Moscow
Moscow (/ˈmɒskoʊ, -kaʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva,
IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and most
populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city
limits[11] and 17.1 million within the urban area.[12]
Moscow
Moscow is
recognized as a Russian federal city.
Moscow
Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre
of
Russia
Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on
the European continent. By broader definitions
Moscow
Moscow is among the
world's largest cities, being the 14th largest metro area, the 18th
largest agglomeration, the 15th largest urban area, and the 11th
largest by population within city limits worldwide. According to
Forbes
Forbes 2013,[13]
Moscow
Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive
city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world's largest urban
economies, being ranked as an alpha global city according to the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and is also one of
the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the
MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.
Moscow
Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on
Earth. It is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing
structure in Europe; the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in
Europe; and the
Moscow
Moscow International Business Center. By its
territorial expansion on July 1, 2012 southwest into the Moscow
Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to
2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), and it gained an
additional population of 233,000 people.[14][15]
Moscow
Moscow is situated on the
Moskva River
Moskva River in the Central Federal District
of European Russia, making it Europe's most populated inland city. The
city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic
buildings such as
Saint Basil's Cathedral
Saint Basil's Cathedral with its brightly coloured
domes. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it
is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe and the
world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its
borders—more than any other major city—even before its expansion
in 2012. The city has served as the capital of a progression of
states, from the medieval
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent
Tsardom of
Russia
Russia to the
Russian Empire
Russian Empire to the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union and the
contemporary Russian Federation.
Moscow
Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the
site of the
Moscow
Moscow Kremlin, a medieval city-fortress that is today the
residence for work of the President of Russia. The
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin and
Red Square
Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city.
Both chambers of the
Russian parliament
Russian parliament (the
State Duma
State Duma and the
Federation Council) also sit in the city.
Moscow
Moscow is considered the
centre of Russian culture, having served as the home of Russian
artists, scientists and sports figures and because of the presence of
museums, academic and political institutions and theatres.
The city is served by a transit network, which includes four
international airports,[16] nine railway terminals, numerous trams, a
monorail system and one of the deepest underground rapid transit
systems in the world, the
Moscow
Moscow Metro, the fourth-largest in the
world and largest outside
Asia
Asia in terms of passenger numbers, and the
busiest in Europe. It is recognised as one of the city's landmarks due
to the rich architecture of its 200 stations[citation needed].
Moscow
Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size
and preeminent status within the nation: The
Third Rome
Third Rome (Третий
Рим), The Whitestone One (Белокаменная), The First
Throne (Первопрестольная), The Forty Forties
(Сорок Сороков) (The Forty Soroks, "sorok" translates as
forty, but here it is old name of district or parish, and "forty" in
old Russian means not 40, but "great many").
Moscow
Moscow is one of Hero
Cities. In old Russian the word "Сорок" (forty) also meant a
church administrative district, which consisted of about forty
churches. The demonym for a
Moscow
Moscow resident is "москвич"
(moskvich) for male or "москвичка" (moskvichka) for female,
rendered in English as Muscovite.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Early history (1147–1283)
2.3 Grand Duchy (1283–1547)
2.4 Tsardom (1547–1721)
2.5 Empire (1721–1917)
2.6 Soviet era (1917–1991)
2.7 Recent history (1991–present)
3 Geography
3.1 Location
3.2 Time
3.3 Climate
3.3.1 Climate changes
4 Demographics
4.1 Population
4.2 Religion
4.2.1 Religious statistics
5 Cityscape
5.1 Architecture
5.2 Parks and landmarks
5.3
Moscow
Moscow rings
5.4 Transport rings in Moscow
6 Life and culture
6.1 Overview
7 Sports
7.1 Football clubs
8 Entertainment
9 Politics
9.1 Executive
9.2
Moscow
Moscow City Duma
9.3 Administrative divisions
10 Economy
10.1 Overview
10.2 Industry
10.3 Cost of living
11 Science and education
12 Transportation
12.1 Air
12.2 Water
12.3 Railway
12.4 Metro
12.5
Moscow
Moscow Central Circle
12.6 Bus and trolleybus
12.7 Monorail
12.8 Tram
12.9 Taxi
12.10 Roads
13 Future development
14 Media
14.1 Newspapers
14.2 TV and radio
15 Famous people
15.1 Born in Moscow
16 International relations
16.1 Twin towns and sister cities
16.2 Cooperation agreements
16.3 Former twin towns and sister cities
17 Rankings
18 See also
19 References
19.1 Notes
20 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the
Moskva River.[17][18] Finno-Ugric
Merya
Merya and
Muroma
Muroma people, who
originally inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki. It has been
suggested that the name of the city derives from this term.[19]
However, there have been proposed several theories of the origin of
the name of the river. The most linguistically well-grounded and
widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *mŭzg-/muzg- from
the
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European *meu- "wet",[18][20][21] so the name Moskva
might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh.[17] Its cognates
include Russian: музга, muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian: mazgoti
and Latvian: mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit: majjati "to drown", Latin:
mergō "to dip, immerse".[17][20] There exist as well similar place
names in
Poland
Poland like Mozgawa.[17][18][20]
The original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as
*Москы, *Mosky,[17][18] hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem
nouns. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing
a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development
of the language, as a result the first written mentions in the 12th
century were Московь, Moskovĭ (accusative case), Москви,
Moskvi (locative case), Москвe/Москвѣ, Moskve/Moskvě
(genitive case).[17][18] From the latter forms came the modern Russian
name Москва, Moskva, which is a result of morphological
generalisation with the numerous Slavic ā-stem nouns.
However, the form Moskovĭ has left some traces in many other
languages, such as English: Moscow, Spanish: Moscú, German: Moskau,
French: Moscou, Latvian: Maskava, Ottoman Turkish: Moskov, Tatar:
Мәскәү, Mäskäw, Kazakh: Мәскеу, Mäskew, Chuvash:
Мускав, Muskav, etc. In a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia
has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for
Russia
Russia used in
Western
Europe
Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came
English Muscovy and muscovite.
Various other theories (of Celtic, Iranian, Caucasic), having little
or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary
linguists.[17][18]
History[edit]
Main articles:
History of Moscow
History of Moscow and Timeline of Moscow
Prehistory[edit]
The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of
Moscow
Moscow dates from
the
Neolithic
Neolithic (Schukinskaya site on the
Moscow
Moscow River). Within the
modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered (the
burial ground of the Fatyanovskaya culture, the site of the Iron Age
settlement of the Dyakovo culture), on the territory of the Kremlin,
Sparrow Hills,
Setun River
Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc.
In the 9th century, the
Oka River
Oka River was part of the Volga trade route,
and the upper Volga watershed became an area of contact between the
indigenous Finno-Ugric such as the
Merya
Merya and the expanding Volga
Bulgars (particularly the second son of Khan Kubrat who expanded the
borders of the Old Great Bulgaria), Scandinavian (Varangians) and
Slavic peoples.
The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the
upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the
Vyatichi and
Krivichi. The
Moskva River
Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal
into the
Kievan Rus
.png/500px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png)
Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD 1100, a minor
settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River.
Early history (1147–1283)[edit]
Further information:
Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus and Vladimir-Suzdal
The principality on the northeastern periphery of Kievan Rus',
Vladimir-Suzdal, grew into the Grand Duchy of Moscow
The first known reference to
Moscow
Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place
of
Yuri Dolgoruky
Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich. At the time it was a minor
town on the western border of
Vladimir-Suzdal
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
In 1156,
Knjaz
Knjaz
Yury Dolgoruky
Yury Dolgoruky fortified the town with a timber fence
and a moat. In the course of the
Mongol
Mongol invasion of Rus, the Mongols
under
Batu Khan
Batu Khan burned the city to the ground and killed its
inhabitants.
The timber fort na Moskvě "on the
Moscow
Moscow river" was inherited by
Daniel, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, in the 1260s, at the
time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions. Daniel
was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns
(deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver.
Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power
struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his
brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod. From 1283 he acted
as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who
became Grand Duke of Vladimir. Daniel has been credited with founding
the first
Moscow
Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to
Saint Daniel.
Grand Duchy (1283–1547)[edit]
Main article: Grand Duchy of Moscow
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin in the late 16th century
Siege of
Moscow
Moscow (1382)
Red Square
Spassky Cathedral, 1357 (the oldest extant building in Moscow)
Spasskaya Tower
Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491
Daniel I ruled
Moscow
Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a
prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir
by the 1320s.
On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of five miles
(8.0 kilometres) from the Kremlin, not later than in 1282, Daniel
founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St.
Daniel-Stylite. Now it is the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303,
at the age of 42. Before his death he became a monk and, according to
his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.
Moscow
Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large
number of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large
landholdings by practicing primogeniture, whereby all land was passed
to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By
1304,
Yury of Moscow
Yury of Moscow contested with
Mikhail of Tver
Mikhail of Tver for the throne of
the principality of Vladimir. Ivan I eventually defeated
Tver
Tver to
become the sole collector of taxes for the
Mongol
Mongol rulers, making
Moscow
Moscow the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal. By paying high tribute, Ivan
won an important concession from the Khan.
While Khan of the
Golden Horde
Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's
influence, when the growth of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to
threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened
Moscow
Moscow to counterbalance
Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in
Russia. In 1380, prince
Dmitry Donskoy
.jpg)
Dmitry Donskoy of
Moscow
Moscow led a united Russian
army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of
Kulikovo. Afterwards,
Moscow
Moscow took the leading role in liberating
Russia
Russia from
Mongol
Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken
the Russians free from Tatar control, and
Moscow
Moscow became the capital of
an empire that would eventually encompass all of
Russia
Russia and Siberia,
and parts of many other lands.
In 1462 Ivan III, (1440–1505) became Grand Prince of
Moscow
Moscow (then
part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars,
enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By
1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities
in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to
the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he
enlarged the territory sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square
kilometres (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles). He took control of the
ancient "Novgorod Chronicle" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his
regime.[22][23]
The original
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin was built during the 14th century. It was
reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from
Renaissance Italy, such as Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the
new Kremlin wall and its towers, and
Marco Ruffo who designed the new
palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those
designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell
Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in
1600.
A trading settlement, or posad, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in
the area known as Zaradye (Зарядье). In the time of Ivan III,
the Red Square, originally named the Hollow Field (Полое
поле) appeared.
In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged
for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which
would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled in with water
from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat and having a
length of 541 metres (1,775 feet), width of 36 metres (118 feet), and
a depth of 9.5 to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with
limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low,
four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls.
Tsardom (1547–1721)[edit]
Further information: Russian Tsardom
View of 17th-century
Moscow
Moscow (1922 drawing by Apollinary Vasnetsov)
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defences were
built:
Kitay-gorod
Kitay-gorod (Китай-город), the White City (Белый
город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город).
However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571
the
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the
Kremlin.[24] The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants
survived.
The
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held
back by new defence walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman
named Fyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was
erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the
Moscow
Moscow River. As an outermost line of defence, a chain of strongly
fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south
and east, principally the
Novodevichy Convent
Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov,
Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now
house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as
Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The limits of the city as marked
by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the Garden Ring.
Saint Basil's Cathedral
Saint Basil's Cathedral was built in 1561
Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall,
which in the 17th century, were known as: Konstantino-Eleninsky,
Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and
Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two
were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky
gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.
The
Russian famine of 1601–03
Russian famine of 1601–03 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From
1610 through 1612, troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian
throne. In 1612, the people of
Nizhny Novgorod
.png/500px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Montage_(2016).png)
Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian
cities conducted by prince
Dmitry Pozharsky
Dmitry Pozharsky and
Kuzma Minin
Kuzma Minin rose
against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them.
In 1613, the
Zemsky sobor
Zemsky sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing
the Romanov dynasty. The 17th century was rich in popular risings,
such as the liberation of
Moscow
Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders
(1612), the
Salt Riot
Salt Riot (1648), the
Copper Riot
Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow
Uprising of 1682.
