North American
Aerospace Defense Command
Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD, /ˈnɔːræd/), known
until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a
combined organization of the
United States
United States and
Canada
_logo.svg/440px-Cablevision_(Canada)_logo.svg.png)
Canada that provides
aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern
America.[4] Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States
Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) center are located at Peterson Air Force
Base in El Paso County, near
Colorado
Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby
Cheyenne Mountain Complex
Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD
commander and deputy commander (CINCNORAD) are, respectively, a United
States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian three-maple-leaf
general or equivalent.
Contents
1 Organization
1.1 Alaskan NORAD Region
1.2 Canadian NORAD Region
1.3
United States
United States NORAD Region
2
United States
United States outside of NORAD: Hawaii, Guam, & the Pacific
region
3 History
3.1 1968 reorganization
3.2 False alarms
3.3 1980 reorganization
3.4 Post–Cold War
4 In popular culture
4.1 Movies and television
4.2 NORAD Tracks Santa
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Organization[edit]
CINCNORAD maintains the NORAD headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base
near
Colorado
Colorado Springs, Colorado. The NORAD and
USNORTHCOM
USNORTHCOM Command
Center at Peterson AFB serves as a central collection and coordination
facility for a worldwide system of sensors designed to provide the
commander and the leadership of
Canada
Canada and the U.S. with an accurate
picture of any aerospace or maritime threat.[5] NORAD has
administratively divided the North American landmass into three
regions: the Alaska NORAD (ANR) Region, under Eleventh Air Force
(11 AF); the Canadian NORAD (CANR) Region, under 1 Canadian Air
Division, and the Continental U.S. (CONR) Region, under
1 AF/CONR-AFNORTH. Both the CONR and CANR regions are divided
into eastern and western sectors.
Alaskan NORAD Region[edit]
The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) maintains continuous capability to
detect, validate and warn off any atmospheric threat in its area of
operations from its Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Joint
Base Elmendorf–Richardson, Alaska (which is an amalgamation of the
United States
United States Air Force's
Elmendorf Air Force Base
Elmendorf Air Force Base and the United
States Army's Fort Richardson, which were merged in 2010).
ANR also maintains the readiness to conduct a continuum of aerospace
control missions, which include daily air sovereignty in peacetime,
contingency and/or deterrence in time of tension, and active air
defense against manned and unmanned air-breathing atmospheric vehicles
in times of crisis.
ANR is supported by both active duty and reserve units. Active duty
forces are provided by 11 AF and the
Canadian Armed Forces
Canadian Armed Forces (CAF),
and reserve forces provided by the Alaska Air National Guard. Both
11 AF and the CAF provide active duty personnel to the ROCC to
maintain continuous surveillance of Alaskan airspace.
Canadian NORAD Region[edit]
Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters is at CFB Winnipeg, Manitoba. It
was established on 22 April 1983.[6] It is responsible for providing
surveillance and control of Canadian airspace. The Royal Canadian Air
Force provides alert assets to NORAD. CANR is divided into two
sectors, which are designated as the
Canada
Canada East Sector and Canada
West Sector. Both Sector Operations Control Centers (SOCCs) are
co-located at
CFB North Bay
CFB North Bay Ontario. The routine operation of the
SOCCs includes reporting track data, sensor status and aircraft alert
status to NORAD headquarters. In 1996 CANR was renamed 1 Canadian
Air Division and moved to CFB Winnipeg.
Canadian air defense forces assigned to NORAD include 409 Tactical
Fighter Squadron at CFB Cold Lake, Alberta and 425 Tactical Fighter
Squadron at CFB Bagotville, Quebec. All squadrons fly the McDonnell
Douglas CF-18 Hornet fighter aircraft.[7]
To monitor for drug trafficking,[8] in cooperation with the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police and the
United States
United States drug law enforcement
agencies, the Canadian NORAD Region monitors all air traffic
approaching the coast of Canada. Any aircraft that has not filed a
flight plan may be directed to land and be inspected by RCMP and
Canada
Canada Border Services Agency.
