Nepenthes alata
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''Nepenthes alata'' (; from
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
''alatus'' "winged") is a tropical pitcher plant
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...
to the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
. Like all pitcher plants, it is
carnivorous A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other ...
and uses its nectar to attract insects that drown in the pitcher and are digested by the plant. It is highly polymorphic, and its taxonomy continues to be subject to revisions.


Description

''N. alata'' can vary strongly in colouration and morphology. The
floral formula A Floral formula is a notation for representing the structure of particular types of flowers. Such notations use numbers, letters and various symbols to convey significant information in a compact form. They may represent the floral form of a part ...
is ✶ K4 A4+4+1* G0 for staminate (the apical stamen /*/ may not be present) and ✶ K4 A0 (4) for pistillate flowers.


Taxonomy

''Nepenthes alata'' has long been treated as a highly polymorphic species spanning all the major islands of the
Philippine archipelago The islands of the Philippines, also known as the Philippine Archipelago, comprises about 7,641 islands, of which only about 2,000 are inhabited.Palawan Palawan (), officially the Province of Palawan ( cyo, Probinsya i'ang Palawan; tl, Lalawigan ng Palawan), is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa. It is the largest province in the country in t ...
).McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. ''
Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larger ...
''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Under this broad
circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle * Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) *Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthrop ...
, ''N. alata'' was understood to have an altitudinal range of
above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance ( height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as '' orthometric heights''. Th ...
and was recorded from, among others, the islands of
Bohol Bohol (), officially the Province of Bohol ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Bohol; tl, Lalawigan ng Bohol), is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. ...
,
Camiguin Camiguin, officially the Province of Camiguin ( ceb, Probinsya sa Camiguin; tl, Lalawigan ng Camiguin; Kamigin: ''Probinsya ta Kamigin''), is an island province in the Philippines located in the Bohol Sea, about off the northern coast of ...
,
Cebu Cebu (; ceb, Sugbo), officially the Province of Cebu ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Sugbo; tl, Lalawigan ng Cebu; hil, Kapuroan sang Sugbo), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 16 ...
,
Culion Culion, officially the Municipality of Culion ( tgl, Bayan ng Culion), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 23,213 people. Culion consists primarily of Culion ...
,
Leyte Leyte ( ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is eighth-largest and sixth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 2,626,970 as of 2020 census. Since the accessibility of land has be ...
,
Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
,
Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...
,
Mindoro Mindoro is the seventh largest and eighth-most populous island in the Philippines. With a total land area of 10,571 km2 ( 4,082 sq.mi ) and has a population of 1,408,454 as of 2020 census. It is located off the southwestern coast of Luz ...
,
Negros Negros is the fourth largest and third most populous island in the Philippines, with a total land area of . Negros is one of the many islands of the Visayas, in the central part of the country. The predominant inhabitants of the island region a ...
,
Panay Panay is the sixth-largest and fourth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total land area of and has a total population of 4,542,926 as of 2020 census. Panay comprises 4.4 percent of the entire population of the country. The City o ...
,
Samar Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided in ...
,Robinson, A. 2012
''Nepenthes merrilliana'' on Samar
Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012. and
Sibuyan Sibuyan is a crescent-shaped island, the second largest in an archipelago comprising Romblon Province, Philippines. Located in the namesake Sibuyan Sea, it has an area of and has a total population of 62,815 as of 2020 census. The island has ...
. ''Nepenthes alata'' in this broad sense (''
sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...
'') is one of the easiest and most popular ''
Nepenthes ''Nepenthes'' () is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mo ...
'' in cultivation. In 2013, ''N. alata'' was redelimited by Martin Cheek and