During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow
doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its
ramparts in the later 17th century. By 1682, there were 692 households
established north of the ramparts, by
Ukrainians
Ukrainians and Belarusians
abducted from their hometowns in the course of Russo-Polish War
(1654–1667). These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the
Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The
term meshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in
18th-century
Russia
Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or
"narrow-minded philistine".[25]
The entire city of the late 17th century, including the slobodas that
grew up outside the city ramparts, are contained within what is today
Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug.
Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged
Moscow
Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.[26] The plague killed
upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of
the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.[27] In 1712 when Peter the Great
moved his government to the newly built
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg on the Baltic
coast
Moscow
Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital except for a brief period
from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council.
Empire (1721–1917)[edit]
Main article:
Moscow
Moscow Governorate
Further information: Russian Empire
A panoramic view of
Moscow
Moscow in 1867. (Image with notes).
Moskva riverside in the 19th century.
After losing the status as capital of the empire, the population of
Moscow
Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000
in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over
the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by
1915.
Book shops at the Spassky bridge. By Apollinary Vasnetsov
By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730,
the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets
had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps
were installed. In 1741
Moscow
Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 25 miles
(40 kilometres) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at
which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a
number of streets called val (“ramparts”). Between 1781–1804 the
Mytischinskiy water-pipe (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813,
following the destruction of much of the city during French
occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow
was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including
a partial replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings
constructed or reconstructed at this time were the Grand Kremlin
Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the
Moscow
Moscow University, the Moscow
Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1903 the
Moskvoretskaya water-supply was completed.
In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was
paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the
Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and
(following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched
across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms
were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The
Tsar Cannon
Tsar Cannon was located
on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto.
The road connecting
Moscow
Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway,
was completed in 1746, its
Moscow
Moscow end following the old
Tver
Tver road,
which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as
Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky
Palace was built in 1776–1780 by
Matvey Kazakov
Matvey Kazakov as a railway station
specifically reserved for royal journeys from
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg to
Moscow, while coaches for lesser classes arrived and departed from
Vsekhsvyatskoye
.JPG/500px-Memorial_park_main_entrance_(Moscow).JPG)
Vsekhsvyatskoye station.
When Napoleon invaded
Russia
Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated.
It is suspected that the
Moscow
Moscow fire was principally the effect of
Russian sabotage. Napoleon’s
Grande Armée
Grande Armée was forced to retreat and
was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic
attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's
soldiers died during this time.[28]
Moscow
Moscow plague riot of 1771
Moscow State University
Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was
reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi. The
Moskovskiye Vedomosti
Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in
weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.
The
Arbat Street
Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th
century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th
century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt
completely in the early 19th century.
French invasion of
Russia
Russia in 1812, Fire of Moscow, painting by A.F.
Smirnov 1813
In the 1830s, general
Alexander Bashilov
Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular
grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south
of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station
(forerunner of present-day Belorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated
in 1870. Sokolniki Park, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's
falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding
city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public
municipal park in 1878. The suburban
Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was
built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor,
or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov
became Moscow's first official mayor.
When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and smell of
sewage was depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly life
styles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites
called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's
plans for increasing control over social life. National political and
military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and
validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society.
There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public
health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War
in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order
in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth
back on the agenda.[29]
Soviet era (1917–1991)[edit]
Further information: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Plan of Moscow, 1917
December 1941. Fresh forces going to the front from Moscow.
Kalininsky Prospekt in New Arbat Avenue, built in 1968.
Soviet poster, issued on the 800th anniversary of Moscow. The
inscription reads: "Glory to you, invincible Moscow, beauty and pride
of the Russian people".
External video
Song from the Soviet "New Moscow" film
Following the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Vladimir
Lenin, fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Saint
Petersburg back to
Moscow
Moscow on March 5, 1918. The Kremlin once again
became the seat of power and the political centre of the new state.
With the change in values imposed by communist ideology, the tradition
of preservation of cultural heritage was broken. Independent
preservation societies, even those that defended only secular
landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the
1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with
collectivization of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities
peaked around 1932. In 1937 several letters were written to the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union to rename
Moscow
Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar", one from an elderly pensioner
whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to
represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin.[30] Stalin
rejected this suggestion, and after it was suggested again to him by
Nikolai Yezhov, he was "outraged", saying "What do I need this for?".
This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name
in 1936.[31]
During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet State Committee of Defence
and the General Staff of the
Red Army
Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941,
16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25
battalions (18,000 people) and 4 engineering regiments were formed
among the Muscovites. In November 1941, German
Army Group Centre was
stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course
of the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with
much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to
be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned
antitank defences, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May
1, 1944 a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal
"In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" were instituted.
Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of
Moscow
Moscow have
been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat
different estimates. Total casualties between September 30, 1941, and
January 7, 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for
the
Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red
Army.[32][33][34]
During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved
by the invention of high-rise apartments. There are over 11,000 of
these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing the
majority of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the
most high-rise buildings.[35] Apartments were built and partly
furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall
columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film
Irony of Fate
Irony of Fate parodies this
construction method.
The city of
Zelenograd
Zelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles)
from the city centre to the north-west, along the Leningradskoye
Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs.
Moscow State University
Moscow State University moved to its campus on
Sparrow Hills
.jpg/800px-Moscow_(3701534299).jpg)
Sparrow Hills in 1953.
In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign. By
1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down
(mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries
and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of
Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six
demolished.
On May 8, 1965 due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in
World War II
World War II
Moscow
Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City. In 1980 it
hosted the Summer Olympic Games.
The
MKAD
MKAD (ring road) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109
kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The
MKAD
MKAD marked the
administrative boundaries of the city of
Moscow
Moscow until the 1980s, when
outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated. In
1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which were boycotted by the
United States
United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet
Union's involvement in
Afghanistan
Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991
Moscow
Moscow was
the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the
liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.
Recent history (1991–present)[edit]
View of the
State Historical Museum
State Historical Museum from the Manezhnaya Square
View on Radisson Royal Hotel and White House
When the
USSR
USSR was dissolved in the same year,
Moscow
Moscow remained the
capital of the Russian SFSR (on December 25, 1991 the Russian SFSR was
renamed the Russian Federation). Since then, a market economy has
emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing,
services, architecture, and lifestyles.
The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its
population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and
Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991)
produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified
by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a
dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by a heavy
demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments.
In 1995–1997 the
MKAD
MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to
ten lanes. In December 2002
Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo
Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third
Ring Road, intermediate between the early 19th-century
Garden Ring
Garden Ring and
the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt
is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are
appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into
year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there
is heavy traffic congestion.[36] Multiple old churches and other
examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the
Stalin era have been restored, such as Cathedral of Christ the
Saviour.
Geography[edit]
Location[edit]
Satellite image of
Moscow
Moscow and suburbs
Moscow
Moscow aerial view
Moscow
Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for
just over 500 km (311 mi) through the
East European Plain
East European Plain in
central Russia. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the
city's limits. The elevation of
Moscow
Moscow at the All-
Russia
Russia Exhibition
Center (VVC), where the leading
Moscow
Moscow weather station is situated, is
156 metres (512 feet). Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest
point at 255 metres (837 feet).[37] The width of
Moscow
Moscow city (not
limiting MKAD) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and
the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi).
Time[edit]
Main article:
Moscow
Moscow Time
Moscow
Moscow serves as the reference point for the timezone used in most of
European Russia, including Saint Petersburg, Belarus, and the Republic
of Crimea. The areas operate in what is referred to in international
standards as
Moscow
Moscow Standard Time (MSK, мск), which is 3 hours
ahead of UTC, or UTC+3.
Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time is no longer observed.
According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in
Moscow
Moscow occurs at 12:30.[38]
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Moscow
Moscow
Moscow has a hemiboreal climate (
Köppen climate classification
.svg/1100px-World_Köppen_Classification_(with_authors).svg.png)
Köppen climate classification Dfb)
with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters
usually lasting from mid-November through the end of March, and warm
summers. Weather can fluctuate widely with temperatures ranging from
−25 °C (−13 °F) in the city and −30 °C
(−22 °F) in suburbs to above 5 °C (41 °F) in the
winter, and from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) in the
summer.[39]
Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August
are around a comfortable 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F), but
during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime
high temperatures often exceed 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes
for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures
normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though
almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures
rising above 0 °C (32 °F), and periods of cooling with
night temperatures falling below −30 °C (−22 °F).
These periods usually last about a week or two.
The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C
(100.8 °F)[40] at the
VVC weather station
VVC weather station and 39.0 °C
(102.2 °F) in the center of
Moscow
Moscow and
Domodedovo airport
Domodedovo airport on
July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat
waves. Record high temperatures were recorded for January, March,
April, May, July, August, November and December in 2007–2014.[41]
The average July temperature from 1981–2010 is 19.2 °C
(66.6 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was
−42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is
present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid
October, while snow cover lies in November and melts in the beginning
of April.
On average
Moscow
Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a
low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.[42] Between 2004 and
2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to
more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014,
79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in
Moscow
Moscow since records began, with only 6 minutes of sunlight[43] [44].
Temperatures in the centre of
Moscow
Moscow are often significantly higher
than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For
example, if the average February temperature in the north-east of
Moscow
Moscow is −6.7 °C (19.9 °F), in the suburbs it's about
−9 °C (16 °F).[45] The temperature difference between
the centre of
Moscow
Moscow and nearby areas of
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast can sometimes
be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights.
