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Flattening is a measure of the compression of a
circle A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre. Equivalently, it is the curve traced out by a point that moves in a plane so that its distance from a given point is cons ...
or
sphere A sphere () is a geometrical object that is a three-dimensional analogue to a two-dimensional circle. A sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance from a given point in three-dimensional space.. That given point is the c ...
along a diameter to form an
ellipse In mathematics, an ellipse is a plane curve surrounding two focal points, such that for all points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant. It generalizes a circle, which is the special type of ellipse in ...
or an
ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface;  that is, a surface that may be defined as th ...
of revolution (
spheroid A spheroid, also known as an ellipsoid of revolution or rotational ellipsoid, is a quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters. A spheroid has ...
) respectively. Other terms used are ellipticity, or oblateness. The usual notation for flattening is and its definition in terms of the semi-axes of the resulting ellipse or ellipsoid is :: \mathrm = f =\frac . The ''compression factor'' is \frac\,\! in each case; for the ellipse, this is also its aspect ratio.


Definitions

There are three variants of flattening; when it is necessary to avoid confusion, the main flattening is called the first flattening.Torge, W. (2001). ''Geodesy'' (3rd edition). de Gruyter. and online web textsOsborne, P. (2008).
The Mercator Projections
'' Chapter 5.Rapp, Richard H. (1991). ''Geometric Geodesy, Part I''. Dept. of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio

/ref> In the following, is the larger dimension (e.g. semimajor axis), whereas is the smaller (semiminor axis). All flattenings are zero for a circle (). ::


Identities

The flattenings can be related to each-other: :\begin f = \frac, \\ mun = \frac. \end The flattenings are related to other parameters of the ellipse. For example, :\begin b &= a(1-f) = a\left(\frac\right), \\ mue^2 &= 2f-f^2 = \frac, \\ muf &= 1-\sqrt, \end where e is the eccentricity.


See also

* Earth flattening * * Equatorial bulge *
Ovality In telecommunications and fiber optics, ovality or noncircularity is the degree of deviation from perfect circularity of the cross section of the core or cladding of the fiber. The cross-sections of the core and cladding are assumed to a first appr ...
* Planetary flattening * Sphericity *
Roundness (object) Roundness is the measure of how closely the shape of an object approaches that of a mathematically perfect circle. Roundness applies in two dimensions, such as the cross sectional circles along a cylindrical object such as a shaft or a cylindr ...


References

{{reflist Celestial mechanics Geodesy Trigonometry Circles