television in the United Kingdom'') * Television in Estonia * Television in Finland *

Television in France Television in France was introduced in 1931, when the first experimental broadcasts began. Colour television was introduced in October 1967 on France 2, La Deuxième Chaîne. Digital terrestrial television The digital terrestrial television p ...

Television in the Faroe Islands Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, ...

* Television in Georgia *

Television in Germany Television in Germany began in Berlin on 22 March 1935, broadcasting for 90 minutes three times a week. It was home to the first public television station in the world, named ''Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow''. In 2000, the German television market h ...

Television in Greece Television broadcasting in Greece began in 1966, preceded in 1951 by statute 1963 permitting television broadcasting.Television in Honduras Television in Honduras consists of both local channels and foreign television, normally distributed through Cable television, cable. History Honduras had initially adopted ATSC Standards for digital terrestrial television broadcasting, but later ...

Television in Hong Kong Television in Hong Kong is primarily in Cantonese and English. It is delivered through analogue and digital terrestrial, cable, IPTV, and the Internet. Satellite TV is not common, although many housing estates have dishes and re-distribute a ...

Television in Hungary Television in Hungary was introduced in 1957. Transmission in colour was introduced to Hungarian television for the first time in 1971. Hungary had only one television channel until 1973. It was only in the mid 1990s when private and commercial bro ...

Television in Iceland Television in Iceland is currently composed of the public broadcasting service of RÚV, five free-to-view channels and a number of subscription channels provided by private broadcasters. Broadcasts began in 1955 when the American Forces Radio and Te ...

* Television in India *

Television in Indonesia Television in Indonesia started in 1962 (during the opening ceremony of the 1962 Asian Games), when the then state-run station TVRI began broadcasting – the third country in Southeast Asia to do so. TVRI held a television monopoly in Indonesia ...

* Television in Iraq * Television in Ireland * Television in Israel *

Television in Italy Television in Italy was introduced in 1939, when the first experimental broadcasts began. However, this lasted for a very short time: when fascist Italy entered World War II in 1940 all transmissions were interrupted, and were resumed in earnest ...

Television in Jamaica This is a brief listing of television channels in the Caribbean region. Note: All channels broadcast in the NTSC standard, unless otherwise stated. Anguilla * ZJF-TV, ZJF-TV 3 (Anguilla TV) Anguilla * KCNTV4 – Channel 141 Antigua and Bar ...

Television in Japan Television in Japan was introduced in 1939. However, experiments date back to the 1920s, with Kenjiro Takayanagi's pioneering experiments in electronic television. Television broadcasting was halted by World War II, after which regular televisio ...

* Television in Kyrgyzstan , *

Television in Latvia Television in Latvia was first tested in 1937 and introduced in 1954. Latvia was the first country in the Baltic States which started broadcasting. Initial research into television broadcasting in Latvia started in 1932, and the first experimental ...

Television in Lebanon Television in Lebanon arose as a private initiative and not a state-institution. Lebanon was the first country in the Middle East & the Arab world to have indigenous television broadcasting.''Gale Encyclopedia of the Mideast & N. Africa: Radio and ...

* Television in Liechtenstein *

Television in Lithuania Television in Lithuania was introduced in 1957. The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Lithuania. Main channels Regional channels Others Former channels See also * Media of Lithuania * Lists of television cha ...

* Television in the Isle of Man * Television in Malaysia * Television in Mali * Television in Malta *

Television in Mexico Television is a popular form of entertainment in Mexico, with mass entertainment playing an important role in creating a national, unified culture. The ''telenovelas'' are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen al ...

* Television in Moldova *

Television in Monaco TMC (; originally short for Télé Monte-Carlo) is a Franco– Monégasque general entertainment television channel, owned by the French media holding company Groupe TF1. History The oldest private channel in Europe, TMC dates back to 1954, in ...

* Television in Montenegro * Television in Burma * Television in Nauru * Television in the Netherlands *

Television in New Zealand Television in New Zealand was introduced in 1960 as a state-run service. The broadcasting sector was deregulated in 1989, when the Government allowed competition to the state-owned Television New Zealand (TVNZ). There are currently three forms o ...