Climate data for
Moscow
Moscow (VVC) normals 1981–2010, records 1879 –
the present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
8.6
(47.5)
8.3
(46.9)
19.7
(67.5)
28.9
(84)
33.2
(91.8)
34.9
(94.8)
38.2
(100.8)
37.3
(99.1)
32.3
(90.1)
24.0
(75.2)
16.2
(61.2)
9.6
(49.3)
38.2
(100.8)
Average high °C (°F)
−4
(25)
−3.7
(25.3)
2.6
(36.7)
11.3
(52.3)
18.6
(65.5)
22.0
(71.6)
24.3
(75.7)
21.9
(71.4)
15.7
(60.3)
8.7
(47.7)
0.9
(33.6)
−3
(27)
9.6
(49.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−6.5
(20.3)
−6.7
(19.9)
−1
(30)
6.7
(44.1)
13.2
(55.8)
17.0
(62.6)
19.2
(66.6)
17.0
(62.6)
11.3
(52.3)
5.6
(42.1)
−1.2
(29.8)
−5.2
(22.6)
5.8
(42.4)
Average low °C (°F)
−9.1
(15.6)
−9.8
(14.4)
−4.4
(24.1)
2.2
(36)
7.7
(45.9)
12.1
(53.8)
14.4
(57.9)
12.5
(54.5)
7.4
(45.3)
2.7
(36.9)
−3.3
(26.1)
−7.6
(18.3)
2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−42.1
(−43.8)
−38.2
(−36.8)
−32.4
(−26.3)
−21
(−6)
−7.5
(18.5)
−2.3
(27.9)
1.3
(34.3)
−1.2
(29.8)
−8.5
(16.7)
−16.1
(3)
−32.8
(−27)
−38.8
(−37.8)
−42.1
(−43.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
52
(2.05)
41
(1.61)
35
(1.38)
37
(1.46)
49
(1.93)
80
(3.15)
85
(3.35)
82
(3.23)
68
(2.68)
71
(2.8)
55
(2.17)
52
(2.05)
707
(27.86)
Average rainy days
0.8
0.7
3
9
13
14
15
15
15
12
6
2
105.5
Average snowy days
18
15
9
1
0.1
0
0
0
0.1
2
10
17
72.2
Average relative humidity (%)
83
80
74
67
64
70
74
77
81
81
84
85
76.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours
33
72
128
170
265
279
271
238
147
78
32
18
1,731
Percent possible sunshine
14
27
35
40
53
53
52
51
38
24
13
8
34
Source: [46] [47] [48][49]
Climate changes[edit]
Below is the 1961–1990 normals table. The annual temperature rose
from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)[50] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F)
in the new 1981–2010 normals. In 2015, the average annual
temperature reached a record of 7.5 °C (45.5 °F).[citation
needed]
Climate data for
Moscow
Moscow (VVC) normals 1961–1990
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
−6.3
(20.7)
−4.2
(24.4)
1.5
(34.7)
10.4
(50.7)
18.4
(65.1)
21.7
(71.1)
23.1
(73.6)
21.5
(70.7)
15.4
(59.7)
8.2
(46.8)
1.1
(34)
−3.5
(25.7)
8.9
(48)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−9.3
(15.3)
−7.7
(18.1)
−2.2
(28)
5.8
(42.4)
13.1
(55.6)
16.6
(61.9)
18.2
(64.8)
16.4
(61.5)
11.1
(52)
5.1
(41.2)
−1.2
(29.8)
−6.1
(21)
5.0
(41)
Average low °C (°F)
−12.3
(9.9)
−11.1
(12)
−5.6
(21.9)
1.7
(35.1)
7.6
(45.7)
11.5
(52.7)
13.5
(56.3)
12.0
(53.6)
7.1
(44.8)
2.0
(35.6)
−3.3
(26.1)
−8.6
(16.5)
1.2
(34.2)
Source: [51][50]
"VVC info" (in Russian). Retrieved
2018-04-03. </ref>[52][53]
Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the
mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by
climate-change activists as evidence of global warming, though by
definition, regional climate change is regional, not global. During
the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002,
2003, 2010, 2011). With a southern part of Central Russia,[54][55]
after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets
dfa trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the
average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C
(10.4 °F), while now it is about −7.0 °C
(19.4 °F).[56] At the end of January–February it is often
colder, with frosts reaching −30.0 °C (−22.0 °F) a few
nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013). The last decade
was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of
Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table
below:
Climate data for
Moscow
Moscow (last decade, September 2006 – August 2016,
VVC)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
−5.5
(22.1)
−3.5
(25.7)
3.2
(37.8)
11.6
(52.9)
20.1
(68.2)
22.7
(72.9)
25.8
(78.4)
23.7
(74.7)
16.5
(61.7)
8.6
(47.5)
2.6
(36.7)
−1.7
(28.9)
10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−7.4
(18.7)
−5.8
(21.6)
−0.1
(31.8)
7.1
(44.8)
14.7
(58.5)
17.7
(63.9)
20.6
(69.1)
18.8
(65.8)
12.6
(54.7)
6.1
(43)
1.1
(34)
−3.6
(25.5)
6.9
(44.4)
Average low °C (°F)
−9.2
(15.4)
−8.1
(17.4)
−3.5
(25.7)
2.5
(36.5)
9.4
(48.9)
12.6
(54.7)
15.4
(59.7)
13.9
(57)
8.7
(47.7)
3.7
(38.7)
−0.3
(31.5)
−4.6
(23.7)
3.4
(38.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
37
65
142
213
274
299
323
242
171
88
33
14
1,901
Source: weatheronline.co.uk[57]
Wind direction in
Moscow
Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values)
North
Northeast
East
South East
Southern
Southwest
West
Northwest
15%
6,8%
7,8%
12,2%
12,6%
14,6%
16,4%
14,5%
Source: world-weather.ru
Demographics[edit]
Population[edit]
See also: Ethnic groups in Moscow
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1897
1,038,625
—
1926
2,019,500
+94.4%
1939
4,137,000
+104.9%
1959
5,032,000
+21.6%
1970
6,941,961
+38.0%
1979
7,830,509
+12.8%
1989
8,967,332
+14.5%
2002
10,382,754
+15.8%
2010
11,503,501
+10.8%
2017
12,228,685
+6.3%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative
divisions.
According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Moscow
was 11,503,501;[58] up from 10,382,754 recorded in the 2002
Census.[59]
At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the
city's population whose ethnicity was known (10,835,092 people)
was:[58]
Russian: 9,930,410 (91.65%)
Ukrainian: 154,104 (1.42%)
Tatar: 149,043 (1.38%)
Armenian: 106,466 (0.98%)
Azerbaijani: 57,123 (0.5%)
Belarusian: 39,225 (0.4%)
Georgian: 38,934 (0.4%)
Uzbek: 35,595 (0.3%)
Tajik: 27,280 (0.2%)
Moldovan: 21,699 (0.2%)
Mordvin: 17,095 (0.2%)
Chechen: 14,524 (0.1%)
Chuvash: 14,313 (0.1%)
Ossetian: 11,311 (0.1%)
Others: 164,825 (1.6%)
668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and
could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of
ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared
group.[60]
The official population of
Moscow
Moscow is based on those holding "permanent
residency." According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow
holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on
the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population
of 13.3 million. The number of undocumented migrants, the vast
majority originating from Central Asia, is estimated to be an
additional 1 million people,[61] giving a total population of about
14.3 million.
Total fertility rate:[62]
2009 – 1.22
2010 – 1.25
2011 – 1.25
2012 – 1.32
2013 – 1.33
2014 – 1.34
2015 – 1.41
2016 – 1.44
Births (2016): 145 252 (11.8 per 1000)
Deaths (2016): 123 623 (10.0 per 1000)
Religion[edit]
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, demolished during the Soviet period,
was reconstructed during 1990–2000
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
Moscow
Moscow Cathedral Mosque
Christianity
Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which the
Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church is the most popular.
Moscow
Moscow is Russia's
capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has been the
country’s traditional religion and was deemed a part of Russia's
"historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.[63] Other religions
practiced in
Moscow
Moscow include Armenian Apostolicism, Buddhism, Hinduism,
Catholicism, Islam, Judaism, Yazidism, Old Believers, Protestantism,
and Rodnovery.
The Patriarch of
Moscow
Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides
in the Danilov Monastery.
Moscow
Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40
churches"—"город сорока сороков
церквей"—prior to 1917. In 1918 the Bolshevik government
declared
Russia
Russia a secular state, which in practice meant that religion
was repressed and society was to become atheistic. During the period
of 1920-1930s a great number of churches in
Moscow
Moscow were demolished,
including historical
Chudov Monastery
Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin, dating from the
14th century, Kazansky Cathedral on the Red Square, the Cathedral of
Christ the Savior, constructed in the 19th century in memory of a
victory over Napoleon's army in 1812, and many more. This continued
even after the Second World War, in 1940-1970s, when persecutions
against religion in the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union became less severe. Most of the
surviving churches and monasteries were closed and then used as clubs,
offices, factories or even warehouses. Since the disintegration of the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been restored
and traditional religions are once again gaining popularity. Among the
churches reconstructed in the 1990s is an impressive new Cathedral of
Christ the Savior that once more has become a landmark. It was built
on the site of the old demolished cathedral, where there had been a
huge open swimming-pool until 1994.
The
Moscow
Moscow mufti council claimed that
Muslims
Muslims numbered around 1.5
million of 10.5 millions of the city's population in 2010.[64] There
are four mosques in the city.[65]
Moscow Cathedral Mosque
Moscow Cathedral Mosque has been built at the site of the former one.
It was officially inaugurated on September 23, 2015. The new mosque
has the capacity of ten thousand worshippers. President of Russia
Vladimir Putin,
President of Turkey
President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President
of the
State of Palestine
State of Palestine
Mahmoud Abbas
Mahmoud Abbas and local Muslim leaders
participated in the inauguration ceremony of this mosque.[66]
Religious statistics[edit]
Religion in
Moscow
Moscow (Sreda Arena Atlas)[67][68]
Russian Orthodoxy
52.8%
Other Orthodox
1.6%
Old Believers
0.8%
Other Christians
3.1%
Islam-including Sunni,Non denominational and Shiite
3.6%
Rodnovery
Rodnovery and other native faiths
0.9%
Spiritual but not religious
19%
Atheism
Atheism and irreligion
11.9%
Other and undeclared
6.3%
Religions and beliefs in
Moscow
Moscow (2012)[67][68]
Religion or belief
%
Russian Orthodox Church
52.8
Old Believers
0.8
Orthodox Christianity, but neither Russian Orthodox Church, nor Old
Believers
1.6
Christianity, but do not adhere to any church
2.8
Protestant
0.3
Islam, but neither Sunni, nor Shia
1.4
Sunni Islam
1.9
Shia Islam
0.3
Worship gods and ancestors (polytheism)
0.9
Other
6.3
Believe in God (or some highest being), but do not follow any religion
19
Do not believe in God
11.9
Cityscape[edit]
Architecture[edit]
Saint Basil's Cathedral
Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow, the masterpiece of Russian
architecture
Moscow
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow's architecture is world-renowned.
Moscow
Moscow is the site of Saint
Basil’s Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the
Cathedral of Christ the Savior
Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The first
Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.
Medieval
Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting
radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped
shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.
The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of
its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some
of the aura of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the
city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries,
palaces, walls, towers, and churches.
The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses
were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with
sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of
Moscow
Moscow in the second
half of the 18th century was necessitated not only by constant fires,
but also the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was
replaced by buildings in the classical style.[69]
One of the "Seven Sisters", Hotel Ukraina
GUM department store
For much of its architectural history,
Moscow
Moscow was dominated by
Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed
drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph
Stalin's large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for
the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of
them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement
through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of
historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of
Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark,
as well as mansions and commercial buildings The city's newfound
status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously
significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the
city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and
most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples
include the
Kazan
Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however,
were lost.[70]
While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing
of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier
post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings
created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist
architects associated with VKHUTEMAS, responsible for such landmarks
as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir
Shukhov, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers
designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a
transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.[71] Shukhov
also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early
Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most
notably the GUM department store on Red Square,[71] bridged with
innovative metal-and-glass vaults.
Ostankino Tower, the tallest freestanding structure in
Europe
Europe and 8th
tallest in the world
Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period
are the so-called Seven Sisters, comprising seven massive skyscrapers
scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the
Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline, their imposing form
was allegedly inspired by the
Manhattan Municipal Building
Manhattan Municipal Building in New York
City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central
spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven
towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among
the tallest constructions in central
Moscow
Moscow apart from the Ostankino
Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest
free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the
world’s seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the
Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa in Dubai,
Taipei 101
Taipei 101 in
Taiwan
Taiwan and the
CN Tower
CN Tower in
Toronto.[72]
The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid
growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large,
monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era
and the styles are often named after the leader then in power
(Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.
Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings
constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are
usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. It is estimated
that
Moscow
Moscow has over twice as many elevators as
New York City
New York City and four
times as many as Chicago. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator
operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to
release residents trapped in elevators.[73]
New Arbat Avenue
Stalinist-era buildings, mostly found in the central part of the city,
are massive and usually ornamented with
Socialist realism
Socialist realism motifs that
imitate classical themes. However, small churches – almost always
Eastern Orthodox– found across the city provide glimpses of its
past. The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart
of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the
20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner
city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street, for example)
are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times.
Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo,
Uzkoye
Uzkoye and other large estates just outside
Moscow
Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some
convents and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open
to Muscovites and tourists.
Attempts are being made to restore many of the city’s best-kept
examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are
easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There
are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such
as the house of the architect
Konstantin Melnikov
Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area.
Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of
historical authenticity.
Facadism
Facadism is also widely practiced.[74] Later
examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by
their impressive size and the semi-
Modernist
Modernist styles employed, such as
with the
Novy Arbat
Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as "false teeth of
Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area
in central
Moscow
Moscow involved in the project.
Monument to the Conquerors of Space
Worker and Kolkhoz Woman
Worker and Kolkhoz Woman sculpture in VDNKh
Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known
personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to
Soviet celebrities not well-known outside (or often, like with
decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia.
There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers,
composers, and artists in the city.
Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under
construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely
criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical
buildings. As much as a third of historic
Moscow
Moscow has been destroyed in
the past few years[75] to make space for luxury apartments and
hotels.[76] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as
the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have
been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of
historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing
conservation laws: in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with
monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the
17th century.[77] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the
reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation
of decaying structures, which include many works by architect
Konstantin Melnikov[78] and Mayakovskaya metro station.