United States
United States NORAD Region[edit]
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The
Continental NORAD Region
Continental NORAD Region (CONR) is the component of NORAD that
provides airspace surveillance and control and directs air sovereignty
activities for the Contiguous
United States
United States (CONUS).
CONR is the NORAD designation of the
United States
United States Air Force First Air
Force/AFNORTH. Its headquarters is located at Tyndall Air Force Base,
Florida. The
First Air Force
First Air Force (1 AF) became responsible for the
USAF air defense mission on 30 September 1990. AFNORTH is the United
States Air Force component of
United States
United States Northern Command
(NORTHCOM).
1 AF/CONR-AFNORTH comprises State
Air National Guard
Air National Guard Fighter
Wings assigned an air defense mission to 1 AF/CONR-AFNORTH, made
up primarily of citizen Airmen. The primary weapons systems are the
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
aircraft.
It plans, conducts, controls, coordinates and ensures air sovereignty
and provides for the unilateral defense of the United States. It is
organized with a combined
First Air Force
First Air Force command post at Tyndall Air
Force Base and two Sector Operations Control Centers (SOCC) at Rome,
New York for the US East ROCC (Eastern Air Defense Sector) and McChord
Field, Washington for the US West ROCC (Western Air Defense Sector)
manned by active duty personnel to maintain continuous surveillance of
CONUS airspace.
In its role as the CONUS NORAD Region, 1 AF/CONR-AFNORTH also
performs counter-drug surveillance operations.
United States
United States outside of NORAD: Hawaii, Guam, & the Pacific
region[edit]
The
United States
United States Pacific Command (PACOM) would make the determination
that an inbound missile is a threat to the
United States
United States in the
Pacific Region. Hawaii is the only state in the
United States
United States with a
pre-programmed Wireless Emergency Alert that can be sent quickly to
wireless devices if a ballistic missile is heading toward Hawaii. If
the missile is fired from North Korea, the missile would take
approximately 20 minutes to reach Hawaii. PACOM would take less than 5
minutes to make a determination that the missile could impact Hawaii
and would then notify the
Hawaii Emergency Management Agency (HI-EMA).
HI-EMA would issue the
Civil Defense
Civil Defense Warning (CDW) that an inbound
missile could impact Hawaii and that people should Shelter-in-Place:
Get Inside, Stay Inside, and Stay Tuned. People in Hawaii would have
12 to 15 minutes before impact. Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) is not required to be notified for approval to cancel an alert.
Signal carriers allow people to block alerts from state and law
enforcement agencies, but not those issued by the President. FEMA can
send alerts to targeted audiences but has not implemented this as of
January 2018. Other states can take as long as 30 minutes to create,
enter and distribute a missile alert. The nationwide system for
Wireless Emergency Alerts
Wireless Emergency Alerts to mobile devices has never been tested as
of January 2018.[9][10]
History[edit]
The North American Air Defense Command was recommended by the Joint
Canadian-U.S. Military Group in late 1956, approved by the U.S. Joint
Chiefs of Staff in February 1957, and announced on 1 August 1957.[11]
NORAD's command headquarters was established on 12 September 1957 at
Ent Air Force Base's 1954 blockhouse.[12] In 1958,
Canada
Canada and the
United States
United States agreed that the NORAD commander would always be a United
States officer, with a Canadian vice commander, and
Canada
Canada "agreed the
command's primary purpose would be…early warning and defense for
SAC's retaliatory forces."[13]:252 In late 1958,
Canada
Canada and the United
States started the
Continental Air Defense Integration North (CADIN)
for the
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense network.[13]:253
The initial CADIN cost sharing agreement between the two countries was
signed off on 5 January 1959. Two December 1958 plans submitted by
NORAD had "average yearly expenditure of around five and one half
billions", including "cost of the accelerated Nike Zeus program" and
three
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
.png)
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) sites.[14]
The 25-ton North blast door in the
Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker
Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker is
the main entrance to another blast door (background) beyond which the
side tunnel branches into access tunnels to the main chambers.
