Nanmu () is a precious wood that is unique to China and South Asia, and was historically used for boat building, architectural woodworking, furniture and sculptural carving in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

. The

Ming Dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...

-era writings indicate this wood as superior durable

softwood Scots Pine, a typical and well-known softwood Softwood is wood from gymnosperm trees such as conifers. The term is opposed to hardwood, which is the wood from angiosperm trees. The main differences between hardwoods and softwoods is that the s ...

. A recent excavation of a tomb in Lija village in Jing'an County,

Jiangxi Province Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into h ...

, found 47 coffins made of nanmu wood that are reported to be about 2500 years old, dating back to the Eastern

Zhou Dynasty The Zhou dynasty ( ; Old Chinese ( B&S): *''tiw'') was a royal dynasty of China that followed the Shang dynasty. Having lasted 789 years, the Zhou dynasty was the longest dynastic regime in Chinese history. The military control of China by th ...

period and belongs to the

Dongyi The Dongyi or Eastern Yi () was a collective term for ancient peoples found in Chinese records. The definition of Dongyi varied across the ages, but in most cases referred to inhabitants of eastern China, then later, the Korean peninsula, and Ja ...

State of Xu. The trees that produce nanmu wood are evergreens that have long, straight trunks which grows to 35 meters in height and one meter in diameter. More than 30 varieties exist, which are found south of the

Yangtze River The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest river in Asia, the third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains (Tibetan Plateau) and flows ...

. There are also nanmu trees on

Hainan Island Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. , the largest and most populous island in China,The island of Taiwan, which is slight ...

and in

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...

. Yangmu nanmu is found in

Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of t ...

. Zinan nanmu is found in southeast and south central China. Zinanmu nanmu is found in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhenjiang. Zhennan nanmu is found in Guizhou and Sichuan. The finest of all the nanmu woods is Hongmao Nanmu (''

Phoebe hungmaoensis Phoebe or Phœbe may refer to: __NOTOC__ People and characters * Phoebe (given name), a list of people, mythological, biblical and fictional characters *Phoebe (Greek myth), several characters * Phoebe, an epithet of Artemis/ Diana and Selene/ Luna ...

'') from Hainan Island. Nanmu wood comes from several species of tree, including: *'' Litsea cubeba'' *'' Machilus nanmu'' *''

'' *''

Phoebe zhennan ''Phoebe zhennan'' is a large species of tree, up to tall, in the genus '' Phoebe'' of the family Lauraceae. The name "Zhennan" is the transcription of one of the tree's Chinese names, 桢楠. It is endemic to China where it occurs in Guizhou, H ...

'' It is trees of the Phoebe genus however, that produce the highest grades of nanmu wood. Phoebe zhennan grain pattern

Nanmu is a knotty wood that frequently shows a wavy or ''quilted'' grain figure. It does not react to humidity and temperature much in the way of expansion or contraction and makes superior furniture which tends not to get loose or crack because of changes in climate. Nanmu woods that are lighter in color and have loose grain are considered inferior. Nanmu was used in architectural woodworking and boatbuilding due to its resistance to decay. The wood dries with little splitting or warping. After drying the wood is of medium-density and does not change shape. Nanmu can be sanded to a mirror finish. The highest grade of nanmu wood has a bright golden color, a pleasant fragrance, and exhibits impressive

chatoyancy In gemology, chatoyancy ( ), or chatoyance or cat's eye effect, is an optical reflectance effect seen in certain gemstones, woods, and carbon fibre. Coined from the French "œil de chat", meaning "cat's eye", chatoyancy arises either from the ...

(an optical effect) which is why it is often referred to as ''jīnsī'' ( - golden-thread or golden silk) in China. Although recently harvested '' nanmu'' and '' zhennan'' lumber and newly made articles could still be obtained (at exorbitant prices) as recently as 2019, it is officially a protected species in China, and worldwide. Due to deforestation, disease, and pollution, these species are almost exhausted. Some small semi-natural forest stands and protected artificial forests still exist, but the trees are otherwise now limited to small growths of aging decorative trees in temples, cottages, parks, and courtyards.

Footnotes

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External links

Wood used in Chinese Antique Furniture
Chinese culture Wood