Some organizations, such as
Moscow
Moscow Architecture Preservation
Society[79] and Save Europe's Heritage,[80] are trying to draw the
international public attention to these problems.[81]
Parks and landmarks[edit]
See also: List of
Moscow
Moscow tourist attractions
Red Square
Red Square is a World Heritage Site
Novodevichy Convent
Novodevichy Convent is a World Heritage Site
Ascension church in
Kolomenskoye
Kolomenskoye is a World Heritage Site
Gorky Park
VDNKh
Victory Park on Poklonnaya Hill
Zaryadye Park
There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical
gardens. There are 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of
green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of
forests.[82]
Moscow
Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities
of comparable size in Western
Europe
Europe and North America; this is partly
due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between
residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters
(290 sq ft) of parks per person in
Moscow
Moscow compared with 6
for Paris, 7.5 in
London
London and 8.6 in New York.[83]
Gorky Park (officially the
Central Park
Central Park of Culture and Rest named
after Maxim Gorky), was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square
metres or 170 acres)[83] along the Moskva river contains estrades,
children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds
with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other
sports facilities. It borders the
Neskuchny Garden
Neskuchny Garden (408,000 square
metres or 101 acres), the oldest park in
Moscow
Moscow and a former imperial
residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in
the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the
largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand
people.[84]
Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest",
sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as
Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest
Parks (lesopark).
Izmaylovsky Park, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks
in the world along with
Richmond Park
Richmond Park in London. Its area of 15.34
square kilometres (5.92 sq mi) is six times greater than
that of
Central Park
Central Park in New York.[83]
Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in
the past, is one of the oldest parks in
Moscow
Moscow and has an area of 6
square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). A central circle with a large
fountain is surrounded by birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A
labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.
Losiny Ostrov National Park
Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total
area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders
Sokolniki Park
Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild,
and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.
Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945
is the largest in Europe.[85] It covers territory of 3.61 square
kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-
Russia
Russia Exhibition
Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species
of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific
research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a
dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding
100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square
metres (53,820 square feet) of land.[83]
The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский
выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union
Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements
of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent
trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era
monumental architecture. Among the large spans of recreational park
areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a
branch of Soviet industry and science or a
USSR
USSR republic. Even though
during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a
gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for
small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural
landmarks, including two monumental fountains (Stone Flower and
Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the
park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National
Economy.[86]
Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a
large rosarium.
Moscow
Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the
more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site,
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,[87] which was built between the 14th
and 17th centuries.[88] The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye,
which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO
World Heritage Site
World Heritage Site and
another popular attraction.[89]
Near the new
Tretyakov Gallery
Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon,
often called "the graveyard of fallen monuments" that displays statues
of the former
Soviet Union
Soviet Union that were removed from their place after
its dissolution.
Other attractions include the
Moscow
Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden in two
sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly
a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.[90] Each year, the
zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.[90] Many of Moscow's
parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.
Moscow
Moscow rings[edit]
The
Garden Ring
Garden Ring in the area of Krimsky Val Street
The concentric and outward spanning roads of Moscow, as viewed from
the International Space Station
Moscow
Moscow as viewed from the International Space Station, January 29,
2014
Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart
of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect
with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").
The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard
Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall
around what used to be called
Bely Gorod
Bely Gorod (White Town).[91] The
Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a
complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that begins at the
Cathedral of Christ the Savior
Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River.
The second primary ring, located outside the bell end of the Boulevard
Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring,
the
Garden Ring
Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to
encompass part of Moscow.[91]
The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a
high-speed freeway.
The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is cancelled in 2011.
Aside from aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro is a
circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya,
"ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third
Transport Ring.
September 10, 2016,
Moscow Central Circle
Moscow Central Circle renovated railroad (former
Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga) was introduced as 14th line
of
Moscow
Moscow Metro. The railroad itself was in use since 1907, but before
the renovation it was a non-electrified railroad for transit needs of
fueled locomotives only.
The outermost ring within
Moscow
Moscow is the
Moscow Ring Road
Moscow Ring Road (often called
MKAD, acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая
Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the cultural
boundary of the city, was established in the 1950s. It is to note the
method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of
concreete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier
that obstacles building roads under the
MKAD
MKAD highway itself).
Before 2012 expansion of Moscow,
MKAD
MKAD was considered an approximate
border for
Moscow
Moscow boundaries.
Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to
follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with notable
example of Betonka road, originally made of concrete pads.
Transport rings in Moscow[edit]
Length
Name
Type
9 km
Boulevard Ring
Boulevard Ring - Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring)
Road
16 km
Garden Ring
Garden Ring - Sadovoye Koltso ("B")
Road
19 km
Koltsevaya Line
Koltsevaya Line (Line 5)
Light rail
35 km
Third Ring Road - Third Transport Ring - Tretye Transportnoye Koltso
(TTK)
Road
54 km
Little Ring of the
Moscow
Moscow Railway, re-opened as
Moscow
Moscow Central Ring
(MCC) - Line 14
Railway
67 km
Bolshaya Koltsevaya line
Bolshaya Koltsevaya line - Line 11
Light rail
109 km
Moscow Automobile Ring Road
Moscow Automobile Ring Road - Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya
Doroga (MKAD)
Road
Life and culture[edit]
Overview[edit]
Tsaritsyno Park/Museum
Bolshoi Theatre
State Historical Museum
Tretyakov Gallery
Moscow
Moscow International House of Music
One of the most notable art museums in
Moscow
Moscow is the Tretyakov
Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the
arts who donated a large private collection to the city.[92] The
Tretyakov Gallery
Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov
gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south
bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian
tradition.[93] The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as
Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be
found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century
iconographer Andrei Rublev.[93] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in
Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as
of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the
Old
Tretyakov Gallery
Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery
includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous Monument
to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by
artists like
Kazimir Malevich
Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Socialist realism
features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov
Gallery.
The
Pushkin Museum
Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
Another art museum in the city of
Moscow
Moscow is the
Pushkin Museum
Pushkin Museum of Fine
Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina
Tsvetaeva. The
Pushkin Museum
Pushkin Museum is similar to the
British Museum
British Museum in
London
London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world
civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it
also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude
Monet, Paul Cézanne, and
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's
collection.
The
State Historical Museum
State Historical Museum of
Russia
Russia (Государственный
Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history
located between
Red Square
Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its
exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting
present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of
the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's
collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum,[94]
founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a
wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements,
including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet
computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.[95] The
Borodino Panorama[96] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an
opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a
360° diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial
commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over
Napoleon’s army, that includes also the triumphal arch, erected in
1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues,
and military hardware.
Moscow
Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet
and film, with 68 museums[97] 103[98] theaters, 132 cinemas and 24
concert halls. Among Moscow’s theaters and ballet studios is the
Bolshoi Theatre
Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre[99] as well as Vakhtangov
Theatre and
Moscow
Moscow Art Theatre.
The
Moscow
Moscow International Performance Arts Center,[100] opened in 2003,
also known as
Moscow
Moscow International House of Music, is known for its
performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia
installed in Svetlanov Hall.
There are also two large circuses in Moscow:
Moscow State Circus
Moscow State Circus and
Moscow
Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard[101] named after Yuri Nikulin.
Memorial Museum of Astronautics
Memorial Museum of Astronautics under the Monument to the Conquerors
of Space in the end of
Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place
for the Russian space officials.
The
Mosfilm
Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is
responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.[102]
However, despite the continued presence and reputation of
internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native
studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the
Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema[103] collection
are shown regularly.
The
Shchusev State Museum of Architecture
Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of
Russian architecture
Russian architecture by the name of the architect
Alexey Shchusev
Alexey Shchusev near
the Kremlin area.
Sports[edit]
Main articles: Sport in
Moscow
Moscow and Football in Moscow
Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.[104]
Moscow
Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light
athletics maneges), of which
Luzhniki Stadium
Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the
4th biggest in
Europe
Europe (it hosted the 1998–99
UEFA
UEFA Cup, 2007–08
UEFA
UEFA Champions League finals, and the 1980 Summer Olympics, and will
host the
2018 FIFA World Cup
2018 FIFA World Cup with 6 games total). Forty other sport
complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial
ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy
and hosted the
Bandy
Bandy World Championship twice.[105]
Moscow
Moscow was again
the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye.[106]
That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships.
There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow,[82] of which
Central
Moscow
Moscow Hippodrome,[107] founded in 1834, is the largest.
Luzhniki Stadium
Moscow
Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, with the
yachting events being held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. Large
sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo
Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics.
Moscow
Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when
final voting commenced on July 6, 2005,
Moscow
Moscow was the first city to
be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London.
The most titled ice hockey team in the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union and in the world,
HC CSKA Moscow
HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from
Moscow
Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in
the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow.
The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague
clubs, is the basketball club from
Moscow
Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. Moscow
hosted the
EuroBasket
EuroBasket in 1953 and 1965.
Otkrytiye Arena
Moscow
Moscow had more winners at the
USSR
USSR and Russian Chess Championship
than any other city.
The most titled volleyball team in the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union and in
Europe
Europe (CEV
Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.
In football,
FC Spartak Moscow
FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the
Russian Premier League
.svg/200px-Prem'er-Liga_(2008).svg.png)
Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to
FC Dynamo Kyiv
FC Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Union.
PFC CSKA Moscow
PFC CSKA Moscow was the first
Russian football team to win a
UEFA
UEFA title. FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC
Dynamo
Moscow
Moscow and
FC Torpedo Moscow
FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football
teams also based in Moscow.
Moscow
Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball
teams. Because sports organisations in the
Soviet Union
Soviet Union were once
highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented
defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the
Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo). There were army and police
teams in most major cities. A a result Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were
among the best-funded teams in the USSR.
Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a
following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing
and frozen ponds for skating.
Moscow
Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on
both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the
women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.
SC Olimpiyskiy hosted the
Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 2009, the first and
so far the only
Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Russia.
SC Olimpiyskiy
Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national
Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC
Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of 2011[update]. The
Luzhniki Stadium
Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens.
In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times
Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. They have also won the World
Cup twice and European Cup six times.
MFK Dinamo Moskva
MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe.
Russia
Russia was given the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and in
Moscow, the
Luzhniki Stadium
Luzhniki Stadium will have an increased capacity, by
almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that
will be built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium. Together
these will have a capacity of at least 40,000 seats.
Football clubs[edit]
Club
Founded
Current League
League Rank
Stadium
Spartak Moscow
1922
Premier League
1st
Otkrytiye Arena
CSKA Moscow
1911
Premier League
1st
VEB Arena
Lokomotiv Moscow
1923
Premier League
1st
RZD Arena
Dinamo Moscow
1923
Premier League
1st
Arena Khimki
Torpedo Moscow
1924
PFL
3rd
Spartak Stadium
Chertanovo Moscow
1993
PFL
3rd
Arena Chertanovo
Entertainment[edit]
See also: List of shopping malls in Moscow
Tverskaya Street
The city is full of clubs, restaurants and bars.
Tverskaya Street
Tverskaya Street is
also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.
The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in
Kitai-gorod, is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari,
Tiffany & Co., Armani,
Prada
Prada and Bentley.[108] Nightlife in Moscow
has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the
world's largest nightclubs. Clubs, bars, creative spaces and
restaurants-turned-into-dancefloors are flooding
Moscow
Moscow streets with
new openings every year. The hottest area is located around the old
chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and
restaurants are placed.[109]
Politics[edit]
View from the Seven Sisters in Kudrinskaya Square. The mayor's
highrise office (the former
Comecon
Comecon headquarters) is to the left, the
Russian government
Russian government building to the right
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Russia
Russia main building
The White House
Moscow
Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre
of the city, in the Central Administrative Okrug, is the Moscow
Kremlin, which houses the home of the President of
Russia
Russia as well as
national governmental facilities. This includes military headquarters
and the headquarters of the Federal Security Service. Moscow, like
with any national capital, is also the host of all the foreign
embassies and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia.
