Monkey (novel)

''Monkey: A Folk-Tale of China'', more often known as simply ''Monkey'', is an abridged translation published in 1942 by Arthur Waley of the sixteenth-century Chinese novel ''Journey to the West'' conventionally attributed to Wu Cheng'en of the Ming dynasty. Waley's remains one of the most-read English-language versions of the novel. The British poet Edith Sitwell characterized ''Monkey'' as "a masterpiece of right sound", one that was "absence of shadow, like the clearance and directness of Monkey's mind."David Lattimore
'The Complete Monkey'
The New York Times, 6 March 1983. The translation won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1942.

Plot

''Journey to the West'' may be roughly divided into three parts: first, the introduction including the origin of Monkey (Sun Wukong), Tripitaka (Tang Sanzang), Pigsy (Zhu Bajie), and Sandy ( Sha Wujing); second, the actual journey to the west, which has an episodic nature; and last, the ending, telling what happens when the pilgrims reach their destination. Waley chose to translate the entirety of the introductory and ending chapters, as well as three episodes, each several chapters long, of the journey to the west.

At the outset of the novel, the Buddha seeks a pilgrim who will travel to India. The hope is to retrieve sacred scriptures by which the Chinese people may be enlightened so that their behaviour may accord with the tenets of Buddhism. The young monk Tripitaka volunteers to undertake the pilgrimage. Along the way, he encounters and frees the Monkey King. He and Monkey thereafter recruit Pigsy and Sandy. They liberate a captive princess and punish her abductor, who has also murdered her father. The father is resurrected and reinstalled as king. They meet several bodhisattvas and fight fierce monsters, before finally arriving at Buddha's palace.

Translation

Arthur Waley's abridged translation was published in 1942, and has also been published as ''Adventures of the Monkey God''; and ''Monkey: Folk Novel of China'' and ''The Adventures of Monkey'', and in a further abridged version for children, ''Dear Monkey''. Whereas previous abridged versions of ''Journey to the West'' retained the original number of chapters but reduced their length significantly, Waley adopted the opposite approach: he translated only 30 chapters out of 100 episodes, but did so nearly in full, omitting mainly the poetry. He is also responsible for inventing the names of the main characters: Sun Wukong as "Monkey", Tang Sanzang as " Tripitaka", Zhu Bajie as "Pigsy", and Sha Wujing as "Sandy".Wu Ch'êng-ên. ''Monkey.'' Arthur Waley (trans.). London: Penguin Books, 1961.

Anthony C. Yu, the first to translate the full 100 chapter version of 1592, wrote that
::Even in this attenuated form, however, Waley's version further deviates from the original by having left out large portions of certain chapters (e.g., 10 and 19). What is most regrettable is that Waley, despite his immense gift for, and magnificent achievements in, the translation of Chinese verse, has elected to ignore the many poems—some 750 of them—that are structured in the narrative. Not only is the fundamental literary form of the work thereby distorted, but also much of the narrative vigor and descriptive power of its language which have attracted generations of Chinese readers is lost.

Influence

Waley's translation was for many years the most popular version of ''Journey to the West'' in the English language and therefore cited by Western scholars of Chinese literature. Professor of Chinese literature David Lattimore described it as a "minor landmark of 20th-century English translation" but with the publication of Anthony C. Yu's four-volume, unabridged translation it must now "relinquish its always slender claim to represent, with any degree of substantiality, the Chinese original". In 2000, Elaine Yee Lin Ho, in her study of the British writer Timothy Mo, says ''Monkey'' remains "the most popular and textually accessible translation" of ''Journey to the West''.

The literary scholar Andrew H. Plaks said Waley not only shortened the work, but "through its selection of episodes gave rise to the misleading impression that this is essentially a compendium of popular materials marked by folk wit and humor." In this, Waley followed an interpretation from earlier in the century by the scholar Hu Shih, who wrote an introduction to the 1943 edition of Waley's book. Hu scorned the allegorical interpretations of the novel as old-fashioned and instead insisted that the stories were simply comic. Hu Shih reflected the popular reading of the novel, but he did not account for the levels of meaning and allegorical framework that scholars considered to be an important part.

''Monkey'' was also translated into other languages, including Swedish as ''Kung Markatta'' (1949).

''Monkey'' is said to have been the inspiration for Cordwainer Smith's epic novel '' Norstrilia''.

Cancelled film

In 1985, Pixar, then having just broken from Lucasfilm, made plans to produce a film adaptation of the novel, long before ''Toy Story''. The film was to be made in conjunction with Japanese company Shogakukan, owners of the publishing company Shueisha who publish the Shonen Jump series ''Dragon Ball''. Production stalled once it became apparent that the CGI would have been expensive to produce and Shogakukan backed out. John Lasseter made sketches of the character of Monkey.

References and further reading

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References

{{Journey to the West

1942 novels
Journey to the West
Shenmo novels
Translations into English
Novels set in India