Muhammad and the Jewish tribes of Medina
In the course of Muhammad's proselytizing in Mecca, he viewed Muhammad's views on Christians, Christians and Jews, both of whom he referred to as "People of the Book", as natural allies, sharing the core principles of his teachings, and anticipated their acceptance and support. Muslims, like Jews, were at that time praying towards Jerusalem in Islam, Jerusalem.Esposito, John. 1998. Islam: the Straight Path, extended edition. Oxford university press, p.17 During the height of Muslim persecution in Mecca, Muhammad was offered the position of arbitrator in the highly diverse Medina, which had a large Jewish community.''Encyclopedia of Religion'', Second Edition, Lindsay Jones, Muhammad article, Many Medinans converted to the faith of the Meccan immigrants both before and after Muhammad's emigration, but only a few came from Jewish backgrounds because most of the Jewish community rejected w:Muhammad in Islam#Prophethood, Muhammad's status as a prophet. Their opposition "may well have been for political as well as religious reasons". According to William Montgomery Watt, Watt, "Jews would normally be unwilling to admit that a Gentile, non-Jew could be a prophet." Mark R. Cohen, Mark Cohen adds that Muhammad was appearing "centuries after the cessation of Prophecy#Judaism, biblical prophecy" and "couched his message in a verbiage foreign to Judaism both in its format and rhetoric."Mark R. Cohen, ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages'', p. 23, Princeton University Press The Talmud reports that there were Prophets in Judaism, prophets among the gentiles before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the end of biblical prophecy (most notably Balaam, whose story is told in Book of Numbers, Numbers 22, and Job (biblical figure), Job, who is considered a non-Jew by most Job in rabbinic literature, rabbinical opinions). The prophet Jonah was sent on a mission to speak to the gentiles of the city of Nineveh. According to Judaism, the period of ''Neviim, Nevua'' ("prophecy") on Prophets in Judaism, earth ended with Malachi as the last of the authentic (''Jewish'') prophets. As Muhammad taught of new ''Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophets'' (such as Lot in Islam, Lot, and Jesus in Islam, Jesus) and that his message was identical to those of Abraham in Islam, Abraham and Moses in Islam, Moses, the Jews were furthermore in the position to make some Muslims doubt about his prophethood. Judaism does not list w:Lot (biblical person)#Jewish view, Lot, nor Judaism's view of Jesus, Jesus as Prophets in Judaism, and the Talmud (Sanhedrin (tractate), Sanhedrin 11a) states that Haggai, Zechariah (Hebrew prophet), Zachariah, and Malachi were the last prophets, all of whom lived at the end of the 70-year Babylonian exile, and nowadays only the "Bath Kol" (בת קול, lit. ''daughter of a voice'', "voice of God") exists. The Jews, according to Watt, could argue that "some passages in the Qur'an contradicted their ancient scriptures". Watt also states that many of the Jews had close links with Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, "the potential prince of Medina" who "is said that but for the arrival of Muhammad, had not become" the chief arbitrator of the community. The Jews may have hoped for greater influence if Ubayy had become a ruler.''The Cambridge History of Islam'', pp. 43–44 Watt writes that the Islamic response to these criticisms was:The Qur'an, met these intellectual criticisms by developing the conception of the religion of Abraham. While the knowledge of Abraham came from the Old Testament and material based on that, Abraham could be regarded as the ancestor of the Arabs through Ishmael. It was also an undeniable fact that he was not a Jew or Christian, since the Jews are either to be taken as the followers of Moses or as the descendants of Abraham's grandson, Jacob. At the same time Abraham had stood for the worship of God alone. The Qur'an therefore claimed that it was restoring the pure monotheism of Abraham which had been corrupted in various, clearly specified ways by Jews, and Christians.Watt states that the charge of altering the scripture may mean no more than giving false interpretations to some passages, though in contemporary Islam it is taken to refer to textual corruption. The corruption of previously revealed books is referred to as tahrif. The Qur'an also stated that there was nothing surprising in Muhammad's rejection by Jews, as that had occurred to other prophets