Matthew Jebb Matthew Hilary Peter Jebb (born 1958) is an Irish botanist and taxonomist specialising in the ant plant genera ''Squamellaria'', '' Myrmecodia'', '' Hydnophytum'', ''Myrmephytum'' and '' Anthorrhiza'', as well as the carnivorous plant genus '' ...
to encompass only those populations from northern and central
Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
with conspicuously hairy pitchers (a
taxon In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular n ...
known in horticultural circles as the "hairy ''N. alata''"). Cheek and Jebb's ''N. alata'' ''
sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...
'' has an altitudinal distribution of and above. Under this interpretation, the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually represent the newly resurrected '' N. graciliflora'' (the "typical ''N. alata''" of horticulture; found on
Bohol Bohol (), officially the Province of Bohol ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Bohol; tl, Lalawigan ng Bohol), is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. ...
,
Leyte Leyte ( ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is eighth-largest and sixth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 2,626,970 as of 2020 census. Since the accessibility of land has be ...
,
Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
,
Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...
,
Mindoro Mindoro is the seventh largest and eighth-most populous island in the Philippines. With a total land area of 10,571 km2 ( 4,082 sq.mi ) and has a population of 1,408,454 as of 2020 census. It is located off the southwestern coast of Luz ...
,
Panay Panay is the sixth-largest and fourth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total land area of and has a total population of 4,542,926 as of 2020 census. Panay comprises 4.4 percent of the entire population of the country. The City o ...
,
Samar Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided in ...
, and
Sibuyan Sibuyan is a crescent-shaped island, the second largest in an archipelago comprising Romblon Province, Philippines. Located in the namesake Sibuyan Sea, it has an area of and has a total population of 62,815 as of 2020 census. The island has ...
) as well as the newly described '' N. negros'' (
Biliran Biliran, officially the Province of Biliran ( Waray-Waray: ''Probinsya han Biliran''; ceb, Lalawigan sa Biliran; tl, Lalawigan ng Biliran), is an island province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region (Region VIII). Biliran is ...
and
Negros Negros is the fourth largest and third most populous island in the Philippines, with a total land area of . Negros is one of the many islands of the Visayas, in the central part of the country. The predominant inhabitants of the island region a ...
) and '' N. ramos'' (
Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...
).Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. ''Nepenthes ramos'' (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. ''Willdenowia'' 43(1): 107–111. '' Nepenthes viridis'' from Dinagat and
Samar Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided in ...
is another close relative, Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. ''Nepenthes viridis'', eine neue ''Nepenthes''-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. ''
Das Taublatt ''Das Taublatt'' is a triannual German-language periodical based in Bochum and the official publication of Gesellschaft für fleischfressende Pflanzen im deutschsprachigen Raum, a carnivorous plant society based in Germany.Rice, B. 2010Carnivor ...
'' 76: 4–21. as are '' N. ceciliae'' (Mindanao), '' N. copelandii'' (Mindanao), '' N. extincta'' (Mindanao), '' N. hamiguitanensis'' (Mindanao), '' N. kitanglad'' (Mindanao), '' N. kurata'' (Mindanao), '' N. leyte'' (Leyte), '' N. mindanaoensis'' (Dinagat and Mindanao), '' N. saranganiensis'' (Mindanao), and '' N. ultra'' (Luzon).Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the ''Nepenthes alata'' group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. ''European Journal of Taxonomy'' 69: 1–23. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. ''Nepenthes ultra'' (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. ''Blumea'', published online on October 24, 2013. Together these species form the so-called "''N. alata'' group", being united by a number of morphological characters including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base. ''Nepenthes alata'' is closely related to several other species, including '' N. copelandii'', '' N. mindanaoensis'', and '' N. saranganiensis''. ''
Nepenthes eustachya ''Nepenthes eustachya'' is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows from sea level to an elevation of 1600 m. The specific epithet ''eustachya'', formed from the Greek words ''eu'' (true) and ''stachys'' (spike), refers to the ...
'' from Sumatra was once considered to fall within the variability of ''N. alata'', but this was based on a misinterpretation of
type specimen In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes th ...
s; these two species do not seem closely related to each other.


