The Neue Pinakothek (, ''New Pinacotheca'') is an

art museum An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, usually from the museum's own collection. It might be in public or private ownership and may be accessible to all or have restrictions in place. Although primarily co ...

Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

. Its focus is European Art of the 18th and 19th centuries, and it is one of the most important museums of art of the nineteenth century in the world. Together with the Alte Pinakothek and the

Pinakothek der Moderne The Pinakothek der Moderne (, ''Pinakothek of the Modern'') is a modern art museum, situated in central Munich's '' Kunstareal''. Locals sometimes refer to it as the ''Dritte'' ("third") ''Pinakothek'' after the Old and New. It is one of the world' ...

, it is part of Munich's " Kunstareal" (the "art area"). Munich neue pinakothek 1880

The building

The museum was founded by King Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1853. The original building constructed by Friedrich von Gärtner and

August von Voit Richard Jakob August von Voit (17 February 1801 in Wassertrüdingen – 12 December 1870 in Munich) was a German architect specializing in glass and iron structures. Notable projects Voit designed the city hall of Annweiler am Trifels (Rhinel ...

was destroyed during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

. The ruin of the Neue Pinakothek was demolished in 1949. The building was replaced in the late 20th century. Designed by architect , the new postmodern building opened in 1981. Its features include arched windows, keystones, bay windows and stairways. It combines a concrete construction with a stone facade design.

History

Gauguin - Te Tamari no Atua (Son of God)

Ludwig began to collect contemporary art already as crown prince in 1809 and his collection was steadily enlarged. When the museum was founded, the separation to the old masters in the Alte Pinakothek was fixed with the period shortly before the turn of the 19th century, which has become a prototype for many galleries. Owing to the personal preference of Ludwig I, the museum initially had a strong focus on paintings of German

Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...

and the Munich School. Also dynastic considerations played a role, as Greece had become a

secundogeniture A secundogeniture (from la, secundus "following, second," and "born") was a dependent territory given to a younger son of a princely house and his descendants, creating a cadet branch. This was a special form of inheritance in which the second a ...

of Bavaria in 1832. In 1834

Carl Rottmann Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann (11 January 1797, in Handschuhsheim – 7 July 1850, in Munich) was a German landscape painter and the most famous member of the Rottmann family of painters. Rottmann belonged to the circle of artists around King Lud ...

travelled to Greece to prepare for a commission from Ludwig for a cycle of great Greek landscapes. These works were installed in the Neue Pinakothek, where the paintings were given their own hall. The so-called Tschudi Contribution between 1905 and 1914 brought the Pinokathek an extraordinary collection of masterpieces of

Impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passa ...

and

Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) was a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction ...

Hugo von Tschudi Hugo von Tschudi (1851–1911) was an art historian and museum curator. He was director of the Nationalgalerie in Berlin (1896–1909) where he acquired many important Impressionist works. Tschudi was born in Austria and became a natura ...

was dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm as a penalty for his bringing

Gauguin Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (, ; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of colour and Synthetist style that were distinct fro ...

's ''The Birth of Christ'' into the National Gallery in

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...

. He became the director of the Pinokathek. As general director of the State Collections, Tschudi acquired 44 paintings, nine sculptures, and 22 drawings, mostly from emerging French artists. Since public funds could not be used to purchase these works, Tschudi’s associates raised the money from private contributions after his death in 1911. The delimitation to the

modern Modern may refer to: History *Modern history ** Early Modern period ** Late Modern period *** 18th century *** 19th century *** 20th century ** Contemporary history * Moderns, a faction of Freemasonry that existed in the 18th century Philosophy ...

painters displayed in the Pinakothek der Moderne was later fixed by taking the career of

Henri Matisse Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known prim ...

and the

Expressionists Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radi ...

into account (ca. 1900). Consequentially a painting of Matisse acquired by the "Tschudi Contribution" is now displayed in the Pinakothek der Moderne. In 1915, the Neue Pinakothek became the property of the Bavarian state. In 1938 the national Nazi regime under

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and the ...

confiscated a self-portrait of

Vincent van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history. In a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, inc ...

, classifying it as degenerate art, and sold it a year later.

Collection

The museum is under supervision of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, which houses an expanded collection of more than 3.000 European paintings from

classicism Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. In its purest form, classicism is an aesthet ...

art nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...

. About 400 paintings and 50 sculptures of these are exhibited in the New Pinakothek. Pavo desplumado por Goya

* International paintings of the second half of the 18th century: :Among others the gallery exhibits works of Francisco de Goya (''Plucked Turkey'') (''Don José Queraltó as a Spanish Army doctor''),

Jacques-Louis David Jacques-Louis David (; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s, his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away f ...