mentioned in Jewish scripture. Watt claims that the Qur'an "also went on to criticize Jewish exaggerations of their claim to be the chosen people"Watt, ''Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman'', p. 116 and argued against the supposed claim of the Jews of Medina "that they alone had a true knowledge of God". The Qur'an also criticized the Jews for believing that Uzair, Ezra is the Son of God, a claim unattested either in Jewish or other extra-Qur'anic sources. Michael Cook considers the charge of considering Ezra as the Son of God to be petty or obscure. The Encyclopedia Judaica article on Ezra says, "Muhammed claims (Sura 9:30) that in the opinion of the Jews, Uzayr (Ezra) is the son of God. These words are enigma because no such opinion is to be found among the Jews, even though Ezra was singled out for special appreciation (see Sanh. 21b; Yev. 86b)." In the Constitution of Medina, Jews were given equality to Muslims in exchange for political loyalty. However, after each major battle with the Medinans, there were accusations of Jewish tribal treachery for aiding the enemies of the community in violation of the Constitution of Medina. After Battle of Badr, Badr and Uhud, the Banu Qainuqa and Banu Nadir, respectively, were expelled "with their families and possessions" from Medina. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Muhammad became increasingly hostile to the Jews over time. He grew to perceive that there were irreconcilable differences between their religion and his, especially when the belief in his prophetic mission became the criterion of a true Muslim."Singer, I. (Ed.). (1901–1906).The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, 12 Volumes. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Entry on ''Muhammad'' When the Jewish community challenged "the way in which the Quran appropriated Biblical accounts and personages; for instance, its making Abraham an Arab and the founder of the Kaa’bah at Mecca" Muhammad "accused them of intentionally concealing its true meaning or of entirely misunderstanding it, and taunted them with being." It is, however, important to note that neither the Quran, or Islamic exegesis called Abraham an Arab, and that the The Jewish Encyclopedia, Jewish Encyclopedia was completed in 1906 and western scholarship on Islam at the time was heavily influenced by Orientalism.
Banu Qurayza
After the Battle of the Trench in 627, the Jews of Banu Qurayza were accused of conspiring with the Meccans. According to Watt, though Qurayza does not appear to have committed any overt hostile actWatt in Encyclopedia of Islam, Banu Qurayza Article and been overtly correct in their behavior,The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 49 they had most likely been involved in negotiations with the enemy." Marco Scholler believes the Banu Qurayza were "openly, probably actively," supporting Meccans and their allies. Nasr writes that it was discovered that Qurayzah had been complicit with the enemy during the Battle. The Qurayza were fought and then defeated in battle, and then were allowed an arbitrator to decide their punishment. A previously allied tribe, Aws, pleaded with Muhammad for him to select an arbitrator from within the ranks of Aws. Banu Qurayza were appointed Sa'd ibn Mua'dh, a leading man among the allied Aws, a tribe that converted to Islam, whom they believed would judge in their favour. Sa'd passed an execution sentence against the Qurayza and 600-900 Qurayza men were beheaded (except for the few who chose to convert to Islam), all women and children enslaved, and their properties confiscated. Watt writes that some of the Arab tribe of Aws wanted to honour their old alliance with Qurayza, are said to have asked Muhammad to forgive the Qurayza for their sake as Muhammad had previously forgiven the Nadir for the sake of Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy. A minority of Muslim scholars reject the incident holding that Ibn Ishaq, the first biographer of Muhammad, supposedly gathered many details of the incident from descendants of the Qurayza Jews themselves. These descendants allegedly embellished or manufactured details of the incident by borrowing from histories of Jewish persecutions during Roman times.W. N. Arafat, "Did Prophet Muhammad ordered 900 Jews killed?", ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''(''JRAS''), pp. 100–07, 1976.See also
*Islam and Judaism *Judaism's view of Muhammad *MukhayriqReferences
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