Infraspecific taxa

*''N. alata'' f. ''variegata'' Hort. ''ex'' P.Mann (1996) '' nom.nud.'' *''N. alata'' var. ''biflora'' Macfarl. (1908)Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV'', III, Heft 36: 1–91. N. negros''.html" ;"title="'' N. negros''">'' N. negros''ref name=negros /> *''N. alata'' var. ''ecristata'' Macfarl. (1908) N. kurata''.html" ;"title="'' N. kurata''">'' N. kurata''ref name="recircumscription"/>


Natural hybrids

*''N. alata'' × '' N. burkei''McPherson, S.R. 2009. '' Pitcher Plants of the Old World''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. *''N. alata'' × '' N. merrilliana'' N._×_merrilliata''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × merrilliata">N. × merrilliata''">Nepenthes × merrilliata">N. × merrilliata''ref name=Samar />Mann, P. 1998
A trip to the Philippines
''
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The newsle ...
'' 27(1): 6–11. *? (''N. alata'' × '' N. merrilliana'') × '' N. mirabilis'' N._×_tsangoya''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes_×_tsangoya.html" ;"title="'' N._×_tsangoya''">Nepenthes_×_tsangoya.html"_;"title="''Nepenthes_×_tsangoya">N._×_tsangoya''*''N. alata''_×_''_N. mindanaoensis'' *''N. alata''_×_''_N. mirabilis''_[=''Nepenthes_×_mirabilata.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × tsangoya">N. × tsangoya''">Nepenthes_×_tsangoya.html" ;"title="''Nepenthes × tsangoya">N. × tsangoya''*''N. alata'' × '' N. mindanaoensis'' *''N. alata'' × '' N. mirabilis'' [=''Nepenthes × mirabilata">N. × mirabilata'']Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of ''Nepenthes''. ''The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore'' 26(1): 155–158
Abstract
 *? ''N. alata'' × '' N. petiolata'' *''N. alata'' × '' N. pulchra'' *''N. alata'' × '' N. truncata'' N._×_truncalata''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × truncalata">N. × truncalata''">Nepenthes × truncalata">N. × truncalata''ref name=Mann /> *''N. alata'' × '' N. ventricosa'' N._×_ventrata''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes_×_ventrata.html" ;"title="'' N._×_ventrata''">Nepenthes_×_ventrata.html"_;"title="''Nepenthes_×_ventrata">N._×_ventrata''ref_name=Fleming>Fleming,_R._1979
Hybrid_''Nepenthes''.
''Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter_ The_''Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter''_is_the_official_publication_of_the_International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society_(ICPS),_the_largest_such_organization_in_the_world._It_is_headquartered_in_Walnut_Creek,_California. _History_and_editorship The_newsle_...
''_8(1):_10–12.