(''Anne-Marie-Louise Thélusson, Comtesse de Sorcy''),

Johann Friedrich August Tischbein Johann Friedrich August Tischbein, known as the ''Leipziger Tischbein'' (9 March 1750, Maastricht - 21 June 1812, Heidelberg) was a German portrait painter from the Tischbein family of artists. Biography He received his first lessons from h ...

(''Nicolas Châtelain in the garden'') and

Anton Graff Anton Graff (18 November 1736 – 22 June 1813) was an eminent Swiss portrait artist. Among his famous subjects were Friedrich Schiller, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Heinrich von Kleist, Frederick the Great, Friederike Sophie Seyler, Johann Got ...

(''Heinrich XIII, Graf Reuß''). * English and Scottish paintings of 18th and early 19th centuries: :It has masterpieces of

Thomas Gainsborough Thomas Gainsborough (14 May 1727 (baptised) – 2 August 1788) was an English portrait and landscape painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. Along with his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds, he is considered one of the most important British artists of ...

(portraits of ''Mrs. Thomas Hibbert'' and of ''Thomas Hibbert'') (''Landscape with Shepherd and Flock''), William Hogarth (''Richard Mounteney''),

John Constable John Constable (; 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedham Vale, th ...

(''View of Dedham Vale from East Bergholt''),

Joshua Reynolds Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits. John Russell said he was one of the major European painters of the 18th century. He promoted the "Grand Style" in painting which depend ...

(''Captain Philemon Pownall''), David Wilkie (''Reading the Will''), Thomas Lawrence (''The Two Sons of the 1st Earl of Talbot''), George Romney (''Catherine Clements''), Richard Wilson (''View of Syon House Across the Thames near Richmond Gardens''), Henry Raeburn (''Mrs. J. Campbell of Kilberry''), George Stubbs (''The pointer'') and

J. M. W. Turner Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes and turbul ...

(''Ostende''). The Pinakothek owns five works by Thomas Gainsborough, more than any other European museum outside the British Isles. * German artists of Classicism in Rome :like

Friedrich Overbeck Johann Friedrich Overbeck (3 July 1789 – 12 November 1869) was a German painter. As a member of the Nazarene movement, he also made four etchings. Early life and education Born in Lübeck, his ancestors for three generations had been Pro ...

(''Italia and Germania''), Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow (''The Holy Family beneath the Portico''), Heinrich Maria von Hess (''Marchesa Marianna Florenzi''),

Peter von Hess Peter Heinrich Lambert von Hess (29 July 1792 – 4 April 1871) was a German painter, known for historic paintings, especially of the Napoleonic Wars and the Greek War of Independence. Life Peter von Hess initially received training from his fat ...

(''The Entry of King Othon of Greece into Nauplia'') and Peter von Cornelius (''The three Marys at the Tomb''). * German Romanticism :with paintings of

Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich (5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landsca ...

( ''The Garden Bower''), Karl Friedrich Schinkel (''Cathedral Towering over a Town''),

Carl Blechen Carl Eduard Ferdinand Blechen (29 July 1798, Cottbus – 23 July 1840, Berlin) was a German (his mother was a Sorb) landscape painter and a professor at the Academy of Arts, Berlin. His distinctive style was characteristic of the Romantic idea ...

(''Building of the Devil's Bridge'') and others. Spitzweg

Biedermeier The ''Biedermeier'' period was an era in Central Europe between 1815 and 1848 during which the middle class grew in number and the arts appealed to common sensibilities. It began with the Congress of Vienna at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in ...

:represented by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (''Graf Jenison-Walworth''), Carl Spitzweg ('' The Poor Poet''), Moritz von Schwind (''A Symphony'') and Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller (''Young Peasant Woman with Three Children at the Window''). * French

Realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: * Classical Realism *Literary realism, a mov ...

and French

:with

Eugène Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( , ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.Noon, Patrick, et al., ''Crossing the Channel: Britis ...

(''Clorinda Rescues Olindo and Sophronia''), Théodore Géricault (''Artillery Train Passing a Ravine''),

Gustave Courbet Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( , , ; 10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and ...

(''Landscape near Maizières''), Jean-François Millet (''Farmer Inserting a Graft on a Tree''),

Honoré Daumier Honoré-Victorin Daumier (; February 26, 1808February 10, 1879) was a French painter, sculptor, and printmaker, whose many works offer commentary on the social and political life in France, from the Revolution of 1830 to the fall of the second N ...

(''The Drama'') and others. * Deutschrömer (or German-Romans) :such as

Hans von Marées Hans von Marées (24 December 1837 – 5 June 1887) was a German painter. Initially specialising in portraiture he later turned to mythological subjects. He spent the last years of his life in Italy. Life Marées was born into a banking family ...

