Obelisk of Theodosius

The Obelisk of Theodosius ( tr, Dikilitaş) is the Ancient Egyptian obelisk of Pharaoh Thutmose III re-erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople (known today as ''At Meydanı'' or ''Sultanahmet Meydanı'', in the modern city of Istanbul, Turkey) by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in the 4th century AD.

History

The obelisk was first erected during the 18th dynasty by Pharaoh Thutmose III (1479–1425 BC) to the south of the seventh pylon of the great temple of Karnak. The Roman emperor Constantius II (337–361 AD) had it and another obelisk transported along the river Nile to Alexandria to commemorate his ''ventennalia'' or 20 years on the throne in 357. The other obelisk was erected on the ''spina'' of the Circus Maximus in Rome in the autumn of that year, and is now known as the Lateran Obelisk. The obelisk that would become the obelisk of Theodosius remained in Alexandria until 390; when Theodosius I (379–395 AD) had it transported to Constantinople and put up on the ''spina'' of the Hippodrome there.Labib Habachi, ''The Obelisks of Egypt, skyscrapers of the past'', American University in Cairo Press, 1985, p.145-151.

Description

Obelisk

The Obelisk of Theodosius is of red granite from Aswan and was originally 30m tall, like the Lateran Obelisk. The lower part was damaged in antiquity, probably during its transport or re-erection, and so the obelisk is today only 18.54m (or 19.6m) high, or 25.6m if the base is included. Between the four corners of the obelisk and the pedestal are four bronze cubes, used in its transportation and re-erection. E.A. Wallis Budge, ''Cleopatra's Needles and Other Egyptian Obelisks,'' The Religious Tract Society, London, 1926, reprinted 1990, p.160-165.

Each of its four faces has a single central column of inscription, celebrating Thutmose III's victory over the Mitanni which took place on the banks of the Euphrates in about 1450 BC.

Image:Istanbul.Hippodrome010.jpg, Bottom of the inscription (south face).
Image:Istanbul - Ippodromo - Obelisco - Foto G. Dall'Orto 25-5-2006.jpg, Top of the inscription (south face).
Image:Istanbul Obelisk of Theodosius.JPG
Image:Istanbul Obelisk of Theodosius2.JPG
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 220.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Hieropglyphs

Pedestal

The marble pedestal had bas-reliefs dating to the time of the obelisk's re-erection in Constantinople. On one face Theodosius I is shown offering the crown of victory to the winner in the chariot races, framed between arches and Corinthian columns, with happy spectators, musicians and dancers assisting in the ceremony. In the bottom right of this scene is the water organ of Ctesibius and on the left another instrument.

Image:Istanbul.Hippodrome007.jpg, The emperor and his court (south face).
Image:Istanbul.Hippodrome008.jpg, The chariot race (south face).
Image:Hippodrome Constantinople2007005part.jpg, Submission of the barbarians (west face).
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 9627.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Homage vanquished enemies
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 1242.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Homage vanquished enemies
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 1241.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Homage vanquished enemies
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 3237.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Organ amidst musicians
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 3241.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Organ amidst musicians
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 3239.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Musicians

There are obvious traces of major damage to the pedestal and energetic restoration of it. Missing pieces have been replaced, at the pedestal's bottom corners, by cubes of porphyry resting on the bronze cubes already mentioned – the bronze and porphyry cubes are of identical form and dimensions. There is also a vertical gash up one of the obelisk's faces, which looks like a canal from above. These repairs to the base may be linked to the cracking of the obelisk itself after its suffering a serious accident (perhaps an earthquake) at an unknown date in antiquity.

Image:Hipodrom B19-27.jpg, The emperor and his court, bronze and porphyry cubes, gash (north face).
Image:Istanbul.Hippodrome003.jpg, Transport of the obelisk.
Traces of a vertical gash (north face).
File:Obelisk of Theodosius 1234.jpg, Obelisk of Theodosius Erecting the obelisk

Inscriptions

The pedestal's east face bears an inscription in five Latin hexameters. This is slightly broken at the bottom but it was transcribed in full by travellers in the 16th century. It reads:

::; DIFFICILIS QVONDAM DOMINIS PARERE SERENIS
::; IVSSVS ET EXTINCTIS PALMAM PORTARE TYRANNIS
::; OMNIA THEODOSIO CEDVNT SVBOLIQVE PERENNI
::; TER DENIS SIC VICTVS EGO DOMITVSQVE DIEBVS
::; IVDICE SVB PROCLO SVPERAS ELATVS AD AVRAS

Translation:

:"Formerly wasreluctant to obey peaceful masters, and ordered to carry the palm f victoryfor tyrants now vanquished and forgotten. utall things yield to Theodosius and to his eternal offspring. So too was I prevailed over and tamed in three times ten days, raised towards the skies under governor Proculus."

On the west face the same idea is repeated in two elegiac couplets rendered in Byzantine Greek, though this time it reports that the re-erection took 32 days (TPIAKONTA ΔYO, last line) not 30:

::; KIONA TETPAΠΛEYPON AEI XΘONI KEIMENON AXΘOC
::; MOYNOC ANACTHCAI ΘEYΔOCIOC BACIΛEYC
::; TOΛMHCAC ΠPOKΛOC EΠEKEKΛETO KAI TOCOC ECTH
::; KIΩN HEΛIOIC EN TPIAKONTA ΔΥΩ

Translation:
:"This column with four sides which lay on the earth, only the emperor Theodosius dared to lift again its burden; Proclos was invited to execute his order; and this great column stood up in 32 days."

See also

* Obelisk making technology in ancient Egypt
* List of Egyptian obelisks
* Walled Obelisk

References

Bibliography

* Labib Habachi, ''The Obelisks of Egypt, skyscrapers of the past'', American University in Cairo Press, 1985,
* "Obelisk of Theodosius", in volume 3 of Alexander Kazhdan (ed.), ''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', 3 volumes, Oxford University Press, 1991,
* Jean-Pierre Sodini, "Images sculptées et propagande impériale du IV^e au VI^e siècles : recherches récentes sur les colonnes honorifiques et les reliefs politiques à Byzance", ''Byzance et les images'', La Documentation Française, Paris, 1994, , pp. 43–94.
* Bente Kiilerich, The Obelisk Base in Constantinople: Court Art and Imperial Ideology, Rome, 1998 (ActaIRN vol. X; Giorgio Bretschneider)
* E. A. Wallis Budge, ''Cleopatra's Needles and Other Egyptian Obelisks'', The Religious Tract Society, London, 1926 ()
* Linda Safran, "Points of View: The Theodosian Obelisk Base in Context." ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' 34, no. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 409–435.

Further reading

* Weitzmann, Kurt, ed.,
Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century
', no. 99, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available on-line from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries

External links

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Theodosius
Theodosius
Relocated Egyptian obelisks
Latin inscriptions
Byzantine Greek inscriptions
Victory monuments
Hippodrome of Constantinople
4th-century Roman sculptures
15th-century BC steles
Thutmose III
Theodosius I