Moscow
Moscow is designated as one of three federal cities of
Russia
Russia – the
others being
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg and
Sevastopol
Sevastopol (although the status of
the latter is disputed). Among the 85 federal subjects of Russia,
Moscow
Moscow represents the most populated one and the second-smallest one
in terms of area.
Moscow
Moscow is located within the central economic
region, one of twelve regions within
Russia
Russia with similar economic
goals. The basic law of the city is the
Charter of Moscow that was
adopted in 1995.
Executive[edit]
The
Mayor of Moscow
Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading
the Government of Moscow, which is the highest organ of executive
power.
Moscow
Moscow City Duma[edit]
Main article:
Moscow
Moscow City Duma
The
Moscow City Duma
Moscow City Duma is the
City Duma
City Duma (city council or local
parliament) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45
members who are elected for a five-year term on Single-mandate
constituency basis.
Administrative divisions[edit]
Administrative okrugs of Moscow: 1. Central 2. Northern 3.
North-Eastern 4. Eastern 5. South-Eastern 6. Southern 7. South-Western
8. Western 9. North-Western 10. Zelenogradsky 11. Novomoskovsky 12.
Troitsky
Main article: Administrative divisions of Moscow
The entire city of
Moscow
Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin).
The city of
Moscow
Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and
123 districts.
The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early
as the 12th century, when the city was founded. The central part of
Moscow
Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval
principles of urban development, when strong fortress walls would
gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements.
The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings,
laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.
The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense
boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy
Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring,
and the small railway ring. The
Moscow Ring Road
Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been
Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the
main
Moscow
Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third
Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the
characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's
further development. However, contemporary
Moscow
Moscow has also engulfed a
number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and
the town of Zelenograd. A part of
Moscow
Moscow Oblast's territory was merged
into
Moscow
Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result,
Moscow
Moscow is no longer fully
surrounded by
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga
Oblast.[110] In all,
Moscow
Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers
(580 sq mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's
Mayor
Mayor Sergey
Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help
Moscow
Moscow and the
neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop
"harmonically".[14]
All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms
and flags as well as individual heads of the area.
In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special
Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent
populations. Such is the case with the All-
Russia
Russia Exhibition Centre,
the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent
years, some territories have been merged with different districts.
There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns
that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although
districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those
areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green
zones are considered more prestigious.[111]
Moscow
Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of
Moscow
Moscow Oblast,
although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.[112]
Economy[edit]
See also: Economy of Russia
Overview[edit]
MIBC, one of the largest financial centres in Europe
Moscow
Moscow Exchange
Moscow
Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in
Europe
Europe and it
accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product
(GDP).[113] As of 2016[update], the nominal GRP in
Moscow
Moscow reached
₽14,3 trillion[114][115]$250 billion($642 billion in Purchasing
Power[116]),[117] $20,500 per capita($52,000 per capita in Purchasing
Power[118][119])
Moscow
Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all federal subjects of
Russia, standing at just 1% in 2010, compared to the national average
of 7%. The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽60,000[120]
($2,700 in Purchasing Power[121]), which is almost twice the national
average of ₽34,000[122] ($1,500 in Purchasing Power[121]), and the
highest among the federal subjects of Russia.
Moscow
Moscow is the financial center of
Russia
Russia and home to the country's
largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as natural gas
giant Gazprom.
Moscow
Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in
Russia
Russia and
for 13% of all construction activity in the country.[123][124] Since
the 1998 Russian financial crisis, business sectors in
Moscow
Moscow have
shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and
office buildings have been built in recent years, but
Moscow
Moscow still
experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former
industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become
suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in
recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption continue still hinder
business development.
The Cherkizovskiy marketplace was the largest marketplace in Europe,
with a daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten
thousand venders[125] from different countries (including China,
Turkey,
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan and India). It was administratively divided into
twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city. Since July 2009 it
has been closed.
In 2008,
Moscow
Moscow had 74 billionaires with an average wealth of $5.9
billion, which placed it above New York's 71 billionaires. However, as
of 2009[update], there were 27 billionaires in
Moscow
Moscow compared with
New York's 55 billionaires. Overall,
Russia
Russia lost 52 billionaires
during the recession.[126] Topping the list of Russia's billionaires
in 2009 is
Mikhail Prokhorov
Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more
famous
Roman Abramovich
Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in 2nd place. Prokhorov's
holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" (ONÈKSIM) group, owns huge assets
in hydrogen energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious
metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft
to Russian state-controlled gas giant
Gazprom
Gazprom in 2005, has bought up
steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest
woman remains Yelena Baturina, the 50-year-old second wife of Moscow
Mayor
Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Oleg Deripaska, the 1st on this list in 2008 with
$28 billion, was only 10th in 2009 with $3.5 billion. Based on Forbes'
2011 list of the world's billionaires,
Moscow
Moscow is the city with the
most billionaires in the world, with 79 from 115 in all of
Russia.[127]
The nouveau riche, also called the "New Russians", often in a
derogatory sense, have a reputation for flaunting their wealth; the
avenues for doing so have also increased in recent times at the many
haute couture and haute cuisine spots in Moscow.
Industry[edit]
Primary industries in
Moscow
Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food,
textile, furniture, energy production, software development and
machinery industries.
The
Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the leading producers of
military and civil helicopters in the world. Khrunichev State Research
and Production Space Center produces various space equipment,
including modules for space stations Mir,
Salyut
Salyut and the ISS as well
as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin,
Mikoyan,
Tupolev
Tupolev and
Yakovlev
Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in
Moscow. NPO Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and
American space programs, as well as
Lavochkin
Lavochkin design bureau, which
built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since
the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent city in Moscow
Oblast that have largely been enclosed by
Moscow
Moscow from its sides.
Automobile plants
ZiL
ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle
plant, are situated in
Moscow
Moscow and
Metrovagonmash
Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is
located just outside the city limits. The
Poljot
Poljot
Moscow
Moscow watch factory
produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia
and abroad.
Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie"
produced by this factory.
The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia.
The Kristall distillery[128] is the oldest distillery in Russia
producing vodka types, including "Stolichnaya" while wines are
produced at
Moscow
Moscow wine plants, including the
Moscow
Moscow Interrepublican
Vinery.[129] The
Moscow
Moscow Jewelry Factory[130] and the Jewellerprom[131]
are producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the
exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's
Red Army
Red Army during World War II.
There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as
well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including
Ruselectronics
Ruselectronics companies.
Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the
largest Russian company, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as
other oil, gas and electricity companies.
Moscow
Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunication and
technology companies, including 1C, ABBYY, Beeline, Kaspersky Lab,
Mail.Ru
Mail.Ru Group, MegaFon, MTS, Rambler&Co, Rostelecom, Yandex, and
Yota.
Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the
ecological state of the city.
Cost of living[edit]
Tretyakovsky Proyezd
Stoleshnikov Lane
Vegas retail-entertainment complex, theme-park shopping mall
During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government
according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including
people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses
according to their honors).
Private ownership
Private ownership of apartments was
limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property
rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate
owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a
fixed amount based on persons per living area.
The price of real estate in
Moscow
Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could
expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the
outskirts of the city[132] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a
prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per
square meter in a flat.[133][134][135] It costs about US$1,200 per
month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for
a studio in the center of Moscow.
A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320
square feet), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square
metres (480 square feet), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is
seventy square metres (750 square feet). Many cannot move out of their
apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment
originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city
residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting
their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the
city.
In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named
Moscow
Moscow the world's
most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial
winner Tokyo, due to the stable
Russian ruble
Russian ruble as well as increasing
housing prices within the city.[136]
Moscow
Moscow also ranked first in the
2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However,
Tokyo
Tokyo has
overtaken
Moscow
Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing
Moscow
Moscow at third behind
Osaka
Osaka in second place.[137]
In 2008,
Moscow
Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for
the third year in a row.[138]
In 2014, according to Forbes,
Moscow
Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive
city in the world.
Forbes
Forbes ranked
Moscow
Moscow the 2nd most expensive city
the year prior.[139]
Science and education[edit]
Further information: Education in Russia
Moscow
Moscow State University
There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.[82]
Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education,
including 60 state universities[82] and the Lomonosov
Moscow
Moscow State
University, which was founded in 1755.[140] The main university
building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is 240 metres
(790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the
continent.[141] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000
postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and
450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high
school students take courses at the university, while over two
thousand researchers work. The
Moscow State University
Moscow State University library
contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest
libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international
academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students
have graduated from the university, with many coming to
Moscow
Moscow to
become fluent in the Russian language.[142]
The
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after
Ivan Sechenov
Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as
Moscow Medical Academy
Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is
a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in
1785 as the faculty of the
Moscow
Moscow state University. It is a Russian
Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the
largest medical universities in
Russia
Russia and Europe. More than 9200
students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses
for post-graduate studies.
Moscow
Moscow is one of the financial centers of the
Russian Federation
Russian Federation and
CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are
the Finance Academy under the Government of RF; Plekhanov Russian
University of Economics; The State University of Management, and the
State University - Higher School of Economics. They offer
undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing,
real estate and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and
MBAs.Most of them have branches in other regions of
Russia
Russia and
countries around the world.
Russian Academy of Sciences
Building of the
Moscow
Moscow Conservatory
Bauman
Moscow
Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located
in the center of
Moscow
Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000
postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering,
offering technical degrees.[143] Since it opened enrollment to
students from outside
Russia
Russia in 1991, Bauman
Moscow
Moscow State Technical
University has increased its number of international students up to
two hundred.[144]
The
Moscow
Moscow Conservatory,[145] founded in 1866, is a prominent music
school in
Russia
Russia whose graduates include Sergey Rachmaninoff,
Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and
Alfred Schnittke.
The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography,
abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in
Cinematography, founded by
Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Sergei Eisenstein,
Vsevolod Pudovkin, and
Aleksey Batalov
Aleksey Batalov were among its most
distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov, Sergei Parajanov,
Andrei Tarkovsky, Nikita Mikhalkov, Eldar Ryazanov, Alexander Sokurov,
Yuriy Norshteyn, Aleksandr Petrov, Vasily Shukshin,
Konrad Wolf
Konrad Wolf among
graduates.
Bauman
Moscow
Moscow State Technical University
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography
Moscow
Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944,
remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and
diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations.
Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and
over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books — of which 20,000
are considered rare — can be found in the library of the Moscow
State Institute of International Relations.[146]
Other institutions are the
Moscow
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,
also known as Phystech, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, founded
in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov, the Moscow
Aviation Institute, the
Moscow
Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical
University), and the
Moscow
Moscow
Engineering
Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize
winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov,
Lev Landau
Lev Landau and
Alexander Prokhorov, while the
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is
known for its research in nuclear physics.[147] The highest Russian
military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of
the Russian Federation.
Although
Moscow
Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational
institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or
the fundamental sciences, in recent years
Moscow
Moscow has seen a growth in
the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes
in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded
their education scope and introduced new courses or departments.
Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia,
have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate
degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student
exchange programs with different (especially, European) countries have
also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within
the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures and courses for
corporate employees and businessmen.
Moscow
Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The
headquarters of the
Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow
as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov
Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in
the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in
Europe
Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics,
Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute
for Physical Problems and
Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all
situated in Moscow.
There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.[82]
The Russian State Library,[148] founded in 1862, is the national
library of Russia. The library is home to over 275 km
(171 mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17
million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music
scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest
library in
Russia
Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247
languages comprise 29% of the collection.[149][150]
The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest
library specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four
million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former
USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and
the history of science.[151]
In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, Clifford J.
Levy of
The New York Times
The New York Times wrote, "
Moscow
Moscow has some strong public
schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it
is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge.
Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better
public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."[152]
Transportation[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Moscow
Air[edit]
Sheremetyevo International Airport
Domodedovo International Airport
Vnukovo International Airport
There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow:
Sheremetyevo International Airport
Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO)
Domodedovo International Airport
Domodedovo International Airport (DME)
Vnukovo International Airport
Vnukovo International Airport (VKO)
Zhukovsky International Airport
Zhukovsky International Airport (ZIA)
Ostafyevo International Airport
Ostafyevo International Airport (OSF)
Sheremetyevo International Airport
Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for
foreign visitors, handling 60% of all international flights.[153] It
is also a home to all
SkyTeam
SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot.
(itself a member of SkyTeam.)
Domodedovo International Airport
Domodedovo International Airport is the
leading airport in
Russia
Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the
primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its
international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. Most of Star Alliance
members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo
International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa,
Wizz Air
Wizz Air and others.
Ostafyevo International Airport
Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily
to business aviation.
Moscow's airports vary in distances from the
MKAD
MKAD beltway: Domodedovo
is the farthest at 22 km (14 mi); Vnukovo is 11 km
(7 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 km (6 mi); and Ostafievo,
the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.[153]
There are a number of smaller airports close to
Moscow
Moscow (19 in Moscow
Oblast) such as Myachkovo Airport, that are intended for private
aircraft, helicopters and charters.[154]
Water[edit]
Moscow
Moscow has two passenger terminals, (
South River Terminal
South River Terminal and North
River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship
routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used
mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is
the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight
ports serving Moscow.
Railway[edit]
The high-speed
Sapsan
Sapsan train links
Moscow
Moscow with Saint Petersburg
Komsomolskaya Square known as Three Station Square thanks to three
ornate rail terminal situated there: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and
Kazansky.
Paveletskaya railway station
Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals
(or vokzals) are:
Belorussky Rail Terminal
Kazansky Rail Terminal
Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
Kursky Rail Terminal
Leningradsky Rail Terminal
Paveletsky Rail Terminal
Rizhsky Rail Terminal
Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal
The terminals are located close to the city center, along the metro
ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metroline to the centre of
town. Each station handles trains from different parts of
Europe
Europe and
Asia.[155] There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train
tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travelling for
Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's
second-largest city.
Moscow
Moscow is the western terminus of the
Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres
(5,800 mi) of Russian territory to
Vladivostok
Vladivostok on the Pacific
coast.
Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka
(electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these
terminals to the nearby (up to 140 km or 87 mi) large
railway stations.
During the 2010s, the
Little Ring of the Moscow Railway
Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted
to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with
Moscow
Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, 2016.
There is a connecting railway line on the North side of the town that
connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by
some suburban trains.
The
Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway
Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway forms a ring around the main
part of Moscow.
Metro[edit]
Main article:
Moscow
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro route map, 2017, with planned stations
Moscow
Moscow metro system is famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate
chandeliers. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the
centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a
Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an
appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future
Soviet large-scale technologies.
Lazar Kaganovich
Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he
designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos
of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original
stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example,
the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs
depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at
the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical
prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus." (Soviet man).[156]
The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of
Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.[157] Soviet workers did
the labour and the art work, but the main engineering designs, routes,
and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the
London
London Underground. The Britons called for tunnelling instead of the
"cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and
designed the routes and the rolling stock.[158] The paranoia of Stalin
and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous
British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth
knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the
Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and
deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the
USSR.[159]
Today, the
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground
with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway
systems in the world; for instance the Park Pobedy station, completed
in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest
escalators in Europe. The
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro is one of the world's busiest
metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily.
(300,000,000 people every month)[160] Facing serious transportation
problems,
Moscow
Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the
authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to
solving transportation issues.[161]
Arbatskaya
Kiyevskaya
Komsomolskaya
Mayakovskaya
Novokuznetskaya
Novoslobodskaya
Ploshchad Revolyutsii
Elektrozavodskaya
Baumanskaya
Park Pobedy
Taganskaya
Delovoy Tsentr
Moscow
Moscow Central Circle[edit]
Main article:
Moscow
Moscow Central Circle
Moscow Central Circle
Moscow Central Circle is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) urban-metro
railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow.
It was built alongside of Little Ring of the
Moscow
Moscow Railway, taking
some of its tracks into itself as well.
The MCC opened for passenger use on September 10, 2016.
The line is operated by the
Moscow Government
Moscow Government owned company MKZD
through the
Moscow
Moscow Metro, with the Federal Government owned Russian
Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The track
infrastructure and most platforms are owned by Russian Railways, while
most station buildings are owned by MKZD.
Bus and trolleybus[edit]
As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison
to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), a bus network
radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones.
Moscow
Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses
(Central Bus Terminal) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand
passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.[162]
Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route.
Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have
trolley wires over them.
With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of
single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow
trolleybus system is the largest in the world. Opened on November 15,
1933 it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.
Monorail[edit]
Main article:
Moscow
Moscow Monorail
The
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line. The line connects
Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina, passing
close to VVTs. The line opened in 2004. No additional fare is needed
(first metro-monorail transfer in 90 minutes does not charge).
Tram[edit]
Moscow
Moscow Tram Network
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Moscow
Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. The
newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low,
making up for approximately 5% of trips, because many vital
connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain
important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams
also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example
between Universitet station of
Sokolnicheskaya Line
Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and
Profsoyuznaya station of
Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line
Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or
between Voykovskaya and Strogino.
There are three tram networks in the city:
Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at
Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform
Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it
could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (0.62 miles)
of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in
Moscow
Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane
(passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because
now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky
lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet
station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is
connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya
streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was
withdrawn in 1987 due to fire at Dinamo plant and has not been
recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network
may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.
In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit
services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more
effective as at-grade tram lines and that the current problems with
trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical
properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the
Moscow
Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.
Pesa Fokstrot
AKSM-85300M
Citadis 302
KTMA
KTM 71-630
Taxi[edit]
The taxi service market in
Moscow
Moscow has changed dramatically over the
years 2014–2015. New technology and service platforms Yandex.Taxi,
Uber and Gett (ex-GetTaxi) displaced many private drivers and small
service providers. By the beginning of 2015 newcomers were servicing
more than 50% of all taxi orders in
Moscow
Moscow and are still rapidly
growing.[163][164]
A taxi can be called using a smartphone, tablet or PC in 5–15
minutes. Commercial taxi services are available. In addition, route
taxis are in widespread use.
Porsche Cayenne
_GTS_wagon_(2015-08-07)_01.jpg/560px-2014_Porsche_Cayenne_(92A_MY14)_GTS_wagon_(2015-08-07)_01.jpg)
Porsche Cayenne taxi
Maybach
Maybach taxi
Roads[edit]
There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have
seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and
lack of parking space to become major problems.
The
Moscow Ring Road
Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and
the cancelled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways
that run within
Moscow
Moscow city limits. There are several other roadway
systems that form concentric circles around the city.
Future development[edit]
Moscow
Moscow International Business Center
Skolkovo Innovation Center
The
Moscow International Business Center
.jpg/800px-Moscow-City_(36211143494).jpg)
Moscow International Business Center is a projected new part of
central Moscow. Situated in Presnensky District, located at the Third
Ring, the
Moscow
Moscow City area is under intense development. The goal of
MIBC is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern
Europe,[165] that will combine business activity, living space and
entertainment. The project was conceived by the
Moscow
Moscow government in
1992.
The construction of
Moscow-City
Moscow-City takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya
embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250
acres). The area is the only spot in downtown
Moscow
Moscow that can
accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings
there are old factories and industrial complexes.
The Federation Tower, completed in 2016, is the tallest building in
Europe. Also to be included in the project are a water park and other
recreational facilities; business and entertainment complexes, office
and residential buildings, the transport network and the new site of
the
Moscow
Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in
the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two
others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some
additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly
connecting MIBC with the
Sheremetyevo International Airport
Sheremetyevo International Airport is also
planned. Major thoroughfares through
Moscow-City
Moscow-City are the Third Ring
and Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Three metro stations were initially planned
for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005,
and was later renamed
Vystavochnaya
Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to
the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on third station,
Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been
postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the
Savyolovskaya
.jpg/600px-Metro_MSK_Line9_Savyolovskaya_(img2).jpg)
Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.
A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to MKAD,
Garden Ring
Garden Ring and the Third
Ring) has been designed and is being built around Moscow. It is to be
completed by 2012 and will have a total length of 61 kilometres
(38 mi).[166][167][168]
In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper
Kommersant[169][170][171][172] reported that because of the worldwide
economic crisis, which started in 2008 and spread globally, many of
the construction projects in
Moscow
Moscow (especially in the Moscow
International Business Center) are frozen and may be cancelled
altogether—like the ambitious "
Russia
Russia Tower" in "Moscow-city".
Media[edit]
See also: Media of Russia
RIA Novosti
RIA Novosti headquarters in Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide television
networks, radio stations, newspapers and magazines.
Newspapers[edit]
Further information: List of newspapers in Russia
English-language media include
The Moscow Times
.png)
The Moscow Times and
Moscow
Moscow News, which
are, respectively, the largest[173] and oldest English-language weekly
newspapers in all of Russia. Kommersant,
Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta
are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow.
Kommersant
Kommersant and
Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language
business newspapers.
TV and radio[edit]
See also: Television in Russia
Ostankino Technical Center
View from
Imperia Tower
Imperia Tower to Ostankino Tower
Other media in
Moscow
Moscow include the Echo of Moscow, the first Soviet and
Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the
first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of
radio stations in
Moscow
Moscow in the FM band is near 50.
Moscow
Moscow television networks:
Channel One
Russia-1
Russia-2
NTV
TV Tsentr
Channel 5
Rossiya Kultura
Russia-24
Public Television of Russia
REN TV
STS
TNT
TV-3
Zvezda
Domashny
Carousel
Peretz
Euronews
2x2
Pyatnica!
Disney Channel
RBC
Moskva 24
Dozhd
RU.TV
Petersburg – Channel 5
Moscow
Moscow radio stations:
"Russian (Russkoye) Radio"
"Europa Plus"
"DFM"
"NRJ (Russia)"
"Radio Maximum"
"Voice of
Russia
Russia (in English)"
"Radio Freedom (Svoboda)"
"Megapolis FM"
"Radio Kultura (Culture)"
"Pioneer FM"
"Zvezda"
"Komsomolskaya Pravda"
"Orpheus"
"Monte Carlo"
"Love Radio"
"Govorit Moskva"
"Radio Dacha"
"Nashe Radio"
"Radio 7"
"Humor FM"
"Retro FM"
"Ultra"
"Keks FM"
"Carnival"
"Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)"
"Voyage FM"
"Kino FM"
"Finam FM"
"First Popular"
"Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"
"Radio Sport"
"Radio Rossii"
"Radio Podmoskovye"
"Radiocompany Moscow"
"UFM"
"Mayak"
"Business FM"
"Autoradio"
"Moya Semia (My Family)"
"XFM"
"Fresh Radio"
"Silver Rain"
"Chanson"
"M-Radio"
"Orphey"
"Echo of Moscow"
"Radio Jazz"
"Classic Radio"
"Vesti FM"
"City FM"
"Relax FM"
"
Kommersant
Kommersant FM"
"Rock FM"
"Children's Radio"
"Radio Alla"
"Best FM"
"Next FM"
"Hit FM"
"Radio Record"
Famous people[edit]
Further information: Category:People from Moscow
Main article: List of people from Moscow
Born in Moscow[edit]
Alexander Pushkin
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Peter the Great
Alexander Suvorov
Mikhail Lermontov
Ivan III of Russia
Dmitry Donskoy
Anna of Russia
Michael I of Russia
Alexander II of Russia
Konstantin Stanislavski
Vladimir Vysotsky
Sofia
Sofia Kovalevskaya
Boris Pasternak
Marina Tsvetaeva
Alexander Herzen
Vera Menchik
Andrei Mironov
Alla Pugacheva
Vitaly Ginzburg
Alexander Ovechkin
Sergey Brin
Maya Plisetskaya
Lev Yashin
Andrei Sakharov
Sergey Lavrov
Marat Safin
Wassily Kandinsky
Alexander Scriabin
Alexander Alekhine
Sergey Mikhalkov
Bulat Okudzhava
Yevgeny Leonov
Lyudmila Zykina
t.A.T.u.
