Operation Reinhard in Kraków

, location = Occupied Kraków
, date = June 1942 - March 1943
, incident_type = Mass deportations to extermination camps
, perpetrators = Amon Göth, Julian Scherner, Odilo Globočnik and others
, participants =
, organizations = Waffen-SS, ''Schutzstaffel'', Order Police battalions, ''Sicherheitsdienst''
, camp = Belzec extermination camp
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp
, ghetto = Kraków Ghetto including other Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
, victims = Over 11,000
, survivors =
, witnesses =
, documentation =
, memorials = Ghetto site and deportation point
, notes = The most lethal phase of the Holocaust.

Operation Reinhard in Kraków, often referred to by its original codename in German as ''Aktion Krakau'', was a major 1942 German Nazi operation against the Jews of Kraków, Poland. It was headed by SS and Police Leader Julian Scherner from the Waffen-SS. The ''roundup'' was part of the countrywide ''Aktion Reinhard'' (Operation Reinhard), the mass murder of Polish Jews in the so-called General Government under the command of ''SS und Polizeiführer'' Odilo Globočnik.

History

Beginning in 1941, all Jewish inhabitants of Kraków were ordered to relocate into Kraków Ghetto, the newly established ghetto situated in the Podgórze district, away from the predominantly Jewish district of Kazimierz. A German Labour Office (''Arbeitsamt'') was set up for those employed outside the Ghetto. At the beginning of 1942, the entire Jewish population of Greater Kraków (including 29 surrounding villages) was forced to move into the same Ghetto with each person granted of space. On 1 June 1942 the ghetto was surrounded by German police and SS. To conceal the purpose of the "Aktion" and calm the Jewish population, the SD and SiPo officers – among them ''SS-Obersturmbannführer'' Willi Haase, ''SS-Obersturmführer'' Becher, and ''SS-Hauptscharführer'' Heinrich – told the Jews of a " resettlement" program. Jews who worked in German factories were permitted to remain, while the first transport of 7,000 Jews was assembled on Zgody Square and escorted to the railway station in Prokocim. On 5 June 1942, an additional 4,000 Jews were deported to Bełżec extermination camp in a similar way.

On 13 March and 14 March 1943, the Nazis carried out the final 'liquidation' of the ghetto under the command of '' SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Amon Göth. Those deemed able to work were transported to the Płaszów concentration camp. Some 2,000 Jews unable to move or attempting to run were killed in the streets and in their homes. The captives were sent to Auschwitz. As noted by historians Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen and Volker Riess, the German police from the office of ''Grenz Polizeikommissariat'' were quite eager to take part in the murdering of Jews in and around Kraków, in anticipation of considerable material gains.

Enamelware factory

The majority of Jews who survived the 1942–43 Ghetto liquidation programme in Kraków, came from the ''Deutsche Emaillewaren-Fabrik'' (DEF) owned by the Sudeten German industrialist and war profiteer Oskar Schindler. Tipped off to the factory closure, Schindler persuaded the SS officials to allow him to move his 1,200 Jewish workers from the Kraków Ghetto to the Brünnlitz labor camp in Brněnec, Czech Protectorate, thus sparing them from deportation to death camps.

Schindler's factory relocation is not to be confused with the similar ''evacuation'' of Przemyśl Jews from deportation to Bełżec. The liquidation of Przemyśl Ghetto took place on July 27, July 31 and August 3, 1942. The operation was directed by ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Martin Fellenz. On 27 July 1942, the military commander of Przemyśl, Max Liedtke, ordered his troops to seize the bridge across the San River that connected the divided city of Przemyśl, and halt the evacuation. The Gestapo was forced to give him permission to retain workers performing service for the ''Wehrmacht''. For the actions undertaken by Liedtke and his adjutant Albert Battel in Przemyśl, Yad Vashem later named them "Righteous Among the Nations". After the ''Aktion'' had taken place, Jews in the Ghetto were requested to pay the transportation costs for the so-called 'evacuation'. All of them were deported to Bełżec extermination camp thereafter.

See also

*'' Gross Aktion'' in Warsaw Ghetto (beginning 22 July 1942) part of '' Reinhard Aktion'' against Polish Jews in General Government (german: Endlösung). More info a
YadVashem (Treblinka)
*Sonderaktion Krakau
*German AB-Aktion operation in Poland
*The Holocaust in Poland
*''Schindler's List'', a 1993 film about Oskar Schindler

References

* Jewish Virtual Library, a division of AICE
"Glossary of terms."
''Search keywords:'' 1.Aktion, 2.Kraków.
*The Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1997

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"The Kraków Ghetto."
Aktion Reinhard, 2006. Sources: Robin O'Neil, ''Belzec''; Anna Pioro, ''The Cracow Ghetto 1941–1943''; Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, Photographs and Documents, Holocaust Historical Society.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Reinhard in Krakow
1942 in Poland
20th century in Kraków
Holocaust massacres and pogroms in Poland
Krakow
Jews and Judaism in Kraków