Chimané (Tsimané) is a South American language isolate. Some dialects are known as Mosetén (Mosetén of Santa Ana, Mosetén of Covendo). Chimane is a language of the western Bolivian lowlands spoken by the
Tsimane peoples along the
Beni River
The Beni River ( es, Río Beni) is a river in the north of Bolivia.
It rises north of La Paz and flows northeast. The Madre de Dios River is where its mouth is at. In the upper portion of its course it flows through highland forest and rainforest ...
and the region around San Borja in the Department of Beni (Bolivia). Sakel (2004)
classifies them as two languages for a number of reasons, yet some of the variants of the language are mutually intelligible and they reportedly have no trouble communicating (''Ethnologue'' 16) and were evidently a single language separated recently through cultural contact (Campbell 2000).
Status
The dialects of Tsimané are in different sociolinguistic situations. Covendo Mosetén has around 600 speakers, while Santa Ana Mosetén only has around 150-200 speakers. Both of these dialects are fading quickly, and almost all speakers of these dialects are bilingual in Spanish. Only older speakers maintain use of the language without Spanish influence. Tsimané proper, on the other hand, has at least 4,000 speakers, and the number of speakers is growing. In addition, the majority of speakers of Tsimané proper are monolingual. The Mosetén were in contact with missions for almost 200 years, while the Tsimané have remained isolated for much longer, thus leading the Tsimané to preserve their customs and traditions, including language, much more than the Mosetén.
Dialects
Dialects listed by
Mason (1950):
*Moseten
**Amo
**Aparono
**Cunana
**Chumpa
**Magdaleno
**Punnucana
**Rache
**Muchanes
**Tucupi
*Chimane
**Chimaniza
**Chumano
**Nawazi-Monlji
Classification
Mosetenan has no obvious relatives among the languages of South America. There is some lexicon shared with
Puquina
Puquina (or Pukina) is a small, putative language family, often portrayed as a language isolate, which consists of the extinct Puquina language and Kallawaya, although it is assumed that the latter is just a remnant of the former mixed with Qu ...
and the
Uru–Chipaya languages
The Uru–Chipaya family is an indigenous language family of Bolivia.
The speakers were originally fishermen on the shores of Lake Titicaca
Lake Titicaca (; es, Lago Titicaca ; qu, Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes m ...
, but these appear to be borrowings.
Morris Swadesh suggested a
Moseten–Chon relationship, which Suárez provided evidence for in the 1970s, and with which
Kaufman
Kaufman or Kauffman may refer to:
People
* Kaufmann (surname) ''Includes Kaufman, Kauffman, Kauffmann''
Places
* Kaufman, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Madison Count
* Kaufman, Texas, a city in Kaufman County
* Kaufman County, Texa ...
(1990) is sympathetic.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Uru-Chipaya,
Yurakare, and
Pano language families due to contact.
Writing system
Chimane has been written since 1980 in a Spanish-based alphabet devised by Wayne Gill. It uses the additional letters ṕ, ć, q́u, tś, ćh, mʼ, nʼ, ä. It is widely used in publications and is taught in Chimane schools.
[Sakel, Jeanette, ''Gender Agreement in Mosetén'', with Crevels, Mily and Simon van de Kerke in Sérgio Meira, Hein van der Voort (Editors): Current Studies on South American Languages, Indigenous Languages of Latin America 3, Leyde, CNWS, 2002 ]
In 1996,
Colette Grinevald
Colette Grinevald (born 1947) is a French linguist. She earned her PhD from Harvard University in 1975 and joined the newly created Linguistics department at the University of Oregon in 1977. Grinevald has written grammars of Jakaltek Popti' and ...
created an alphabet for Moseten and Chimane which used only those letters found on a Spanish keyboard. It included the
multigraph
In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a multigraph is a graph which is permitted to have multiple edges (also called ''parallel edges''), that is, edges that have the same end nodes. Thus two vertices may be connected by more ...
s ph khdh ch chh tsh dh, and was adopted by the Moseten.
Bolivian Law 3603 of 2007 Jan 17 recognizes the rights of the Chimane and Moseten to their language in all aspects of life in Bolivia, including education, and Chimane translation of policy which concerns them, and that written Chimane must use the unique Chimane(-Moseten) alphabet. However, it does not clarify which alphabet this is.
Ley 3603 de Enero 17 de 2007, declara patrimonio cultural, intangible de la nacion la lengua tsimane (chimane-mostene)
Phonology
Tsimané has 5 vowels:
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mosetene and Chimane.
References
;Notes
;Sources
*
* Sakel, Jeanette (2009). Mosetén y Chimane (Tsimane'). In: Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.) ''Lenguas de Bolivia'', vol. I, 333–375. La Paz: Plural editores.
*
External links
ELAR archive of Chimane Documentation Project
Mosetén
( Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chimane language
Language isolates of South America
Languages of Bolivia
Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area