International relations[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message)
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message)
List of twin towns and sister cities of Moscow
Algiers, Algeria[citation needed]
Almaty, Kazakhstan[174]
Amman, Jordan[citation needed]
Ankara,
Turkey
Turkey (1992)[175][176]
Astana, Kazakhstan[citation needed]
Baku, Azerbaijan[citation needed]
Bangkok,
Thailand
Thailand (1997)[177]
Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina[178]
Beijing, China[179][180]
Beirut, Lebanon[citation needed]
Berlin, Germany[181]
Bratislava, Slovakia[citation needed]
Brest, Belarus[citation needed]
Bucharest, Romania[citation needed]
Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Argentina (1990)[182]
Cairo, Egypt[citation needed]
Chicago,
United States
United States (1997)[183]
Cusco, Peru[citation needed]
Donetsk, Ukraine[citation needed]
Dubai, United Arab Emirates[184]
Düsseldorf, Germany[185]
Ensenada, Mexico[citation needed]
Ganja, Azerbaijan[186]
Hanoi, Vietnam[citation needed]
Havana, Cuba[citation needed]
Helsinki, Finland[citation needed]
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[187]
Ingolstadt, Germany[citation needed]
Jakarta, Indonesia[citation needed]
Jelgava, Latvia[citation needed]
Kharkiv, Ukraine[citation needed]
Kolomna, Russia[citation needed]
Kraków, Poland[citation needed]
La Paz, Bolivia[citation needed]
Limoges, France[citation needed]
Ljubljana, Slovenia[188]
London, United Kingdom[citation needed]
Madrid, Spain[citation needed]
Manila, Philippines[189]
Mumbai, India[citation needed]
New Dehli, India[190]
Nicosia, Cyprus[citation needed]
Pazardzhik, Bulgaria[citation needed]
Pleven,
Bulgaria[citation needed]
Podgorica, Montenegro[citation needed]
Prague, Czech Republic[191]
Pyongyang, North Korea[citation needed]
Ramallah, Palestine[citation needed]
Rostov-on-Don, Russia[citation needed]
Rasht, Iran[citation needed]
Reykjavík, Iceland[192]
Reynosa, Mexico[citation needed]
Riga, Latvia[citation needed]
São Paulo, Brazil[citation needed]
Santiago, Chile[citation needed]
Seoul, South Korea[193][194]
Slavonski Brod, Croatia[citation needed]
Sofia, Bulgaria[citation needed]
Tallinn, Estonia[citation needed]
Tel Aviv, Israel[citation needed]
Tehran, Iran[citation needed]
Tirana, Albania
Tokyo, Japan[195]
Tunis, Tunisia[196]
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia[citation needed]
Uzhhorod, Ukraine[citation needed]
Valenciennes, France[citation needed]
Vilnius, Lithuania[citation needed]
Warsaw, Poland[197]
Yerevan, Armenia[198]
Zagreb, Croatia[citation needed]
Cooperation agreements[edit]
Moscow
Moscow has cooperation agreements with:
Lisbon, Portugal[199][200]
Tehran, Iran
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Former twin towns and sister cities[edit]
Kiev, Ukraine[201]
Rankings[edit]
The international rankings of
Moscow
Moscow are:
The most populous city in Russia, and the most populous city entirely
in Europe
The most populated inland city in Europe
World's northernmost megacity
City with the largest trolleybus system in the world
Major city with the most forest within its borders
City with the busiest subway system in Europe, and the third busiest
worldwide
City with the highest building in
Europe
Europe (Federation Tower)
City with the highest structure in
Europe
Europe (Ostankino Tower)
See also[edit]
Russia
Russia portal
Moscow
Moscow portal
1904
Moscow
Moscow tornado
List of churches in Moscow
List of cities proper by population
List of
Moscow
Moscow tourist attractions
List of museums in Moscow
List of shopping malls in Moscow
Mayor
Mayor of Moscow
Moscow
Moscow metropolitan area
Moscow
Moscow Millionaire Fair
Moscow, East Ayrshire
Pokrovsky Hills
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Президент Российской
Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая
2000 г. «О полномочном представителе
Президента Российской Федерации в
федеральном округе». Вступил в
силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован:
"Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст.
2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian
Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the
Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian
Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^ Госстандарт Российской
Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995
г. «Общероссийский классификатор
экономических регионов.
2. Экономические районы», в ред.
Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (
Gosstandart of the Russian
Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian
Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as
amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
^ Comins-Richmond, Walter. "The History of Moscow". Occidental
College. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved July 3,
2006.
^ "Holidays and significant dates of Moscow".
Moscow
Moscow City Government.
Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 29,
2010.
^ a b "The
Moscow
Moscow City Mayor". Government of Moscow. Archived from the
original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
^ "The
Moscow
Moscow Statute".
Moscow
Moscow City Duma.
Moscow
Moscow City Government. June
28, 1995. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved
September 29, 2010. The supreme and exclusive legislative
(representative) body of the state power in
Moscow
Moscow is the
Moscow
Moscow City
Duma.
^ 03.08.2011 "О совместных предложениях
Правительства Москвы и Правительства
Московской области по изменению
границ столицы Российской Федерации
— города Москвы" Check url= value (help). Mos.ru.
October 25, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
^ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported
by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note
that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the
infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the
population.
^ Правительство Российской
Федерации. Федеральный
закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об
исчислении времени», в ред.
Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03
июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в
Федеральный закон "Об исчислении
времени"». Вступил в силу по
истечении шестидесяти дней после дня
официального опубликования (6 августа
2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская
газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian
Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31,
2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ
of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating
Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the
official publication.).
^ Official throughout the
Russian Federation
Russian Federation according to
Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
^ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2015.xls
^ "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and
Maps". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ Geromel, Ricardo. "
Forbes
Forbes Top 10 Billionaire Cities –
Moscow
Moscow Beats
New York Again". Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ a b <%= item.timeFlag %>. "Expansion of
Moscow
Moscow borders to
help it develop harmonically: mayor, Itar-tass, July 1, 2012".
Itar-tass.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.
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^ "
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^ "Moscow : Stations". Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g Vasmer, Max (1986–1987) [1950–1958].
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Этимологический словарь русского
языка [Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch] (in Russian) (2nd
ed.). Moscow: Progress. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ a b c d e f (in Russian) Smolitskaya, G. P. (2002). Toponimicheskyi
slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii Топонимический
словарь Центральной России.
pp. 211–2017.
^ Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). Ruotsin itämaa. Helsinki: Svenska
litteratursällskapet i Finland. ISBN 978-951-583-212-2.
^ a b c (in Russian) Trubachyov, O.N., ed. (1994). Etimologicheskyi
slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov Этимологический
словарь славянских языков. V. 20: pp. 19–20,
197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79.
^ Pokorny, Julius. "meu". Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch.
Archived from the original on March 10, 2016.
^ J. L. I. Fennell, Ivan the Great of
Moscow
Moscow (1961) p 354
^ Sergei M. Soloviev, and John J. Windhausen, eds. History of Russia.
Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III (1979)
^ "The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern
World". John F. Richards (2006). University of California Press.
p.260. ISBN 0-520-24678-0
^ П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских
улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.
^ Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban
Disaster. John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US. p.17.
ISBN 0-19-515818-0
^ M.S. Anderson,
Peter the Great
Peter the Great (1978) p 13
^ "The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars". Albert Seaton, Michael
Youens (1979). p.29. ISBN 0-88254-167-6
^ Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and
Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880," Russian Review
(2008) 67#2 pp 243–274.
^ Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda
and Dissent, 1934-1941
^ Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar
^
Moscow
Moscow Encyclopedia, ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997,
entry "Battle of Moscow"
^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of
Moscow
Moscow 1941–42"
^ John Erickson, Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, table 12.4
^ "Skyline Ranking". Emporis.
^ Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and
Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," Geographical Review (2011)
101#3 pp 316–333.
^ Памятник природы "Высшая точка
Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый
Стан)" (in Russian). www.darwin.museum.ru. Archived from the
original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
^ "Time in Moscow, Russia". Retrieved March 31, 2018.
^ "Погода и Климат – Климатический
монитор: погода в Москве" [The weather in Moscow.
The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010] (in Russian).
Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ "Climate monitoring". Retrieved July 27, 2006.
^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ "Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages" (in Russian). Retrieved
November 15, 2015.
^ Luxmoore, Matthew (2018). "
Moscow
Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in
December". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February
22, 2018.
^ "How to survive in
Moscow
Moscow without sunshine". BBC News. 2018.
Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ "Climate of Vladimir" (in Russian). Retrieved November 15,
2015.
^ "Thermograph.ru averages". Retrieved 2011-01-12.
^ "Pogoda & Climate (Weather & Climate)" (in Russian).
Retrieved 2011-01-12.
^ "Climate monitor 2005-2011" (in Russian). Retrieved
2011-01-12.
^ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru.
Retrieved 2011-01-12.
^ a b Cite error: The named reference Pogoda 1961–90 was invoked but
never defined (see the help page).
^ "WMO averages". Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ "Climate monitor 2005–2011" (in Russian). Retrieved January 12,
2011.
^ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru.
Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ 0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=
0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab "Temperature
– Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia" Check url= value (help).
weatheronline.co.uk.
^ 0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=
0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab "Temperature
– Tambov – Climate Robot Russia" Check url= value (help).
weatheronline.co.uk.
^ "2008 was the warmest year in
Moscow
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^ 0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=
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^ a b
Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).
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Russia
Russia Population
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29, 2012.
^
Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004).
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городских поселений, сельских
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с населением 3 тысячи и более
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Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural
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^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится
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^ ""Российская газета" о мигрантах в
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^ "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная
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^ Bell, Imogen (2003). Eastern Europe,
Russia
Russia and Central Asia. Taylor
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^ Maxim Kireev. "Planned
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^ Kiran Moodley. "Eid al-Fitr 2015: Drone shows huge crowds
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^ "Central mosque of
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^ a b "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda,
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^ a b 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August
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^ Schmidt, Albert J (April 1, 1989). The architecture and planning of
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^ "blackwell-synergy.com". blackwell-synergy.com. June 28, 2008.
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^ a b "Memorial". Melnikov Institute. Archived from the original on
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^ List of tallest buildings in the world
^ McGrane, Sally (December 4, 2012), "The Elevator-Rescue Teams of
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^ "
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^ "Appetite for destruction". New Statesman. November 29, 2007.
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^ "Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery of the most serious violations
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^ "Art of
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^ Close (September 29, 2005). "Eastern blocks". The Guardian. London.
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^
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^ "SAVE Europe's Heritage". November 2, 2008. Archived from the
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^ "[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio
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^ a b c d e СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В
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^ a b c d (in Russian) Green dress of Moscow
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^ (in Russian) The Official Site of the Main
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^ "About VDNH". vdnh.ru.
^ UNESCO considers the
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Red Square
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^ "Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow". World Heritage List. UNESCO.
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^ "Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye". World Heritage List.
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^ a b "General Information".
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^ a b "Along the
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^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum
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^ "The official site of Borodino
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Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ "Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics". Archived from the
original on 2015-07-02.
^ "Russian Ministry of Culture official stats". Archived from the
original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
^ "State Academic Maly Theatre".
^ "The Official Site of the
Moscow
Moscow International Performance Arts
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^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the
Moscow
Moscow Nikulun
Circus Archived July 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on
July 17, 2006.
^ "History of the
Mosfilm
Mosfilm concern studios foundation". MosFilm.
Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 10,
2006.
^ "The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema" (in Russian).
Museikino.ru. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ "The mood in Moscow". BBC News. July 3, 2005. Retrieved December 22,
2010.
^ "
Russia
Russia grabs World
Bandy
Bandy Championship". YouTube. Retrieved June 15,
2010.
^ 0CC4Q7gEwAA "Google Translate" Check url= value (help).
