Muisca calendar

The Muisca calendar was a lunisolar calendar used by the Muisca. The calendar was composed of a complex combination of months and three types of years were used; rural years (according to Pedro Simón, Chibcha: ''chocan''), holy years (Duquesne, Spanish: ''acrótomo''), and common years (Duquesne, Chibcha: ''zocam''). Each month consisted of thirty days and the common year of twenty months, as twenty was the 'perfect' number of the Muisca, representing the total of extremeties; fingers and toes. The rural year usually contained twelve months, but one leap month was added. This month (Spanish: ''mes sordo''; "deaf month") represented a month of rest. The holy year completed the full cycle with 37 months.

The Muisca, inhabiting the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense), used one (arranged by BochicaHumboldt, 1878, Part 1) of the advanced calendrical systems of Pre-Columbian America, the others being the Incan and Maya calendars, and the ones used by other Mesoamericans including the Aztecs.

Important Muisca scholars who have brought the knowledge of the Muisca calendar and their counting system to Europe were Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who encountered Muisca territory in 1537, Bernardo de Lugo (1619), 1619
Muisca numbers according to Bernardo de Lugo
- accessed 29-04-2016 Pedro Simón in the 17th century and Alexander von Humboldt and José Domingo Duquesne published their findings in the late 18th and early 19th century.Humboldt, 1878, Part 2Humboldt, 1878, Part 3Duquesne, 1795 At the end of the 19th century, Vicente Restrepo wrote a critical review of the work of Duquesne.Restrepo, 1892

21st century researchers are Javier Ocampo López and Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña, anthropologist who published his MSc. thesis on the Muisca calendar.

Numeral system

The Muisca used a vigesimal counting system and counted with their fingers. Their system went from 1 to 10 and for higher numerations they used the prefix ''quihicha'' or ''qhicha'', which means "foot" in their Chibcha language ''Muysccubun''. Eleven became thus "foot one", twelve "foot two", etc. As in the other pre-Columbian civilizations, the number 20 was special. It was the total number of all body extremities; fingers and toes. The Muisca used two forms to express twenty: "foot ten"; ''quihícha ubchihica'' or their exclusive word ''gueta'', derived from ''gue'', which means "house". Numbers between 20 and 30 were counted ''gueta asaqui ata'' ("twenty plus one"; 21), ''gueta asaqui ubchihica'' ("twenty plus ten"; 30). Larger numbers were counted as multiples of twenty; ''gue-bosa'' ("20 times 2"; 40), ''gue-hisca'' ("20 times 5"; 100). The Muisca script consisted of hieroglyphs, only used for numerals. There is doubt as to the whether or not the document reporting the existence of this hieroglyphic numerical system is to be believed, as it is only primary source attesting this system.

Numbers 1 to 10 and 20

Higher numbers

To name the days and months the Muisca did not use numbers higher than 10, except ''gueta'' for their perfect number of 20. Instead, they named the 11th month just like the 1st; ''ata''. Same for the other months and days until 19. That rather confusing system made it difficult to distinguish the 21st month from the 1st or 11th, but their naming of the three different years solved this.

Time calculation

The calculation of time in the Muisca calendar was a complex combination of different time spans, which describe periods that extends from weeks to years, centuries and even higher time spans. The day was defined by the daily solar cycle, whereas the month was defined, depending on the context, by both the synodical and the sidereal lunar cycles.Izquierdo Peña, 2014, 56:35 Different scholars have described variation of weeks (3, 10 or 15 days), years (rural, common and holy) centuries (common and holy) and eventually, higher periods of time as the ''Bxogonoa''.

Days

The Muisca called "day" ''sua'' (the word for "Sun") and "night" ''za''. The priests had divided a day in four parts: ''suamena'' (from sunrise to mid-day), ''suameca'' (from mid-day to sunset), ''zasca'' was the time from sunset to midnight and ''chaqüi'' the time from midnight to sunrise.