(''Self-Portrait''),

Arnold Böcklin Arnold Böcklin (16 October 182716 January 1901) was a Swiss symbolist painter. Biography He was born in Basel. His father, Christian Frederick Böcklin (b. 1802), was descended from an old family of Schaffhausen, and engaged in the silk trade ...

(''Pan in the Reeds''), Anselm Feuerbach (''Medea'') and

Hans Thoma Hans Thoma (2 October 1839 – 7 November 1924) was a German painter. Biography Hans Thoma was born on 2 October 1839 in Bernau in the Black Forest, Germany. He was the son of a miller and was trained in the basics of painting by a painter of ...

(''Landscape in the Taunus''). *History paintings :with

Wilhelm von Kaulbach Wilhelm von Kaulbach (15 October 18057 April 1874) was a German painter, noted mainly as a muralist, but also as a book illustrator. His murals decorate buildings in Munich. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. Biography ...

('' King Ludwig I surrounded by artists''), Karl Theodor von Piloty (''Seni and Wallenstein''), Franz von Defregger (''Das letzte Aufgebot'') and

Hans Makart Hans Makart (28 May 1840 – 3 October 1884) was a 19th-century Austrian academic history painter, designer, and decorator. Makart was a prolific painter whose ideas significantly influenced the development of visual art in Austria-Hungary, Ger ...

(''Die Falknerin''). * German Realism :like Wilhelm Leibl (''Portrait of Frau Gedon''),

Franz von Lenbach Franz Seraph Lenbach, after 1882, Ritter von Lenbach (13 December 1836 – 6 May 1904), was a German painter known primarily for his portraits of prominent personalities from the nobility, the arts, and industry. Because of his standing in society ...

(''Aresing Village Street'') and

Adolph Menzel Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel (8 December 18159 February 1905) was a German Realist artist noted for drawings, etchings, and paintings. Along with Caspar David Friedrich, he is considered one of the two most prominent German painters of th ...

(''Living-Room with the Artist's Sister''). *German Impressionists :especially

Max Liebermann Max Liebermann (20 July 1847 – 8 February 1935) was a German painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany and continental Europe. In addition to his activity as an artist, he also assembled an important ...

(''Boys Bathing''), Lovis Corinth (''Eduard, Count von Keyserling''),

August von Brandis August Friedrich Carl von Brandis (12 May 1859 in Berlin-Haselhorst - 18 October 1947 in Aachen) was a German Impressionism, impressionist painter, best known for his interiors. He painted Aachen Cathedral in several works. Biography August ...

(''Duchblick'') and Max Slevogt (''The Day's Work Done''). Edouard_Manet_025

*French Impressionists :One of the world's leading collections with masterpieces of

Pierre-Auguste Renoir Pierre-Auguste Renoir (; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionism, Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty and especially femininity, feminine sensuality ...

(''Portrait of a Young Woman''),

Édouard Manet Édouard Manet (, ; ; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, as well as a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. Bor ...

('' Luncheon in the Studio'') ('' Monet Painting on His Studio Boat''),

Claude Monet Oscar-Claude Monet (, , ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionist painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During ...

(''The Bridge at Argenteuil''),

Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne ( , , ; ; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavour to a new and radically d ...

(''The Railway Cutting''),

Paul Gauguin Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (, ; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of colour and Synthetist style that were distinct fr ...

('' The Birth - Te tamari no atua''),

Edgar Degas Edgar Degas (, ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French Impressionism, Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings. Degas also produced bronze sculptures, Printmaking, prints ...

(''Woman Ironing''),

Camille Pissarro Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro ( , ; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). ...

(''Street in Upper Norwood''), Alfred Sisley (''The Road to Hampton Court''),

Paul Sérusier Paul Sérusier (9 November 1864 – 7 October 1927) was a French painter who was a pioneer of abstract art and an inspiration for the avant-garde Nabis movement, Synthetism and Cloisonnism. Education Sérusier was born in Paris. He studied ...

(''The Laundresses'') and

('' Sunflowers'') (''The Weaver''). *Symbolism and Art Nouveau and early 20th century :represented among others by

Giovanni Segantini Giovanni Segantini (15 January 1858 – 28 September 1899) was an Italian painter known for his large pastoral landscapes of the Alps. He was one of the most famous artists in Europe in the late 19th century, and his paintings were collected by ...

(''L'aratura''),

Gustav Klimt Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's pr ...

(''Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein''), Paul Signac (''S.Maria della Salute''), Maurice Denis (''Gaulish Goddess of Herds and Flocks''),

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901) was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist and illustrator whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris in th ...

(''Le jeune Routy à Céleyran''), James Ensor (''Still Life in the Studio''), Édouard Vuillard (''Café Scene''), Ferdinand Hodler (''Tired of Life''), Franz von Stuck ('' The Sin''),

Edvard Munch Edvard Munch ( , ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter. His best known work, '' The Scream'' (1893), has become one of Western art's most iconic images. His childhood was overshadowed by illness, bereavement and the d ...