Translate.google.se. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Central Moscow
Hippodrome
^ "Go Magazine". The
Moscow
Moscow Times. Archived from the original on
February 20, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
^ "
Moscow
Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots". November 19, 2015.
Archived from the original on November 24, 2015.
^ Official website of the Government of Moscow. Draft of adopted
measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the
expansion of the borders of
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Moscow (in Russian)
^ Цены на Квартиры в Москве по
Административным Районам и Станциям
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^ According to Article 24 of the
Charter of Moscow Oblast, the
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Moscow Oblast. However,
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^ Arkhipov, Ilya (September 28, 2010). "Medvedev Fires
Moscow
Moscow Mayor
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^ "Валовой региональный
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^ "• EUR RUB average annual exchange rate 1999-2016 Statistic".
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^ Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph Parilla
(January 22, 2015). "Global Metro Monitor". Brookings.edu. Retrieved
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(link)
^ 0&a= "
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^ Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph Parilla
(January 22, 2015). "Global Metro Monitor". Brookings.edu. Retrieved
September 26, 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
(link)
^ "Gross regional product per capita in regions of the Russian
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^ Александр Мелешенко (June 21, 2012). "Дожить
до зарплаты: Сколько сегодня получают
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^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the
Moscow
Moscow Jewelry
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^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow
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Moscow
Moscow Times".
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^ (in Russian) The absolute record of realty cost is broken
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The
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Retrieved July 14, 2006.
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Investment and Business Information ISBN 1-577-51030-5 p. 41
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им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman
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деятельность МГТУ (Bauman
Moscow
Moscow State Technical
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Moscow
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^ "Facts and Figures". MGIMO (
Moscow
Moscow State Institute of International
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Moscow State
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^ Краткая статистическая справка (in
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2006.
^ "Stacks". The Russian State Library. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
^ (in Russian) Official site of the State Public Historical Library
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Extreme Schooling". Nytimes.com. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
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Moscow
Moscow Airports". Go-Russia. October 7, 2007. Archived from the
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^ (in Russian) Airport Myachkovo changed the owners
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Moscow
Moscow Times. Archived
from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
^ Isabel Wünsche, "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design
of the Dynamo Metro Station," Studies in the Decorative Arts (2000)
7#2 pp 65–90
^ Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount," Technology & Culture
(2000) 41#4 pp 697-723p
^ Michael Robbins, "
London
London Underground and
Moscow
Moscow Metro," Journal of
Transport History, (1997) 18#1 pp 45–53.
^ Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and
Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the
Metro-Vickers Affair,
Moscow
Moscow 1933," Intelligence and National Security
(1994) 9#3 pp 520–533.
^ Московский метрополитен (in Russian). Archived
from the original on July 14, 2006. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
^
https://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517
^ See also: (in Russian) [1] Realty news. Retrieved on July 22, 2006.
^ "Гонки на такси: на чем быстрее и
дешевле ездить". rbc.ru. Archived from the original on
July 24, 2015.
^ Оцифрованные шашки: как технологии
перекроили рынок такси / РБК Инновации
Archived August 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Москва-Сити начинается
строительство Города столиц (in Russian).
Lenta.ru. December 23, 2005. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
^ "Вербепрне Йнкэжн Опнахбюер Днпнцс –
Цюгерю.Ru". Gazeta.ru. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ Четвертое транспортное кольцо
Москвы (in Russian). Prime-realty.ru. Retrieved June 10,
2012.
^ "Plan of the Fourth Transport Road". Roads.ru. Retrieved December
22, 2010.
^ "Издательский дом "Коммерсантъ"".
Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "Ъ-Санкт-Петербург – Девелопер на
перепутье". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ Ольга Ъ-Сичкарь. "Ъ – Mirax Group проявила
дар убеждения". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5,
2009.
^ "Ъ—ПИК построил меньше, а AFI Development
получила убыток". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5,
2009.
^ "Advertising Information". The
Moscow
Moscow Times. Archived from the
original on July 6, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
^ "
Almaty
Almaty official site". freenet.kz. Archived from the original on
March 4, 2009.
^ "Kardeş Kentleri Lists ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması [via
WaybackMachine.com]" (in Turkish).
Ankara
Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi –
Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from the original on January 14,
2009. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ "Sister Cities of Ankara". ankara.bel.tr.
^
Bangkok
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of
Moscow
Moscow (June 19, 1997).
"Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of
Bangkok
Bangkok and Moscow"
(PDF).
^ Градови партнери [City of
Banja Luka
Banja Luka – Partner
cities]. Administrative Office of the City of
Banja Luka
Banja Luka (in Serbian).
Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved August 9,
2013.
^ "Beijing's Sister Cities". eBeijing.gov.cn. January 5, 2009.
Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ "Sergei Sobyanin,
Beijing
Beijing
Mayor
Mayor Wang Anshun sign 2014–2016
programme of cooperation between
Moscow
Moscow and
Beijing
Beijing governments –
Moscow
Moscow investment portal". investmoscow.ru.
^ "
Berlin
Berlin – City Partnerships". Der Regierende Bürgermeister
Berlin. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved
September 17, 2013.
^ "Listado de ciudades hermanas" (PDF). Archived from the original
(PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^ http://chicagosistercities.com. "Sister Cities".
chicagosistercities.com. Archived from the original on December 24,
2015.
^ "Sister Cities of Dubai". Sistercities.info.
^ "Twin Towns". www.amazingdusseldorf.com. Retrieved October 29,
2009.
^ "Twin-cities of Azerbaijan". Azerbaijans.com. Retrieved August 9,
2013.
^ "CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ
HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM". mofahcm.gov.vn. October 9, 2010.
Retrieved January 8, 2011.
^ "Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje". Mestna občina Ljubljana
(
Ljubljana
Ljubljana City) (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on June
26, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
^ "About Manila: Sister Cities". City of Manila. Retrieved November
24, 2016.
^ "
Moscow
Moscow and New
Delhi
Delhi twin cities strengthen friendly ties". Sep 7,
2012. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
^ "Partnerská města HMP" [
Prague
Prague – Twin Cities HMP]. Portál
"Zahraniční vztahy" [
Portal "Foreign Affairs"] (in Czech). July 18,
2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved August 5,
2013.
^
Moscow
Moscow and
Reykjavík
Reykjavík sister cities. Archived January 7, 2009, at
the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on March 11, 2008
^ "International Cooperation: Sister Cities".
Seoul
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10, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
^ "
Seoul
Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]".
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Government (archived April 25, 2012). Archived from the original on
March 25, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ "Sister Cities(States) of
Tokyo
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Tokyo Metropolitan Government".
metro.tokyo.jp.
^ "Cooperation Internationale" (in French). © 2003–2009 City of
Tunis
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July 31, 2009.
^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji
Miasta. May 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
Retrieved August 29, 2008.
^ "
Yerevan
Yerevan – Partner Cities".
Yerevan
Yerevan Municipality Official Website.
© 2005—2013 www.yerevan.am. Archived from the original on November
5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
^ "Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" [
Lisbon
Lisbon – Twinning of
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[National Association of Portuguese Municipalities] (in Portuguese).
Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ "Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de
Lisboa" [
Lisbon
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Camara Municipal de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original
on October 31, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ "Kyiv and
Moscow
Moscow – no longer twin cities". May 3, 2016. Retrieved
August 3, 2016.
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Subdivisions of Russia
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1Claimed by
Ukraine
Ukraine and considered by most of the international
community to be part of Ukraine
2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast
3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast
Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different
institutions
Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development)
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v
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Capitals of European states and territories
Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is
disputed shown in italics.
Western
Amsterdam, Netherlands1
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Bern, Switzerland
Brussels, Belgium2
Douglas, Isle of Man (UK)
Dublin, Ireland
London, United Kingdom
Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Paris, France
Saint Helier, Jersey (UK)
Saint Peter Port, Guernsey (UK)
Northern
Copenhagen, Denmark
Helsinki, Finland
Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
Nuuk, Greenland (Denmark)
Olonkinbyen, Jan Mayen (Norway)
Oslo, Norway
Reykjavík, Iceland
Stockholm, Sweden
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)
Central
Berlin, Germany
Bratislava, Slovakia
Budapest, Hungary
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Prague, Czech Republic
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Vienna, Austria
Warsaw, Poland
Southern
Ankara, Turkey3
Athens, Greece
Belgrade, Serbia
Bucharest, Romania
Gibraltar, Gibraltar (UK)
Lisbon, Portugal
Madrid, Spain
Monaco, Monaco
Nicosia, Cyprus4
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Podgorica, Montenegro
Pristina, Kosovo5
Rome, Italy
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Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Skopje, Macedonia
Sofia, Bulgaria
Tirana, Albania
Valletta, Malta
Vatican City, Vatican City
Zagreb, Croatia
Eastern
Astana, Kazakhstan3
Baku, Azerbaijan3
Chișinău, Moldova
Kiev, Ukraine
Minsk, Belarus
Moscow, Russia3
Riga, Latvia
Stepanakert, Artsakh4, 5
Sukhumi, Abkhazia3, 5
Tallinn, Estonia
Tbilisi, Georgia3
Tiraspol, Transnistria5
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia3, 5
Vilnius, Lithuania
Yerevan, Armenia3
1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of
the
European Union
European Union and
Brussels
Brussels and the European Union
3 Transcontinental country
4 Entirely in Southwest
Asia
Asia but having socio-political
connections with Europe
5 Partially recognised country
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Summer Olympic Games
Summer Olympic Games host cities
1896: Athens
1900: Paris
1904: St. Louis
1908: London
1912: Stockholm
1916: None[c1]
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1928: Amsterdam
1932: Los Angeles
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1940: None[c2]
1944: None[c2]
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1968:
Mexico
Mexico City
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1976: Montreal
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Capital: Moscow
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Historical capitals of Rus' and Russian states and their predecessors
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Novgorod Rus', Kievan Rus'
Ryurikovo Gorodische, Novgorod (862–882)
Kiev
Kiev (882–1169)
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Vladimir-on-Klyazma (1169–1328)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
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(1564/1565–1572/1584)
Moscow
Moscow (1572–1611)
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Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl (1611–1612)
Moscow
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de facto
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Moscow (1728–1730)
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Ufa (September 23, 1918 – October 9, 1918)
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Omsk (October 9, 1918 – November 18, 1918)
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Soviet Union (
USSR
USSR included
Russia
Russia from 1922–1991, Russian
Federation is the legal successor of the USSR)
Soviet Union
Moscow
Moscow (1922–1991)
WWII partly and temporary (1941–1943): Kuybyshev (administrative),
Sverdlovsk (industrial),
Kazan
Kazan (science)
Modern
Russia
Russia (since November 7, 1917)
Soviet Russia, RSFSR, Russian Federation
Petrograd (November 7, 1917 – March 12, 1918)
Moscow
Moscow (since March 12, 1918)
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Mexico City (Valley of Mexico)
Mumbai
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Kyoto (Keihanshin)
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Nagoya (Chūkyō)
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Taipei-Taoyuan
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Hong Kong
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley)
Quanzhou
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Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics
1983: Helsinki
1987: Rome
1991: Tokyo
1993: Stuttgart
1995: Gothenburg
1997: Athens
1999: Seville
2001: Edmonton
2003: Saint-Denis
2005: Helsinki
2007: Osaka
2009: Berlin
2011: Daegu
2013: Moscow
2015: Beijing
2017: London
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selections
Current
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Iceland
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United Kingdom
Former
Austria
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Ellinikós Telikós
Eurosong - A MAD Show
Ireland
The Late Late Show
You're a Star
Israel
Latvia
Eirodziesma
Dziesma
Lithuania
Macedonia
Malta
Montenegro
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Other awards
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OGAE
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OGAE
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Television
and concerts
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Eurovision Song Contest Previews
Songs of Europe
Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
Congratulations: 50 Years of the
Eurovision
Eurovision Song Contest
Best of Eurovision
Eurovision
Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits
Category
Portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 293145671432505170005
LCCN: n79076156
GND: 4074987-3
BNF: cb11933531v (d