Mikasuki language

The Mikasuki, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, or Hitchiti language is a language or a pair of dialects or closely related languages that belong to the Muskogean languages family. Mikasuki was spoken by around 290 people in southern Florida. Along with the Cow Creek Seminole dialect of Muscogee, it is also known as Seminole. It is spoken by members of the Miccosukee tribe and of the Seminole Tribe of Florida. The extinct Hitchiti was a mutually intelligible dialect.

Hitchiti was one of the many Muskogee languages spoken by tribes of the loose Muscogee Confederacy, and is considered by many scholars to be the ancestor of the Mikasuki language. It was spoken in Georgia and eastern Alabama in the early historic period, with speakers moving into Florida during the 18th and 19th centturies. Hitchiti was the language of tribal towns such as the Hitchiti, Chiaha, Oconee, Okmulgee, Sawokli, and Apalachicola. Based on the number of place names that have been derived from the language, scholars believe it could have spread over a much larger area than Georgia and Florida during colonial times.

It was part of the Muskogean language family; it is considered a dialect of the Mikasuki language with which it was mutually intelligible. The Hitchiti and the Mikasuki tribes were both part of the Creek confederacy. The Mikasuki language was historically one of the major languages of the Seminole people, who developed as a new ethnic group in Florida. It is still spoken by many Seminole and Miccosukee in Florida, but it has become extinct among the Oklahoma Seminole.

Like the Creek, the Hitchiti had an ancient "female" dialect. The dialect was still remembered and sometimes spoken by the older people, and it used to be the language of the males as well. Their language with the "female" dialect was also known as the 'ancient language'.

The Seminole and Miccosukee were made up of mostly Muscogee members of the Muscogee Confederacy, who had migrated to Florida under pressure from European-American encroachment. The Seminole formed by a process of ethnogenesis in the 18th century. American settlers began to enter Florida and came into conflict with the Seminole. The Seminole Wars of the 19th century greatly depleted the numbers of these tribes, especially the Second Seminole War. The United States forcibly removed many Seminole to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). The Seminole and Miccosukee had gradually moved into the center of Florida and the Everglades, from where they resisted defeat even in the Third Seminole War. The US gave up efforts against them.

In the 20th century, the Florida Seminole and Miccosukee split apart, with the former moving onto reservations. The Miccosukee lived in communities that were affected by the early 20th-century construction of the Tamiami Trail, which brought tourists into the Everglades.

The Miccosukee achieved federal recognition as a tribe in 1962. Both tribes have speakers of Mikasuki today.

As of 2002, the language is taught in the local school, Miccosukee Indian School, which has "an area devoted to 'Miccosukee Language Arts'". Circa 2005 the dominance of English language media was seen as a factor inhibiting Miccosukee.

As of 2011, the University of Florida Department of Anthropology is home to the Elling Eide Endowed Professorship in Miccosukee Language and Culture, for Native American languages of the southeastern United States.

Presentations in the language have been featured at the Florida Folk Festival.

Phonology

There are three tones: high, low and falling. Vowel length is distinctive: ''eche'' tʃi('mouth') vs ''eeche'' ːtʃi'deer'), ''ete'' ti('eye') vs ''eete'' ːti('fire').

These phonemes are based on Sylvia Boynton's Outline of Mikasuki Grammar.

Grammar

Nouns are marked with suffixes for various functions, some examples:

Free pronouns exist (''aane'' "I", ''chehne'' "you", ''pohne'' "we") but are rarely used. Verb suffixes are the usual way of marking person.

Alphabet

Mikasuki is written using the Latin alphabet. The vowel characters on the left represent the sounds on the right, transcribed phonetically:

The consonants characters are:

High tone is indicated with an acute accent (´), low tone with a grave accent (`), and falling tone with an acute accent followed by a grave accent. A long vowel with falling tone is represented by two accented vowel letters (áà). When the vowel is short, the grave accent is placed over the next consonant (áǹ):

An epenthetic �vowel appears in kl, kw and kn clusters in careful speech.

Vocabulary

Verbs

Numerals

Kinship terms

Notes

References

* Derrick-Mescua, Mary Tyler. ''A phonology and morphology of Mikasuki. ''Ph.D thesis, University of Florida. 1980.
*
* West, J. & Smith, N. ''A Guide to the Miccosukee Language'', Miami: Miccosukee Corporation 1978.
*

External links

A Global Linguistic Database: Mikasuki

Miccosukee place names





OLAC resources in and about the Mikasuki language

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mikasuki Language
Agglutinative languages
Muskogean languages
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
Tonal languages
Seminole culture
Indigenous languages of Oklahoma