Operation Praying Mantis

Operation Praying Mantis was an attack on 18 April 1988, by the United States Armed Forces within Iranian territorial waters in retaliation for the Iranian naval mining of the Persian Gulf during the Iran–Iraq War and the subsequent damage to an American warship.

On 14 April, the guided missile frigate struck a mine while deployed in the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Earnest Will, the 1987–88 convoy missions in which U.S. warships escorted reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers to protect them from Iranian attacks. The explosion blew a 4.5 m (15-foot) hole in the ''Samuel B. Roberts''s hull and nearly sank it. The crew saved their ship with no loss of life, and the ''Samuel B. Roberts'' was towed to Dubai, United Arab Emirates on 16 April. After the mining, U.S. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) divers recovered other mines in the area. When the serial numbers were found to match those of mines seized along with the ''Iran Ajr'' the previous September, U.S. military officials planned a retaliatory operation against Iranian targets in the Persian Gulf.

The attack by the U.S. helped pressure Iran to agree to a ceasefire with Iraq later that summer, ending the eight-year conflict between the Persian Gulf neighbors.

On 6 November 2003, the International Court of Justice ruled that "the actions of the United States of America against Iranian oil platforms on 19 October 1987 (Operation Nimble Archer) and 18 April 1988 (Operation Praying Mantis) cannot be justified as measures necessary to protect the essential security interests of the United States of America." However, the International Court of Justice dismissed Iran's claim that the attack by the United States Navy was a breach of the 1955 Treaty of Amity between the two countries as it only pertained to vessels, not platforms.

This battle was the largest of the five major U.S. naval surface engagements since the Second World War, which also include the Battle of Chumonchin Chan during the Korean War, the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the Battle of Dong Hoi during the Vietnam War, and the Action in the Gulf of Sidra in 1986. It also marked the U.S. Navy's first exchange of anti-ship missiles with opposing ships and the only occasion since World War II on which the US Navy sank a major surface combatant.

Battle

On 18 April, the U.S. Navy attacked with several groups of surface warships, plus aircraft from the aircraft carrier , and her cruiser escort, . The action began with coordinated strikes by two surface groups.

One surface action group, or SAG, consisting of the destroyers (including embarked LAMPS Mk I helicopter detachment HSL-35 Det 1 ''Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Light 35'') and , plus the amphibious transport dock and its embarked marine air-ground task force (Contingency MAGTF 2-88 from Camp LeJeune, NC) and the LAMPS helicopter detachment (HSL-44 Det 5) from USS ''Samuel B. Roberts'', was ordered to destroy the guns and other military facilities on the Sassan oil platform. At 8 am, the SAG commander, who was also the commander of Destroyer Squadron 9, ordered the ''Merrill'' to radio a warning to the occupants of the platform, telling them to abandon it. The SAG waited 20 minutes, then opened fire. The oil platform fired back with twin-barrelled 23 mm ZU-23 guns. The SAG's guns eventually disabled some of the ZU-23s, and platform occupants radioed a request for a cease-fire. The SAG complied. After a tug carrying more personnel had cleared the area, the ships resumed exchanging fire with the remaining ZU-23s, and ultimately disabled them. Cobra helicopters completed the destruction of enemy resistance. The Marines boarded the platform and recovered a single wounded survivor (who was transported to Bahrain), some small arms, and intelligence. The Marines planted explosives, left the platform, and detonated them. The SAG was then ordered to proceed north to the Rakhsh oil platform to destroy it.

As the SAG departed the Sassan oil field, two Iranian F-4s made an attack run but broke off when ''Lynde McCormick'' locked its fire-control radar on the aircraft. Halfway to the Rahksh oil platform, the attack was called off in an attempt to ease pressure on the Iranians and signal a desire for de-escalation.

The other group, which included the guided missile cruiser and frigates and , attacked the Sirri oil platform. Navy SEALs were assigned to capture, occupy, and destroy the Sirri platform but because it had already been heavily damaged by naval gunfire, an assault was not required.

Iran responded by dispatching Boghammar speedboats to attack various targets in the Persian Gulf, including the American-flagged supply ship ''Willie Tide'', the Panamanian-flagged oil rig ''Scan Bay'' and the British tanker ''York Marine''. All of these vessels were damaged in different degrees. After the attacks, A-6E Intruder aircraft launched from USS ''Enterprise'' were directed to the speedboats by an American frigate. The two VA-95, aircraft, piloted by "Lizards" Lieutenant Commander James Engler and Lieutenant Paul Webb, dropped Rockeye cluster bombs on the speedboats, sinking one and damaging several others, which then fled to the Iranian-controlled island of Abu Musa.