Canada's NORAD bunker at
CFB North Bay
CFB North Bay with a SAGE AN/FSQ-7 Combat
Direction Central computer was constructed from 1959 to 1963, and each
of the USAF's eight smaller
AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central systems
provided NORAD with data and could command the entire United States
air defense. The RCAF's 1950 "ground observer system, the Long Range
Air Raid Warning System,"[15] was discontinued and on 31 January 1959,
the
United States
United States
Ground Observer Corps
Ground Observer Corps was deactivated.[13]:222 The
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker's planned mission was expanded in
August 1960 to "a hardened center from which CINCNORAD would supervise
and direct operations against space attack as well as air attack"[16]
The Secretary of Defense assigned on 7 October 1960, "operational
command of all space surveillance to Continental Air Defense Command
(CONAD) and operational control to North American Air Defense Command
(NORAD)".[17]
The JCS placed the
Ent Air Force Base
Ent Air Force Base Space Detection and Tracking
System (496L System with
Philco
Philco 2000 Model 212 computer)[18] "under
the operational control of CINCNORAD on December 1, 1960";[19] during
Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker
Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker excavation, and the joint SAC-NORAD
exercise "Sky Shield II"—and on 2 September 1962—"Sky Shield III"
were conducted for mock penetration of NORAD sectors.[20]
NORAD command center operations moved from
Ent Air Force Base
Ent Air Force Base to the
1963 partially underground "Combined Operations Center" for Aerospace
Defense Command and NORAD[21] at the Chidlaw Building. President John
F. Kennedy visited "NORAD headquarters" after the 5 June 1963 United
States Air Force Academy graduation. and on 30 October 1964, "NORAD
began manning" the Combat Operations Center in the Cheyenne Mountain
Complex.[19] By 1965, about 250,000
United States
United States and Canadian
personnel were involved in the operation of NORAD,[not in citation
given][22] On 1 January 1966,
Air Force Systems Command
Air Force Systems Command turned the COC
over to NORAD[23] The NORAD
Cheyenne Mountain Complex
Cheyenne Mountain Complex was accepted on
8 February 1966.[19]:319
1968 reorganization[edit]
United States
United States Department of Defense realignments for the NORAD command
organization began by 15 November 1968 (e.g., Army Air Defense Command
(ARADCOM))[24] and by 1972, there were eight NORAD "regional
areas ... for all air defense",[25] and the NORAD Cheyenne
Mountain Complex Improvements Program (427M System)[23] became
operational in 1979.[26]
False alarms[edit]
On at least three occasions, NORAD systems failed, such as on 9
November 1979, when a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape, but
failed to switch the system status to "test", causing a stream of
constant false warnings to spread to two "continuity of government"
bunkers as well as command posts worldwide.[27] On 3 June 1980, and
again on 6 June 1980, a computer communications device failure caused
warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts
around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place.[28] During
these incidents,
Pacific Air Forces
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) properly had their planes
(loaded with nuclear bombs) in the air;
Strategic Air Command
Strategic Air Command (SAC)
did not and took criticism[by whom?], because they did not follow
procedure, even though the SAC command knew these were almost
certainly false alarms, as did PACAF.[citation needed] Both command
posts had recently begun receiving and processing direct reports from
the various radar, satellite, and other missile attack detection
systems, and those direct reports simply did not match anything about
the erroneous data received from NORAD.[citation needed]
1980 reorganization[edit]
The
North Warning System
North Warning System as envisioned by
Canada
Canada and the US in 1987.
NORAD/
USNORTHCOM
USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center prior to the Cheyenne
Mountain Realignment.[29]
Following the 1979 Joint US-
Canada
Canada Air Defense Study, the command
structure for aerospace defense was changed, e.g., "SAC assumed
control of ballistic missile warning and space surveillance
facilities" on 1 December 1979 from ADCOM.[30]:48 The Aerospace
Defense Command major command ended 31 March 1980. and its
organizations in
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain became the "ADCOM" specified
command under the same commander as NORAD,[21] e.g., HQ NORAD/ADCOM
J31 manned the Space Surveillance Center. By 1982, a NORAD Off-site
Test Facility[31] was located at Peterson AFB.[32] The
DEW Line
DEW Line was to
be replaced with the
North Warning System
North Warning System (NWS); the Over-the-Horizon
Backscatter (OTH-B) radar was to be deployed; more advanced fighters
were deployed, and E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft were planned for greater
use. These recommendations were accepted by the governments in 1985.
