Mishars
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The Mishar Tatars (endonyms: мишәрләр, мишәр татарлары, mişärlär, mişär tatarları) form a subgroup of the
Volga Tatars The Volga Tatars or simply Tatars ( tt-Cyrl, татарлар, tatarlar) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the Volga-Ural region of Russia. They are subdivided into various subgroups. Volga Tatars are Russia's second-largest ethnicity after t ...
, indigenous to Mordovia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and
Chuvashia Chuvashia (russian: Чувашия; cv, Чӑваш Ен), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvasia,; cv, Чӑваш Республики — Чӑваш Ен is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is the homeland of the Chuv ...
in the Russian Federation. They also live in the Penza, Ulyanovsk,
Orenburg Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the Kazakhstan-Russia bor ...
, Nizhny Novgorod,
Samara Samara ( rus, Сама́ра, p=sɐˈmarə), known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev (; ), is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara (Volga), Samara rivers, with ...
, Volgograd, and
Saratov Oblast Saratov Oblast (russian: Сара́товская о́бласть, ''Saratovskaya oblast'') is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Volga Federal District. Its administrative center is the types of ...
s of Russia and as an immigrant minority in Estonia, Latvia, and Finland (Mishar Tatars comprise the majority of Finnish Tatars and Tatars living in other Nordic and
Baltic Baltic may refer to: Peoples and languages * Baltic languages, a subfamily of Indo-European languages, including Lithuanian, Latvian and extinct Old Prussian *Balts (or Baltic peoples), ethnic groups speaking the Baltic languages and/or originati ...
countries). The Mishar Tatar dialect is one of the two Volga Tatar dialects.


History

Friar Julian describes
Eastern Hungarians The term Eastern Hungarians ( hu, Keleti magyarok; or "Eastern Magyars") is used in scholarship to refer to peoples related to the Proto-Hungarians, that is, theoretically parts of the ancient community that remained in the vicinity of the Ural M ...
he found in Bashkiria in 1235. They spoke to him Hungarian and their language remained mutually intelligible. Some scientists of the 19th and 20th centuries, based on equivalency of the Turkic ethnonym Madjar (variants: Majgar, Mojar, Mishar, Mochar) with the Hungarian self-name Magyar, associated them with Hungarian speaking Magyars and came to a conclusion that Turkic-speaking Mishars were formed by a Turkization of those Hungarians who remained in the region after their main part left to the West in the 8th century. The shift ''magyar>mozhar'' is natural for Hungarian phonology and this form of the ethnonym was in use until they shifted to Tatar in 15-16th centuries. The existence of the ethnic toponyms ''mozhar, madjar'' to the east of Carpathian region proves this. The presence of early medieval Hungarian culture is attested by archeological findings in Volga-Ural region. The influence of Hungarian language resulted in forming definite conjugation in Mordvinic languages which is found only in Ugric languages. Medieval Hungarian loans are found in Volga Bulgarian and Mordvinic languages.


DNA Studies

Recent population genetic analysis shows that medieval Hungarian Conqueror elite is positioned among
Turkic Turkic may refer to: * anything related to the country of Turkey * Turkic languages, a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages ** Turkic alphabets (disambiguation) ** Turkish language, the most widely spoken Turkic language * ...
groups, Bashkirs and Volga Tatars, which, according to the study, is "in agreement with contemporary historical accounts which denominated the Conquerors as ''Turks''".


Other Theories

The origin of the Mishar Tatars remained a point of controversy for years. According to
UCLA Center for Near East Studies The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California St ...
, Mishar Tatars are believed to be descendants of
Kipchaks The Kipchaks or Qipchaks, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were a Turkic nomadic people and confederation that existed in the Middle Ages, inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the 8th century as part of the Se ...
or the
Bulgars The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomad ...
of Volga Bulgaria. Similarly, other researchers of the late 19th century (like Vel’yaminov-Zernov, 1863: 30–31) assumed that they are descendants of Cuman- Kipchak tribes who mixed with the Burtas, a tribe of uncertain origin, in the Middle
Oka River The Oka (russian: Ока́, ) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its ...
area and Finno-Ugric
Meshchera The Volga Finns (sometimes referred to as Eastern Finns) are a historical group of indigenous peoples of Russia living in the vicinity of the Volga, who speak Uralic languages. Their modern representatives are the Mari people, the Erzya and the ...
. This unfounded theory, in its uttermost case, has led to claims that the origin of Mishar Tatars of Mishar Yurt are Meshchera, a Mordvinic languages-speaking Moksha Mordvins of Mukhsha Ulus who allegedly came under Tatar influence and adopted the language and the Sunni Muslim religion.
W. W. Radloff Vasily Vasilievich Radlov or Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Ра́длов; in Berlin – 12 May 1918 in Petrograd) was a German-born Russian founder of Turkology, a scientific study of Turkic peoples. ...
, A. F. Mojarovskiy and S. P. Tolstov supported this view and tried to develop this theory further (Muhamedova, 1972: 12). Zekiyev (p. 75) explains, that if this theory proves to be true, there must be clear traces of Mordvinic or other Finno-Ugric elements among the Tatars, but there are none. It is therefore stated that it is not possible that the old Mordvinic Meshchera ancestors of Erzya and Moksha became turkized. G. Ahmarov (1903: 69) agrees that the Meshchera could not have adopted the Tatar language.M. Z. Zekiye
Mişerler, Başkurtlar ve dilleri / Mishers, Bashkirs and their languages
. In ''Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi'' 73–86
According to Ercan Alkaya, the Mishars originated from the amalgation of the
Bulgars The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomad ...
, Finno-Ugric, and Magyar tribes of Old Kipchak nation, but opposes the Mordvin view.


Culture

The Mishar Tatars conversion to Islam was a gradual process that began during the time of Volga Bulgaria and crystallized during the period of the Golden Horde. The Mishar Tatars were and are still somewhat today a rural people and tend to live in villages and settlements that are inhabited exclusively by other Mishar Tatars.


See also

*
Eastern Hungarians The term Eastern Hungarians ( hu, Keleti magyarok; or "Eastern Magyars") is used in scholarship to refer to peoples related to the Proto-Hungarians, that is, theoretically parts of the ancient community that remained in the vicinity of the Ural M ...
* Friar Julian


References

{{authority control Ethnic groups in Russia Volga Tatars Finnish Tatars