* Television in North Korea * Television in North Macedonia * Television in Norway *

Television in Pakistan Television in Pakistan started in 1964 and the first live transmission of Pakistan Television began on 26 November 1964, in Lahore.Television in Peru Television in Peru has a history of more than 60 years. There are 105 television broadcasters in Peru, 22 of which are in Lima. In regard to television receivers, in 2003 there were 5,470,000 — that is 200 televisions for every thousand inhabit ...

* Television in the Philippines *

Television in Poland Television in Poland was introduced in 1937. It was state owned, and was interrupted by the Second World War in 1939. Television returned to Poland in 1952 and for several decades was controlled by the communist government. Colour television was ...

* Television in Portugal * Television in Romania * Television in Russia * Television in San Marino * Television in Saudi Arabia * Television in Scotland * Television in Senegal * Television in Serbia *

Television in Singapore Television in Singapore began on 15 February 1963. The public broadcaster, MediaCorp TV, has a monopoly on terrestrial television channels and is fully owned by government holding company Temasek Holdings. Local pay TV operators are StarHub TV and ...

* Television in Slovakia * Television in Slovenia *

Television in South Africa Television in South Africa was introduced in 1976. South Africa was relatively late in introducing television broadcasting to its population. History Opposition to introduction The first proposal to introduce television in South Africa was made ...

* Television in South Korea *

Television in Spain Television in Spain was introduced in 1956, when the national state-owned public service television broadcaster Televisión Española (TVE) started regular analog free-to-air terrestrial black and white broadcasts. Colour transmissions started in ...

Television in Sri Lanka Television in Sri Lanka dates back to 1979. Television broadcasting, like other forms of media in the country, is generally divided along linguistic lines with state and private media operators providing services in Sinhala, Tamil, and English la ...

* Television in Sweden * Television in Switzerland * Television in Republic of China *

Television in Thailand In Thailand, television broadcasting started on 24 June, 1955 (in NTSC). Color telecasts (PAL, System B/G 625 lines) were started in 1967, and full-time color transmissions were launched in 1975. As of November 2020, there are currently 21 digital ...

Television in Trinidad and Tobago Television in Trinidad and Tobago was Timeline of the introduction of television in countries, introduced in 1962 beginning with Trinidad & Tobago Television. Trinidad and Tobago Television, TTT was the sole television station for 29 years being o ...

* Television in Turkey * Television in Ukraine * Television in the United Kingdom * Television in the United States * Television in Uruguay * Television in Venezuela *

Television in Vietnam Television in Vietnam began to appear in the mid-1960s in Saigon (in the former Republic of Vietnam), with the appearance of Saigon Television Station. In 1970, in the North, Voice of Vietnam broadcast the first test television program. In the ...

*Television in Wales (''see Television in the United Kingdom'') * Television in Western Sahara * Television in Yemen

External links

TVRadioWorld TV stations directoryW9WI.com
(Terrestrial repeater and TV hobbyist information)
TV Coverage maps and Signal Analysis

A History of Television
at the

Canada Science and Technology Museum The Canada Science and Technology Museum (abbreviated as CSTM; french: Musée des sciences et de la technologie du Canada) is a national museum of science and technology in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The museum has a mandate to preserve and promote ...

The Encyclopedia of Television
at the Museum of Broadcast Communications
The Evolution of TV, A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan

NHK , also known as NHK, is a Japanese public broadcaster. NHK, which has always been known by this romanized initialism in Japanese, is a statutory corporation funded by viewers' payments of a television license fee. NHK operates two terrestr ...

Television's History – The First 75 Years

Worldwide Television Standards

''Television in Color'', April 1944
one of the earliest magazine articles detailing the new technology of color television *Littleton, Cynthia
"Happy 70th Birthday, TV Commercial broadcasts bow on July 1, 1941; Variety calls it 'corney'"
''

Variety Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

'', July 1, 2011
WebCitation archive
{{Outline footer This is a list of topics related to television broadcasting.

Television Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...

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