(''Woman in Red Dress (Street in Aasgaardstrand)''),

Walter Crane Walter Crane (15 August 184514 March 1915) was an English artist and book illustrator. He is considered to be the most influential, and among the most prolific, children's book creators of his generation and, along with Randolph Caldecott and Ka ...

(''Neptune's horses''), Thomas Austen Brown (''Mademoiselle Plume rouge''),

Pierre Bonnard Pierre Bonnard (; 3 October 186723 January 1947) was a French painter, illustrator and printmaker, known especially for the stylized decorative qualities of his paintings and his bold use of color. A founding member of the Post-Impressionist grou ...

(''Lady at the Mirror'') and

Egon Schiele Egon Leo Adolf Ludwig Schiele (; 12 June 1890 – 31 October 1918) was an Austrian Expressionist painter. His work is noted for its intensity and its raw sexuality, and for the many self-portraits the artist produced, including nude self-portrai ...

(''Agony''). * Sculptures :Also sculptures of the 19th century are exhibited, for example works of

Bertel Thorvaldsen Bertel Thorvaldsen (; 19 November 1770 – 24 March 1844) was a Danish and Icelandic sculptor medalist of international fame, who spent most of his life (1797–1838) in Italy. Thorvaldsen was born in Copenhagen into a working-class Dani ...

(''Adonis''),

Antonio Canova Antonio Canova (; 1 November 1757 – 13 October 1822) was an Italian Neoclassical sculptor, famous for his marble sculptures. Often regarded as the greatest of the Neoclassical artists,. his sculpture was inspired by the Baroque and the cla ...

(''Paris''),

Rudolph Schadow Rudolph Schadow (also spelled Ridolfo Schadow; July 9, 1786 – January 31, 1822) was a German sculptor. Biography Born in Rome, he had his father, Johann Gottfried Schadow, at Berlin, for his first master.''Encyclopædia Britannica '' 1911 I ...

(''Woman Tying Her Sandal''),

Auguste Rodin François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a uniqu ...

(''Crouching Woman (La femme accroupie)''),

Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmak ...

(''Elsa Asenijeff''), Aristide Maillol (''La Flore''),

Pablo Picasso Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and Scenic design, theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th ce ...

(''Le Fou'') and others.

Gallery

File:Goya - Don José Queraltó.jpg, Francisco de Goya —
''Don José Queraltó as a Spanish Army doctor'' File:David98.jpg,

—
''Anne-Marie-Louise Thélusson, Comtesse de Sorcy'' File:Gainsborough-Mrs. Thomas Hibbert.jpg,

—
''Mrs. Thomas Hibbert'' File:Friedrich Overbeck 008.jpg,

—
'' Italia und

Germania Germania ( ; ), also called Magna Germania (English: ''Great Germania''), Germania Libera (English: ''Free Germania''), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman province of the same name, was a large historical region in north-c ...

'' File:Olinde et Sophronia (Delacroix) Neue Pinakothek 13165.jpg,

—
'' Clorinda Rescues Olindo und Sophronia'' File:Max_Liebermann_Boys_Bathing.jpg,

—
''Boys Bathing'' File:La Seine à Argenteuil.jpg,

—
''The Bridge at

Argenteuil Argenteuil () is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil. Argenteuil is the sec ...

'' File:Paul Gauguin 062.jpg,

—
''Te tamari no atua'' File:Paul Cézanne 038.jpg,

—
''The railway cutting'' File:Vangogh.jpg,

—
''Sunflowers'' File:Le jeune Routy à Céleyran.jpg, Toulouse-Lautrec —
''Le jeune Routy à Céleyran'' File:Edvard Munch - Woman in Red Dress (1902-03).jpg,

—
''Woman in Red Dress (Street in Åsgårdstrand)'' File:Don Quichotte Honoré Daumier.jpg,

—
'' Don Quichotte and Sancho Pansa'' c. 1868 File:Bertel Thorvaldsen Kopf eines Kriegers ca. 1812-18-1.jpg,

—
''Head of a warrior'' c. 1812 File:Auguste Rodin Der Mann mit der zerbrochenen Nase 1863-1.jpg,

—
''Man with broken nose'' c. 1863

External links

Official website (in English)
(depending on your needs, forme
version
archived March 29, 2016, may be more useful)
website (in German)

* Lionel Gossman. “Making of a Romantic Icon: The Religious Context of Friedrich Overbeck’s ‘Italia und Germania.’” American Philosophical Society, 2007.

{{Authority control Art museums and galleries in Munich 1853 in Germany 1853 establishments in Bavaria