Weeks and months

About the configuration of the weeks in the Muisca calendar different chroniclers show various subdivisions. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada describes a month of 30 days comprising three weeks of ten days, Pedro Simón stated the Muisca had a month composed of two weeks of 15 daysIzquierdo Peña, 2009, p.33 and José Domingo Duquesne and Javier Ocampo López wrote the Muisca week had just three days, with ten weeks in a month.Ocampo López, 2007, Ch.V, p.228 Izquierdo suggests, however, that the concept for a standardized week was alien to the Muisca indeed, who instead organized the days of the month in terms of the varying activities of their social life.Izquierdo Peña, 2011, p.110

The Muisca, like the Incas in the Central Andes, very probably took notice of the difference between the synodic month (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes); the time between two full Moons, and the sidereal month (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes); the time it takes for the Moon to reach the same position with respect to the stars.

Years

The Muisca word for ''year'' was ''zocam'', which is always used in combination with a number: ''zocam ata'', "year one", ''zocam bosa'', "year two". Following the works of Duquesne, three types of years were used; ''Rural'' years, ''Common'' years and ''Priest's'' years. The years were composed of different sets of months:

* The Rural Year contained 12 synodic months,
* The Priest's Year composed of 37 synodic months, or 12 + 12 + 13 synodic months (the 13th was a leap month, called "deaf" in Spanish),
* The Common Year composed by 20 months, making a full common Muisca year 600 days or 1.64 times a Gregorian year.Duquesne, 1795, p.3 Izquierdo suggests, however, that this year, unlike the ''Rural'' and the ''Priest's'' years, was based on the sidereal lunar cycle.Izquierdo Peña, 2011, p.115

Centuries and higher time spans

According to Duquesne, the Muisca devised a ''Priest's Century'' by scaling up ''The Priest's Year'' by ''gueta'' (20 times 37 months; 740) which approximately equals 60 Gregorian years. The same scholar referred to a ''Common Century'' (''siglo vulgar'') comprising 20 times 20 months. Pedro Simón's differences on the accounts of the mythical arrival of Bochica to the Muisca territory brings clues about the nature of the ''Priest's Century''. According Simón, the century (''edad'') corresponded to 70 (''setenta'') years, however, Izquierdo suggests that such a value is typo of 60 (''sesenta'') years, which is a value that better matches the entire calendar's description. Besides the centuries, the chronicles describe further periods of time: the ''Astronomical Revolution'' as called by Duquesne, corresponds to 5 ''Priest's Years'' or 185 synodical months, thus comprising a quarter of a ''Priest's Century''. Simón describes also an additional time period named the ''Bxogonoa'' which corresponds to 5 ''Priest's Centuries''. Again, both Duquesne and Humboldt describe another time span, the ''Dream of Bochica'' which accounted for 100 ''Priest's Centuries'', which correspond to 2000 ''Priest's Years'' or 5978 Gregorian years.Izquierdo Peña, 2011, p.114 After the analysis of all these many units of time, Izquierdo proposed a hierarchical organization where these periods are the product of multiplying the months of ''The Priest's Year'' by both 5 and the first three powers of 20:

Calendar

To name the months, the Muisca did not use higher numbers than 10, except for the 20th month, indicated with the 'perfect' number ''gueta''. The calendar table shows the different sets of ''zocam'' ("years") with the sets of months, as published by Alexander von Humboldt. The meaning of each month has been described by Duquesne in 1795 and summarized by Izquierdo Peña in 2009.Izquierdo Peña, 2009, p.30

Celebrations

The Gregorian month of December was a month of celebrations with yearly feasts, especially in Sugamuxi called ''huan'', according to Pedro Simón.

Archeological evidences

The archeological evidence for the Muisca calendar and its use is found in ceramics, textiles, spindles, petroglyphs, sites and stones.

Important findings are:
* Choachí Stone, found in the first half of the 20th century in the municipality of Choachí may represent a calculator to convert the different parts of the complex Muisca calendar
* Ceremonial flute (''fotuto ceremonial''), decorated flute made of a marine snail shell, found in Socorro, Santander, located in the Archeology Museum Sogamoso
* Decorated textile, found in Belén, Boyacá and located in the museum of Pasca, regarded as a "Muisca codex"
* ''El Infiernito'', astronomical site of the Muisca near Villa de Leyva
* Jaboque, in this humedal ancient menhirs were found, indicating an astronomical knowledge of the MuiscaJaboque Petroform Menhirs
- accessed 05-05-2016

See also

*Maya calendar
* Aztec calendar
* Inca calendar
* Muisca astronomy, agriculture, numerals

References

Bibliography

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