The
United States
United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an
adjunct, but not a component of NORAD.
NORAD was renamed North American
Aerospace Defense Command
Aerospace Defense Command in March
1981.
Post–Cold War[edit]
In 1989 NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations,
for example, tracking of small aircraft entering and operating within
the
United States
United States and Canada.[33] DEW line sites were replaced between
1986 and 1995 by the North Warning System. The
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain site
was also upgraded, but none of the proposed
OTH-B
OTH-B radars are currently
in operation.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the NORAD Air Warning Center's
mission "expanded to include the interior airspace of North
America."[34]
The
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain Realignment[35] was announced on 28 July 2006,
to consolidate NORAD's day-to-day operations at Peterson Air Force
Base[36] with
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain in "warm standby" staffed with support
personnel.
Former NORAD Regions/Sectors
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970–1983
1984
1985–1986
1987
1988–1990
1991–1992
1993–1995
1996–2005
2006–2009
20th
1966–1967
1969–1983
21st
1966–1967
1969–1983
22d
1966–1987
23d
1969–1987
24th
1969–1990
25th
1966–1990
26th
1966–1990
27th
1966–1969
28th
1966–1969
1985–1992
29th
1966–1969
30th
1966–1968
31st
1966–1969
32d
1966–1969
34th
1966–1969
35th
1966–1969
36th
1966–1969
NW
1987–1995
NE
1987–2009
SE
1987–2005
SW
1987–1995
In popular culture[edit]
1955
Sears
Sears ad with the misprinted telephone number that led to the
NORAD Tracks Santa
NORAD Tracks Santa Program.[37][38]
NORAD Tracks Santa
NORAD Tracks Santa follows Santa
Claus'
Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve journey around the world.[39][40]
Movies and television[edit]
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section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to
remove this template message)
The NORAD command center located under Cheyenne Mountain,
Colorado
Colorado is
a setting of the 1983 film
WarGames
WarGames and the television series Jeremiah
and Stargate SG-1.
NORAD Tracks Santa[edit]
Main article: NORAD Tracks Santa
As a publicity move on December 24, 1955, NORAD's predecessor, the
Continental Air Defense Command
Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), informed the press that CONAD
was tracking Santa Claus's sleigh, adding that "CONAD, Army, Navy and
Marine Air Forces will continue to track and guard Santa and his
sleigh on his trip to and from the U.S. against possible attack from
those who do not believe in Christmas," and a
Christmas Eve
Christmas Eve tradition
was born,[41] known as the "NORAD Tracks Santa" program. Every year on
Christmas Eve, "NORAD Tracks Santa" purports to track
Santa Claus
Santa Claus as
he leaves the
North Pole
North Pole and delivers presents to children around the
world. Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the program
possible.[42]
See also[edit]
Military of the
United States
United States portal
United States
United States Air Force portal
Commanders-in-chief of the North American Aerospace Defense Command
Air Forces Northern National Security Emergency Preparedness
Directorate
154th Wing
Joint Surveillance System
Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning, a Soviet/Russian equivalent.
References[edit]
^ "1st Air Force - AFNSEP". Archived from the original on 7 February
2011.
^ NORAD Official History Archived 2 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
^
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain Directorate Official Page Archived 26 July 2012 at
the Wayback Machine.
^ NORAD - Fact Sheet Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ NORAD.mil: Organizational History Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback
Machine.
^
http://www.norad.mil/Portals/29/Documents/A%20Brief%20History%20of%20NORAD%20%28current%20as%20of%20March%202014%29.pdf,
p. 41.
^ "Canada's CF-18 Hornets". CBC News. 2011-03-21.
^ "CBC Archives". 10 April 2013.
^ "Federal responsibility in nuclear attack alerts is unclear".
Star-Advertiser. Honolulu. Associated Press. January 17, 2018.
Retrieved January 18, 2018.
