May 19th Communist Organization
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The May 19th Communist Organization (also variously referred to as the May 19 Coalition, May 19 Communist Coalition or M19CO) was a US-based far-left armed terrorist group formed by members of the Weather Underground Organization. The group was originally known as the
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chapter of the
Prairie Fire Organizing Committee The Prairie Fire Organizing Committee is an American far left organization that evolved from the Weather Underground. Origins In 1974, the Weather Underground released the book ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-imperialism''. ...
(PFOC), an organization devoted to promoting the causes of the Weather Underground legally, as part of the Prairie Fire Manifesto's change in Weather Underground Organization strategy, which demanded both aboveground mass movements and clandestine organizations. The role of the clandestine organization would be to build the "consciousness of action" and prepare the way for the development of a people's militia. Concurrently, the role of the mass movement, the above-ground Prairie Fire Collective, would include the support for and the encouragement of armed action. Such an alliance would, according to Weather, "help create the 'sea' for the guerrillas to swim in." The M19CO name was derived from the birthdays of Ho Chi Minh and Malcolm X. The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985. M19CO was a combination of the Black Liberation Army and the Weather Underground. It also included members of the
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and the
Republic of New Africa The Republic of New Afrika (RNA), founded in 1968 as the Republic of New Africa (RNA), is a black nationalist organization and black separatist movement in the United States popularized by black militant groups. The larger New Afrika movement ...
(RNA). In addition to the May 19th Communist Organization being made up of the Black Liberation Army, the group was formed because of infighting in the Weather Underground Organization. Following the split of the Weather Underground Organization into factions, the faction that favored more extreme actions to achieve its objectives joined the Black Liberation Army, forming the May 19th Communist Organization. One of the founders, Laura Whitehorn, was also part of the Weather Underground Organization's predecessor, the Students for a Democratic Society. In addition to being known as the May 19th Communist Organization and the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee, the group was also known as the Armed Resistance Movement, the Red Guerilla Resistance, Resistance Conspiracy, and Revolutionary Fighting Group. Despite these other monikers, the group was most popularly known as the May 19th Communist Organization, predicated on the Communist Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh's birthday.


Objectives

This alliance between the Weather Underground and the Black Liberation Army had three objectives: * Free political prisoners in US prisons * Appropriate capitalist wealth (armed robberies) to fund the third stage, and * Initiate a series of bombings and terrorist attacks The group also had the broader goal of violently toppling established power in the United States. These goals were aimed at the eventual goal of transforming the political landscape in the United States from one of capitalism to one of communism. This regime change was predicated on the idea that capitalism oppressed the public, particularly those that were imprisoned under the capitalist system, believing that such actions could not be undertaken in the American political system.


Activities

From 1982 to 1985 M19CO committed a series of bombings, including bombings of the
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, the Washington Navy Yard Computing Center, the Israeli Aircraft Industries Building, New York City's South African consulate, the Washington Navy Yard Officers' Club, New York City's Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, and the United States Capitol Building. Three officers were killed during the Brinks Robbery, but no one was injured or killed in their bombings. Almost all the M19CO members were convicted in a US Court of Law for these offenses, but
Elizabeth Ann Duke Elizabeth Ann Duke (born November 25, 1940) is an American fugitive best known for her involvement with radical left-wing political organizations and subsequent flight from prosecution. She remains wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation o ...
remains at large. *In 1979 three members walked into the visitor’s center at the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women near
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, took two guards hostage, and freed Assata Shakur, a member of the Black Liberation Army. Shakur was serving a sentence of life plus 26 to 33 years for the murder of a state trooper. *Several months later they arranged for the escape of
William Morales William Morales (born February 7, 1950), also known as Willie Morales, Guillermo Morales, and William "No Hands" Morales, is a Puerto Rican member of the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña (FALN). He was convicted in February ...
, a member of the Puerto Rican separatist group, the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña (FALN), from Bellevue Hospital in New York City where he was recovering after a bomb he was building exploded in his hands. *In 1981 Weather Underground members
Kathy Boudin Kathy Boudin (May 19, 1943 – May 1, 2022) was an American radical leftist who served 23 years in prison for felony murder based on her role in the 1981 Brink's robbery. The robbery resulted in the killing of two Nyack, New York, police officer ...
, Judith Alice Clark, and David Gilbert, together with several members of the Black Liberation Army, participated in the robbery of a Brinks armored car at the Nanuet Mall, near Nyack, New York, during which a Brinks guard and two Nyack police officers were killed. Upon her arrest Boudin was identified as a member of the May 19 Communist Organization. The attack resulted in the theft of $1.6 million, intended to create an ethnostate for black Americans in the south, termed "New Afrika." *On January 28, 1983, M19CO bombed the federal building on Staten Island, N.Y. *On April 25, 1983, the group was responsible for a bombing at the National War College at
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in Washington, D.C. *On November 7, 1983, the group triggered a bomb explosion at the US Senate. *On August 18, 1983, it bombed the Washington Navy Yard Computer Center. *On April 5, 1984, it bombed the Israeli Aircraft Industries Building. *On April 20, 1984, M19CO committed a bombing at the Washington Navy Yard Officers Club. *On September 26, 1984, the South African consulate was bombed. *On November 3, 1984, two members of the M19CO,
Susan Rosenberg Susan Lisa Rosenberg (born October 5, 1955) is an American activist, writer, advocate for social justice and prisoners' rights. From the late 1970s into the mid-1980s, Rosenberg was active in the far-left terrorist May 19th Communist Organizatio ...
and Timothy Blunk, were arrested at a mini-warehouse they had rented in
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. Police recovered more than 100 blasting caps, nearly 200 sticks of dynamite, more than 100 cartridges of gel explosive, and 24 bags of blasting agent from the warehouse. *M19CO's last bombing was on February 23, 1985, at the Policemen's Benevolent Association in New York City.


