In neuroanatomy, the optic radiation (also known as the geniculocalcarine tract, the geniculostriate pathway, and posterior thalamic radiation) are axons from the

neuron A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa ...

s in the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex. The optic radiation receives blood through deep branches of the middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery. They carry visual information through two divisions (called upper and lower division) to the

visual cortex The visual cortex of the brain is the area of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe. Sensory input originating from the eyes travels through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus ...

(also called ''striate cortex'') along the calcarine fissure. There is one set of upper and lower divisions on each side of the

brain A brain is an organ (biology), organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as Visual perception, vision. I ...

. If a

lesion A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by disease or trauma. ''Lesion'' is derived from the Latin "injury". Lesions may occur in plants as well as animals. Types There is no designated classif ...

only exists in one unilateral division of the optic radiation, the consequence is called

quadrantanopia Quadrantanopia, quadrantanopsia, refers to an anopia (loss of vision) affecting a quarter of the visual field. It can be associated with a lesion of an optic radiation. While quadrantanopia can be caused by lesions in the temporal and parie ...

, which implies that only the respective superior or inferior quadrant of the visual field is affected. If both divisions on one side of the brain are affected, the result is a contralateral homonymous hemianopsia.

Structure

The upper division: :* Projects to the upper bank of the calcarine fissure, called the

cuneus The cuneus (; plural cunei) is a smaller lobe in the occipital lobe of the brain. The cuneus is bounded anteriorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus and inferiorly by the calcarine sulcus. Function The cuneus (Brodmann area 17) receives visu ...

:* Contains input from the superior retinal quadrants, which represents the inferior visual field quadrants :* Transection causes contralateral lower quadrantanopia :* Lesions that involve both cunei cause a lower altitudinal hemianopia (altitudinopia) The lower division: :* Loops from the lateral geniculate body anteriorly (Meyer's loop), then posteriorly, to terminate in the lower bank of the calcarine sulcus, called the lingual gyrus :* Contains input from the inferior retinal quadrants, which represents the superior visual field quadrants :* Transection causes contralateral upper quadrantanopia :* Transection of both lingual gyri causes an upper altitudinal hemianopia

Parts

A distinctive feature of the optic radiations is that they split into two parts on each side: *Note: In 2009, an anonymous medical doctor edited the "Optic Radiation" ''Wikipedia'' article and added the eponymous name "Baum's loop," referring to the dorsal bundle. Despite the information being unverified, this name subsequently entered scholarly articles and textbooks and persisted until three radiologists discovered the fabrication in 2020. Right superior quadrantanopia

Function

The optic radiation contains tracts which transmit visual information from the

retina The retina (from la, rete "net") is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which the ...

of the eye to the

. Lesions of the optic radiations are usually unilateral and commonly vascular in origin. Field defects therefore develop abruptly, in contrast to the slow progression of defects associated with tumors.

Clinical significance

Examination

Tracts contained within the optic radiation are examined as part of a

cranial nerve examination The cranial nerve exam is a type of neurological examination. It is used to identify problems with the cranial nerves by physical examination. It has nine components. Each test is designed to assess the status of one or more of the twelve crania ...

References

External links

* * https://web.archive.org/web/20070512234857/http://www2.umdnj.edu/~neuro/studyaid/Practical2000/Q34.htm
A 3D model of optic tract and optic radiation
{{DEFAULTSORT:Optic Radiation Visual system Thalamus