_References


_Further_reading

*_Alejandro,_G.J.D.,_J.P.C._Baysa,_B.O.C._Lemana,_G.M._Madulara,_R.S._Madulid_&_D.A._Madulid_2007._Conspecificity_of_''Nepenthes_alata''_Blco._population_found_in_Mt._Guisguis,_Zambales_inferred_from_Internal_Transcribed_Spacer_(nrDNA)_sequence_data._''Acta_Manilana''_55:_15–21._ *_Alejandro,_G.J.D.,_R.S._Madulid_&_D.A._Madulid_2008._The_utility_of_Internal_Transcribed_Spacer_(nrDNA)_sequence_data_for_phylogenetic_reconstruction_in_endemic_Philippine_''Nepenthes''_L._(Nepenthaceae)._''The_Philippine_Scientist''_45:_99–110._ *_Amoroso,_V.B._&_R.A._Aspiras_2011._Hamiguitan_Range:_a_sanctuary_for_native_flora._''Saudi_Journal_of_Biological_Sciences''_18(1):_7–15._ *_Amoroso,_V.B.,_L.D._Obsioma,_J.B._Arlalejo,_R.A._Aspiras,_D.P._Capili,_J.J.A._Polizon_&_E.B._Sumile_2009._Inventory_and_conservation_of_endangered,_endemic_and_economically_important_flora_of_Hamiguitan_Range,_southern_Philippines._''Blumea''_54(1–3):_71–76._ *_An,_C.-I.,_E.-I._Fukusaki_&_A._Kobayashi_2001._Plasma-membrane_H+-ATPases_are_expressed_in_pitchers_of_the_carnivorous_plant_''Nepenthes_alata''_Blanco._''Planta''_212(4):_547–555._ *_An,_C.-I.,_E.-I._Fukusaki_&_A._Kobayashi_2002._Aspartic_proteinases_are_expressed_in_pitchers_of_the_carnivorous_plant_''Nepenthes_alata''_Blanco._''Planta''_214(5):_661–667._ *_An,_C.-I.,_S._Takekawa,_A._Okazawa,_E.-I._Fukusaki_&_A._Kobayashi_2002._Degradation_of_a_peptide_in_pitcher_fluid_of_the_carnivorous_plant_''Nepenthes_alata''_Blanco._''Planta''_215(3):_472–477._ *_Bauer,_U.,_C.J._Clemente,_T._Renner_&_W._Federle_2012._Form_follows_function:_morphological_diversification_and_alternative_trapping_strategies_in_carnivorous_''Nepenthes''_pitcher_plants._''Journal_of_Evolutionary_Biology''_25(1):_90–102._ *_Bauer,_U._&_W._Federle_2009._The_insect-trapping_rim_of_''Nepenthes''_pitchers:_surface_structure_and_function._''Plant_Signaling_&_Behavior''_4(11):_1019–1023._ *_Benz,_M.J.,_E.V._Gorb_&_S.N._Gorb_2012._Diversity_of_the_slippery_zone_microstructure_in_pitchers_of_nine_carnivorous_''Nepenthes''_taxa._''Arthropod-Plant_Interactions''_6(1):_147–158._ *_Beveridge,_N.G.P.,_C._Rauch,_P.J.A._Keßler,_R.R._van_Vugt_&_P.C._van_Welzen_2013._A_new_way_to_identify_living_species_of_''Nepenthes''_(Nepenthaceae):_more_data_needed!_''Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter_ The_''Carnivorous_Plant_Newsletter''_is_the_official_publication_of_the_International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society_(ICPS),_the_largest_such_organization_in_the_world._It_is_headquartered_in_Walnut_Creek,_California. _History_and_editorship The_newsle_...
''_42(4):_122–128. *__Blanco,_F.M._1845
''Nepenthes''.
In:_''Flora_de_Filipinas.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × ventrata">N. × ventrata''">Nepenthes_×_ventrata.html" ;"title="''Nepenthes × ventrata">N. × ventrata''ref name=Fleming>Fleming, R. 1979
Hybrid ''Nepenthes''.
''
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The newsle ...
'' 8(1): 10–12.