^ Wu, Nina (January 17, 2018). "State education department addresses
missile scare". Star-Advertiser. Honolulu. Retrieved January 18,
2018.
^ Sturm, Thomas A. (January 1965). Command and Control for North
American Air Defense, 1959-1963 (Report). Liaison Office, USAF History
Division. pp. 14–7. (cited by Schaffel p. 251 & 315)
^ McMullen, Richard F. (1965). Command and Control Planning, 1958-1965
(Report). pp. 1–2. (cited by Schaffel p. 252 & 315)
^ a b c Schaffel, Kenneth (1991). Emerging Shield: The Air Force and
the Evolution of Continental Air Defense 1945-1960 (45MB PDF). General
Histories (Report). Office of Air Force History.
ISBN 0-912799-60-9. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
^ 1959 Jul-Dec NORAD/CONAD Historical Summary
^ Canadian Long Range Early Warning (letter to HQ WADF), CONAC, 16
October 1950 (cited by Schaffel p. 138 & 304)
^ title tbd (Report). Air Research and Development Command.
(cited by Schaffel, p. 262)
^ Sturdevant, Rick W (1995). "Chapter 7: The
United States
United States Air Force
Organizes for Space: The Operational Quest". In Launius, Roger D.
Organizing for the Use of Space: Historical Perspectives on a
Persistent Issue (Report). AAS History Series. Volume 18. Univelt for
the American Astronautical Society. ISSN 0730-3564.
^ Weeden, Brian C; Cefola, Paul J. Computer Systems and Algorithms for
Space Situational Awareness: History and Future Development (PDF)
(Report). SWFound.org. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
^ a b c Leonard, Barry (2008). History of Strategic and Ballistic
Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956-1972 (Army.mil PDF (also available at
Google Books)). Retrieved 2012-09-01. The missile and space
surveillance and warning system currently [1972] consists of five
systems and a space computational center located in the NORAD Cheyenne
Mountain complex. The five systems are: the Ballistic Missile Early
Warning System; the
Defense Support Program
Defense Support Program (DSP) formerly called
Project 647; the Forward Scatter over the Horizon Radar (440L
[AN/FRT-80 transmitter, AN/FSQ-76 receiver]) system; the Sea-Launched
Ballistic Missile Warning System; and the Space Detection and Tracking
System. ... In July of 1961, the National Space Surveillance and
Control Center (NSSCC) was discontinued as the new SPADATS Center
became operational at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado. Officially, this
marked the beginning of aerospace operations by CINCNORAD.262
^
http://www.atlasmissilesilo.com/Documents/SquadronUnitHistory/AtlasF/579thSMS/AF-D-O-579-99-RO-00009_6thBombWing_UnitHistory_1962_09_September.pdf
p. 17, PDF
^ a b "NORAD Chronology". NORAD.mil. Retrieved 2012-07-28. (see
also FAS.org chronology)
^ Renuart, Victor E., Jr. (2009). "The Enduring Value Of NORAD". Joint
Force Quarterly. 54: 92–6.
^ a b Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P (October 1987). A
Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947-1986
(PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2012-07-19. McNamara…reasoned that Soviet
missiles could eliminate air defense systems in a first
strike ... the policy that emerged [sic] embraced the most
extreme option: massive retaliation, popularly referred to ... as
mutual assured destruction (MAD). ... 1966…NORAD ...
Combat Operations Center ... integrated several distinct systems
into a single workable unit to provide the NORAD Commander with the
necessary information and control to perform his mission. ... the
Space Defense Center combining the Air Force's Space Track and the
Navy's Spasur.
^ title tbd (PDF) (Report). On November 15, 1968, as part of the
internal reorganization of the
Army Air Defense Command (ARADCOM), the
47th Artillery Brigade was transferred east. the Army Air Defense
command at Fort MacArthur became the 19th Artillery Group (Air
Defense). This change was made to align ARADCOM units in accordance
with a reorganization of the North American Air Defense Command
(NORAD).