Action continued to escalate. Iranian fast-attack craft , an Iranian Combattante II ''Kaman''-class fast attack craft, challenged and Surface Action Group Charlie. The commanding officer of ''Wainwright'' directed a final warning (of a series of warnings) stating that ''Joshan'' was to "stop your engines, abandon ship, I intend to sink you". ''Joshan'' responded by firing a Harpoon missile at them. The missile was successfully lured away by chaff. responded to the challenge by firing four Standard missiles, while ''Wainwright'' followed with one Standard missile."America's First Clash with Iran: The Tanker War" by Lee Allen Zatarain, Chapter 15: "Stop, Abandon Ship, I Intend to Sink You" All missiles hit and destroyed the Iranian ship's superstructure but did not immediately sink it, so ''Bagley'' fired a Harpoon of its own. The missile did not find the target. SAG Charlie closed on ''Joshan,'' with ''Simpson'', then ''Bagley'' and ''Wainwright'' firing guns to sink the crippled Iranian ship.

Two Iranian F-4 Phantom fighters were orbiting about away when ''Wainwright'' decided to drive them away. ''Wainwright'' fired two Extended Range Standard missiles, one of which detonated near an F-4, blowing off part of its wing and peppering the fuselage with shrapnel. The F-4s withdrew, and the Iranian pilot landed his damaged airplane at Bandar Abbas.

Fighting continued when the Iranian frigate departed Bandar Abbas and challenged elements of an American surface group. The frigate was spotted by two A-6Es from VA-95 while they were flying surface combat air patrol for .

''Sahand'' fired missiles at the A-6Es, which replied with two Harpoon missiles and four laser-guided Skipper missiles. ''Joseph Strauss'' fired a Harpoon. Most or all of the shots scored hits, causing heavy damage and fires. Fires blazing on ''Sahand''s decks eventually reached her munitions magazines, causing an explosion that sank her.

Late in the day, the Iranian frigate departed from its berth and fired a surface-to-air missile at several A-6Es from VA-95. The A-6Es then dropped a Mark 82 laser-guided bomb into ''Sabalan''s stack, crippling the ship and leaving it burning. The Iranian frigate, stern partially submerged, was taken in tow by an Iranian tug, and was repaired and eventually returned to service. VA-95's aircraft, as ordered, did not continue the attack. The A-6 pilot who crippled ''Sabalan'', LCDR James Engler, was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by Admiral William J. Crowe, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for the actions against the ''Sabalan'' and the Iranian gunboats.

In retaliation for the attacks, Iran fired Silkworm missiles (suspected to be the HY-4 version) from land bases against SAG Delta in the Strait of Hormuz and against in the northern central Persian Gulf, but all missed because of evasive maneuvers and use of decoys by the ships. A missile was probably shot down by ''Gary''s gun. The Pentagon and the Reagan Administration later denied that any Silkworm missile attacks took place, possibly in order to keep the situation from escalating further - as they had promised publicly that any such attacks would merit retaliation against targets on Iranian soil."America's First Clash with Iran: The Tanker War" by Lee Allen Zatarain, Chapter 17: "Multiple Silkworms Inbound"

Disengagement

Following the attack on ''Sabalan'', U.S. naval forces were ordered to assume a de-escalatory posture, giving Iran a way out and avoiding further combat. Iran took the offer and combat ceased, though both sides remained on alert, and near-clashes occurred throughout the night and into the next day as the forces steamed within the Gulf. Two days after the battle, ''Lynde McCormick'' was directed to escort a U.S. oiler out through the Strait of Hormuz, while a Scandinavian-flagged merchant remained near, probably for protection. While the ships remained alert, no hostile indications were received, and the clash was over.

Aftermath

By the end of the operation, American Marines, ships, and aircraft had destroyed Iranian naval and intelligence facilities on two inoperable oil platforms in the Persian Gulf, and sank at least three armed Iranian speedboats, one Iranian frigate, and one fast attack gunboat. One other Iranian frigate was damaged in the battle. ''Sabalan'' was repaired in 1989 and has since been upgraded, and is still in service with the Iranian navy. The fires eventually burned themselves out but the damage to the infrastructure forced the demolition of the Sirri platforms after the war. The site was built up again for oil production by French and Russian oil companies, after buying the drilling rights from the Iranian government.

