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The Naic or Naxish languages are a group of
Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages: Naxi, Na and Laze
" ''Diachronica'' 28:468-498.
*'' Namuyi''
*'' Shixing''
* Naish
**'' Naxi''
**'' Na''
**'' Laze''
The argument is based on the discovery of cognates with
The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli
" In ''Languages and Linguistics'' 13(1):133-170. Taipei: Academia Sinica. confirms that "Shixing displays significant similarity with Na .e. Naishlanguages in all its linguistic subsystems and no comparable similarity with any other local language or group of languages" (p. 154). From a detailed comparison, the author concludes that "Shixing can be hypothesized to be a Na language that has undergone considerable restructuring" (p. 157).
Sino-Tibetan languages
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages ...
that include Naxi, Na (Mosuo), Shixing (Xumi), and Namuyi (Namuzi). They have been variously classified as part of the Loloish or the Qiangic branch of Sino-Tibetan.
The name "Naic" is derived from the endonym ''Na'' used by speakers of several of the languages.
Classification
Lama (2012)
Lama (2012) lists the following languages in his Naxish clade, which he places in the Loloish branch. * Namuzi (') * Naxi (') ** Na: Mali Masa, Na (Moso) **etc. ***Naru ***Naheng, Naxi proper Lama (2012) lists the following sound changes fromProto-Loloish
Proto-Loloish is the reconstructed ancestor of the Loloish languages. Reconstructions include those of David Bradley (1979), James Matisoff (2003), and Ziwo Lama (2012).
In later publications, in place of ''Loloish'', David Bradley instead use ...
as Naxish innovations.
* *sn >
* *pw- >
Jacques & Michaud (2011), Chirkova (2012)
The Naic group (corresponding to Lama's Naxish clade) is classified as Qiangic and not Loloish byGuillaume Jacques
Guillaume Jacques (, b. 1979) is a French linguist who specializes in the study of Sino-Tibetan languages: Old Chinese, Tangut, Tibetan, Gyalrongic and Kiranti languages. He also performs research on the Algonquian and Siouan language families ...
& Alexis Michaud (2011).Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011.Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages: Naxi, Na and Laze
" ''Diachronica'' 28:468-498.
*'' Namuyi''
*'' Shixing''
* Naish
**'' Naxi''
**'' Na''
**'' Laze''
The argument is based on the discovery of cognates with Qiangic languages
Qiangic (''Ch'iang, Kyang, Tsiang'', Chinese: 羌語支, "''Qiang'' language group"; formerly known as Dzorgaic) is a group of related languages within the Sino-Tibetan language family. They are spoken mainly in Southwest China, including Sich ...
, that are superficially undetectable due to the high degree of phonological erosion of the Naic languages, but can be uncovered through a systematic examination of lexical correspondences. Progress in the reconstruction of rGyalrongic languages and other languages of the Qiangic branch offers an improved basis for reconstruction. For instance, it appears that Proto-Naish *-o corresponds both to Proto-Rgyalrong *-o and *-aŋ, suggesting a merger between a closed syllable and an open syllable.
Chirkova (2012)Chirkova, Katia (2012).The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli
" In ''Languages and Linguistics'' 13(1):133-170. Taipei: Academia Sinica. confirms that "Shixing displays significant similarity with Na .e. Naishlanguages in all its linguistic subsystems and no comparable similarity with any other local language or group of languages" (p. 154). From a detailed comparison, the author concludes that "Shixing can be hypothesized to be a Na language that has undergone considerable restructuring" (p. 157).
Lidz (2010)
Lidz (2010)Lidz, Liberty A. 2010. ''A Descriptive Grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo)''. Ph.D. dissertation. Austin: University of Texas, Austin. groups the Naxi varieties as follows, but does not consider where these languages fit withinSino-Tibetan
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages. ...
. Lidz notes that the western groups call themselves "Naxi", whereas the eastern groups call themselves "Na" — hence the parentheses. Lidz (2010) also notes that the Na (Eastern) speakers of Sichuan
Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of t ...
are officially classified as ethnic Mongols by the Chinese government. Namuyi and Shixing are not addressed.
;Na(xi)
*Western ( Naxi')
**Baoshanzhou 保山州
**Dayanzhen 大研镇
**Lijiang 丽江
*Eastern ( Na)
**Ninglang 宁蒗 / Beiqu 北渠
**Yongning 永宁
**Guabie 瓜别
References
{{Na-Qiangic languages