Arrests

By May 23, 1985, all members of the group had been arrested, with the exception of Elizabeth Duke, who remains a fugitive. Alleged rioter Donna Joan Borup was arrested but failed to appear at trial and is currently on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorist list. Donna Borup "is thought to have a photographic memory and is highly intelligent," according to the FBI. Marilyn Jean Buck was arrested in 1985 and was, prior to joining the May 19th Communist Organization, the only white member of the Black Liberation Army, one of the two groups that formed the May 19th Communist Organization. While the May 19th Communist Organization was made up of individuals of several racial heritages, the Black Liberation Army was previously entirely made up of black Americans, save for Marilyn Jean Buck. On October 20th, 1981, Judith Clark was arrested in connection to the attack on the armored Brinks truck. Clark was the spokesperson of the May 19th Communist Organization as of 1978, and was previously a member of one of the May 19th Communist Organization's predecessor groups, the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee. Judith Clark was released on May 10, 2019, 37 years after she was arrested on the same day as the robbery of the armored Brinks truck.


Impact

The May 19th Communist Organization, along with other domestic terrorist organizations like the
United Freedom Front The United Freedom Front (UFF) was a small American Marxist organization active in the 1970s and 1980s. It was originally called the Sam Melville/ Jonathan Jackson Unit, and its members became known as the Ohio 7 when they were brought to trial ...
and the
Aryan Nations Aryan Nations is a North American antisemitic, neo-Nazi, white supremacist organization that was originally based in Kootenai County, Idaho, about miles (4.4 km) north of the city of Hayden Lake. Richard Girnt Butler founded the group i ...
, are noted as having advanced the FBI's strategy and capacity to investigate domestic terrorism in the United States. Following Congressional hearings in the mid-1970s, the FBI's capacity for surveillance of domestic terrorist groups was curtailed due to alleged overreach. This rollback on the FBI's ability to gather intelligence allowed the May 19th Communist Organization and the United Freedom Front to conduct terror attack in the late 1970s, which garnered a renewed support for the FBI's ability to gather intelligence about domestic terrorist organizations in order to prevent future attacks. In 1982, FBI director William H. Webster reported to the Senate Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism that the Justice Department was relaxing rules that allowed the FBI to keep surveillance on domestic terrorist groups, inspired by the actions of the May 19th Communist Organization, as well as the Socialist Workers Party, the Progressive Labor Party, and the May 19th Communist Organization's predecessor group, the Weather Underground Organization. These new guidelines were aimed at repressing domestic terrorist organizations while not curtailing legitimate political protest and dissent.


See also

*
Anti-Imperialist Cell The Anti-Imperialist Cell (german: Antiimperialistische Zelle, ''AIZ'') was a German far-left militant organization responsible for several terrorist attacks from 1992 to 1995. The AIZ began its existence on 22 May 1992, branding itself as the su ...
* Red Army Faction


References

{{Authority control American bank robbers Black Power Communism in the United States Organizations based in North America designated as terrorist Terrorism in the United States Weather Underground Communist terrorism 1978 establishments in the United States 1985 disestablishments in the United States Left-wing militant groups in the United States