The U.S. side suffered two casualties, the crew of a Marine Corps AH-1T Sea Cobra helicopter gunship. The Cobra, attached to USS ''Trenton'', was flying reconnaissance from ''Wainwright'' and crashed sometime after dark about southwest of Abu Musa island. The bodies of the lost personnel were recovered by Navy divers in May, and the wreckage of the helicopter was raised later that month. Navy officials said it showed no sign of battle damage. In his recent book "Tanker War," author Lee Allen Zatarain indicates there was some evidence the helicopter may have crashed while evading hostile fire from the island.

A month later, the guided-missile cruiser arrived, summoned in haste to protect the frigate ''Samuel B. Roberts'' as it was hauled back to the United States. On 3 July, ''Vincennes'' shot down Iran Air Flight 655, killing all 290 crew and passengers. The U.S. government claimed that the crew of ''Vincennes'' mistook the Iranian Airbus for an attacking F-14 fighter, despite it being a commercial airliner flying a scheduled route. The Iranian government alleged that ''Vincennes'' knowingly shot down a civilian aircraft and called for the deaths of crew. After the completion of the scrapping of ''Vincennes'' in 2011, the United States presented pieces of the forward missile launcher used in the shoot down to the Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States.

International Court of Justice

On 6 November 2003 the International Court of Justice dismissed a claim by Iran and a counterclaim by the United States' for reparations for breach of a 1955 'Treaty of Amity' between the two countries. In short, the court rejected both claim and counterclaim because the 1955 treaty-protected only "freedom of trade and navigation between the territories of the parties" and because of the US trade embargo on Iran at the time, no direct trade or navigation between the two was affected by the conflict.

The court did state that "the actions of the United States of America against Iranian oil platforms on 19 October 1987 (Operation Nimble Archer) and 18 April 1988 (Operation Praying Mantis) cannot be justified as measures necessary to protect the essential security interests of the United States of America." The Court ruled that it "...cannot however uphold the submission of the Islamic Republic of Iran that those actions constitute a breach of the obligations of the United States of America under Article X, paragraph 1, of that Treaty, regarding freedom of commerce between the territories of the parties, and that, accordingly, the claim of the Islamic Republic of Iran for reparation also cannot be upheld;".

U.S. naval order of battle

*Officer in Tactical Command: Commander Joint Task Force Middle East (aboard )
*Battle Group Commander: Commander, Cruiser/Destroyer Group Three (aboard USS ''Enterprise'')

Surface Action Group Bravo
* On Scene Commander: Commander, Destroyer Squadron Nine (Embarked on ''Merrill'')
* – destroyer
* – guided missile destroyer
* – amphibious transport dock
* Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) 2–88 (4 AH-1T, 2 UH-1, 2 CH-46)
* Helicopter AntiSubmarine Squadron 44 Detachment 5 – LAMPS Helicopter (SH-60B)

Surface Action Group Charlie
*OSC: CO, USS ''Wainwright''
* – guided missile cruiser
* – frigate
* – guided missile frigate
* SEAL platoon

Surface Action Group Delta
* OSC: Commander Destroyer Squadron Twenty Two (Embarked on ''Jack Williams'')
* – guided missile frigate
* – destroyer
* – guided missile destroyer

Air support
* Elements of Carrier Air Wing Eleven operating from aircraft carrier
* A-6E & KA-6D Intruders of VA-95 operating from aircraft carrier USS ''Enterprise''

Ship maintenance and support
* – destroyer tender – performed ship maintenance and repairs operating off the coast of Oman
* – fast attack oiler – provided underway replenishment of fuel, ammunition, and supplies to the USS ''Enterprise'' Battle Group
* – fast attack support – conducted SAR support including firefighting equipment and medical evacuation of USS Samuel B. Roberts FFG 58 personnel after the mine strike, and provided underway replenishment of fuel and supplies to the USS ''Enterprise'' Battle Group

See also

*Operation Prime Chance
*Operation Earnest Will
*Operation Martyr Soleimani
* Bridgeton incident
*Iran Air Flight 655

References

Further reading

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External links

President Reagan authorizes USS ''Simpson'' to Sink Iranian ShipUSS ''Simpson'' FFG-56Operation Praying Mantis photos: U.S. ships, assault on Sassan platform, Sahand afireOperation Praying Mantis video news clip produced by Navy public affairs, aired 30 April 1988

{{DEFAULTSORT:Praying Mantis, Operation

April 1988 events in Asia
United States Navy in the 20th century
United States naval aviation
Naval battles of the Iran–Iraq War involving the United States
Iran–United States relations
United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
Punitive expeditions of the United States