References


Further reading

* Alejandro, G.J.D., J.P.C. Baysa, B.O.C. Lemana, G.M. Madulara, R.S. Madulid & D.A. Madulid 2007. Conspecificity of ''Nepenthes alata'' Blco. population found in Mt. Guisguis, Zambales inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data. ''Acta Manilana'' 55: 15–21. * Alejandro, G.J.D., R.S. Madulid & D.A. Madulid 2008. The utility of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction in endemic Philippine ''Nepenthes'' L. (Nepenthaceae). ''The Philippine Scientist'' 45: 99–110. * Amoroso, V.B. & R.A. Aspiras 2011. Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora. ''Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences'' 18(1): 7–15. * Amoroso, V.B., L.D. Obsioma, J.B. Arlalejo, R.A. Aspiras, D.P. Capili, J.J.A. Polizon & E.B. Sumile 2009. Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines. ''Blumea'' 54(1–3): 71–76. * An, C.-I., E.-I. Fukusaki & A. Kobayashi 2001. Plasma-membrane H+-ATPases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant ''Nepenthes alata'' Blanco. ''Planta'' 212(4): 547–555. * An, C.-I., E.-I. Fukusaki & A. Kobayashi 2002. Aspartic proteinases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant ''Nepenthes alata'' Blanco. ''Planta'' 214(5): 661–667. * An, C.-I., S. Takekawa, A. Okazawa, E.-I. Fukusaki & A. Kobayashi 2002. Degradation of a peptide in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant ''Nepenthes alata'' Blanco. ''Planta'' 215(3): 472–477. * Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. * Bauer, U. & W. Federle 2009. The insect-trapping rim of ''Nepenthes'' pitchers: surface structure and function. ''Plant Signaling & Behavior'' 4(11): 1019–1023. * Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' taxa. ''Arthropod-Plant Interactions'' 6(1): 147–158. * Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! ''
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The newsle ...
'' 42(4): 122–128. * Blanco, F.M. 1845
''Nepenthes''.
In: ''Flora de Filipinas">Flora de Filipinas, segun el sistema sexual de Linneo. Segunda impresion, corregida y aumentada por el mismo autor.'' D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila. pp. 555–557. * Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. ''Annals of Botany'' 111(3): 375–383. * Cantley, R. 2000
''Nepenthes'' of the Philippines
[video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA. * Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. ''Kew Bulletin'' 54(4): 887–895. * Cheers, G. 1992. ''Nepenthes alata''. In: ''Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World''. Letts of London House, London. p. 92. * Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. ''
The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding regions. It was originally published in the ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'' ...
''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15. * Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012
Nepenthaceae
Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. * Eilingsfeld, A. 2008. Endoskop-Aufnahmen aus der Verdauungsflüssigkeit einer ''Nepenthes alata''. ''
Das Taublatt ''Das Taublatt'' is a triannual German-language periodical based in Bochum and the official publication of Gesellschaft für fleischfressende Pflanzen im deutschsprachigen Raum, a carnivorous plant society based in Germany.Rice, B. 2010Carnivor ...
'' 60: 4–7. * Fontanilla, J.R. & R. Madulid 2002. Morphometric analysis of ''Nepenthes alata'' Blco. in Mt. Guisguis, Sta. Cruz, Zambales. ''Acta Manilana'' 50: 25–31. * Gaume, L., S. Gorb & N. Rowe 2002. Function of epidermal surfaces in the trapping efficiency of ''Nepenthes alata'' pitchers. ''New Phytologist'' 156(3): 479–489. * Gorb, E.V., K. Haas, A. Henrich, S. Enders, N. Barbakadze & S. Gorb 2005. Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax layer of the slippery zone in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant ''Nepenthes alata'' and its effect on insect attachment. ''Journal of Experimental Biology'' 208: 4651–4662. * Gorb, E.V. & S.N. Gorb 2006. Physicochemical properties of functional surfaces in pitchers of the carnivorous plant ''Nepenthes alata'' Blanco (Nepenthaceae). ''Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany)'' 8(6): 841–848. * Gorb, E.V. & S.N. Gorb 2009
Chapter 8: Functional Surfaces in the Pitcher of the Carnivorous Plant ''Nepenthes alata'': A Cryo-Sem Approach
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''
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'' 29(2): 53. * Scholz, I., M. Bückins, L. Dolge, T. Erlinghagen, A. Weth, F. Hischen, J. Mayer, S. Hoffmann, M. Riederer, M. Riedel & W. Baumgartner 2010. Slippery surfaces of pitcher plants: ''Nepenthes'' wax crystals minimize insect attachment ''via'' microscopic surface roughness. ''Journal of Experimental Biology'' 213: 1115–1125. * Slack, A. 1979. ''Nepenthes alata''. In: ''Carnivorous Plants''. Ebury Press, London. pp. 85–86. * Sota, T., M. Mogi & K. Kato 1998. Local and regional-scale food web structure in ''Nepenthes alata'' pitchers. ''Biotropica'' 30(1): 82–91. * Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994
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* Syamsuardi 1995
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* Thornhill, A.H., I.S. Harper & N.D. Hallam 2008. The development of the digestive glands and enzymes in the pitchers of three ''Nepenthes'' species: ''N. alata'', ''N. tobaica'', and ''N. ventricosa'' (Nepenthaceae). ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 169(5): 615–624. * Uy, B.D. 1990
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''
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The newsle ...
'' 19(1–2): 18–19. * Wu, X., J. Li, Q. Zhong & X. Wu 2005
猪笼草组培快繁技术
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External links


Photographs of ''N. alata''
at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder {{Taxonbar, from=Q139643 Carnivorous plants of Asia alata Endemic flora of the Philippines Plants described in 1837 Taxa named by Francisco Manuel Blanco