^ "Chapter 1: Air Defense Doctrine and Procedures". U.S. Army Air
Defense Digest, 1972. Hillman Hall, Fort Bliss, Texas. 1972. North
American Air Defense Command. Retrieved 2012-09-19. Currently, the
North American Continent is divided into eight regional areas (fig 2)
of air defense responsibility· Each region commander is responsible
to CINCNORAD for all air defense activity within his designated area.
… The average number of unknowns in the system has steadily declined
over the years until now the number is approximately 40 per
month.
^ "
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU)". FY97 DOT&E Annual Report
(webpage transcription of chapter) (Report). Retrieved 2012-09-09. CMU
also upgrades and provides new capability to survivable communication
and warning elements at the National Military Command Center (NMCC),
U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), and other forward user locations.
CMU additionally provides at Offutt, AFB an austere backup to Cheyenne
Mountain ballistic missile warning. … Granite Sentry provides a
Message Processing Subsystem and a Video Distribution Subsystem, and
it upgrades the NORAD Computer System display capability and four
major centers: (1) the Air Defense Operations Center, (2) the NORAD
Command Center, (3) the Battle Staff Support Center, and (4) the
Weather Support Unit. Granite Sentry also processes and displays
nuclear detection data provided from the Integrated Correlation and
Display System.
^ The 3 am Phone Call: False Warnings of Soviet Missile Attacks
during 1979–80 Led to Alert Actions for U.S. Strategic Forces,
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 371, National
Security Archive, Washington, D.C.: George Washington University, 1
March 2012, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb371/index.htm
^ "NORAD's Missile Warning System: What Went Wrong? (MASAD-81-30)"
(PDF). U.S. Government Accountability Office. 15 May 1981. Retrieved 3
November 2010.
"Attack Warning: Better Management Required to Resolve NORAD
Integration Deficiencies (IMTEC-89-26)" (PDF). U.S. Government
Accountability Office. 7 July 1989. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
^ [who?]. "Saturday June 9 –
Colorado
Colorado Springs CO".
Colorado
Colorado Trip
2012. Retrieved 2012-07-30. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors
list (link)
^ Winkler, David F; Webster, Julie L (June 1997). Searching the Skies:
The Legacy of the
United States
United States Cold War Defense Radar Program
(Report). U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories.
Retrieved 2012-03-26.
^ "Brigadier General David A. Cotton". U.S. Air Force. Archived from
the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
^
http://gao.justia.com/department-of-defense/1991/4/attack-warning-imtec-91-23/IMTEC-91-23-full-report.pdf
^ "
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain Complex".
^ "
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain Complex". NORAD Public Affairs. AWC [Air Warning
Center]. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved
2012-09-09.
^ D'Agostino, Davi M (21 May 2007). Defense Infrastructure: Full Costs
and Security Implications of
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain Realignment Have Not
Been Determined [GAO--07-803R] (PDF) (Report).
United States
United States General
Accounting Office. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
^ Kirk Johnson (29 July 2006). "After 4 Decades, a Cold War Symbol
Stands Down". New York Times. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^ "North American
Aerospace Defense Command
Aerospace Defense Command – NORAD Tracks Santa".
NORAD. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
^ "
Eastern Air Defense Sector
Eastern Air Defense Sector to Track
Santa Claus
Santa Claus on Christmas Eve:
New York Air Guardsman Once Again Will
Help NORAD Track Santa" (Press
release). New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs. 24
December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
^ Pellerin, Cheryl. "NORAD Gears Up to Track Santa Claus".
Informatics. Scientific Computing. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ Official NORAD Santa Tracker (multilingual) and official seasonal
hotline: 1-877-Hi-NORAD[verification needed]
^ Appelbaum, Yoni, "Yes, Virginia, There Is a NORAD," theatlantic.com,
December 24, 2015.
^ "NORAD Tracks Santa". NORAD.mil. Archived from the original on 24
December 2009.
External links[edit]
Media related to North American
Aerospace Defense Command
Aerospace Defense Command at
Wikimedia Commons
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United States
United States Olympic Training Center
Western Museum of Mining & Industry
Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun
World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
Military
Cheyenne Mountain
Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station
Fort Carson
North American
Aerospace Defense Command
Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)
Peterson Air Force Base
Schriever Air Force Base
Colo