Maureen Duffy

Maureen Patricia Duffy (born 21 October 1933) is an English poet, playwright, novelist and non-fiction author. Long an activist covering such issues as gay rights and animal rights, she campaigns especially on behalf of authors. She has received the Benson Medal for her lifelong writings.

Early life and education

Maureen Patricia Duffy was born on 21 October 1933 in Worthing, Sussex. Her family came from Stratford, East London. Her Irish father, an important strand in her identity, left when she was two months old. To add to an already difficult childhood, Maureen's mother died when Maureen was 15. She then moved to Stratford in East London, where she had family living.

Duffy draws on her tough childhood in ''That's How It Was'', her most autobiographical novel. Her working-class roots, experience of "class and cultural division"Duffy (1983), "Preface" to Virago edition of ''That's How It Was'', p. x. and close relations with her mother are key influences on her work. She developed an early passion for "stories of Ancient Greece and Rome, folk tales of Ireland and Wales, tales of knightly chivalry and poetry..."Alison Hennegan (1977), "...and out the other side" interview with Maureen Duffy in ''Gay News'', No. 128. London. October 1977: 20.

Her mother, Duffy recalls, "early on instilled in me that the one thing they can't take away from you is education."Jill Gardiner (2013), "A life of herding words", interview with Maureen Duffy, ''Diva'' magazine. London, November 2013, p. 27. she completed her schooling and supported herself before university by teaching at junior schools. She gained a degree in English at King's College London in 1956, then taught in Naples till 1958 and in secondary schools in the London area till 1961.

Career

Duffy's earliest ambition was to be a poet. She won her first such prize at the age of 17 with a poem printed in '' Adam'' magazine, soon followed by publication in '' The Listener'' and elsewhere.British Library. Maureen Duffy interviewed by Sarah O'Reilly, Authors' Lives, 2007–2009. British Library Sound & Moving Image Catalogue reference C1279/03: Track 6 21.01.08. She later edited a poetry magazine called ''the sixties'' (1960–1961).

While at King's she completed her first full-length play, ''Pearson'', and submitted it for a competition judged by Kenneth Tynan, drama critic at the ''Observer''. This brought an invitation to join the Royal Court Writers Group in 1958, when its members included Edward Bond, Ann Jellicoe, John Arden, William Gaskill and Arnold Wesker.

Duffy started writing full-time after being commissioned by Granada Television to write a screenplay ''Josie'' – broadcast on ITV in 1961 as part of the Younger Generation series''That's How It Was'' (1962 ed.) – about a teenage girl, hoping to break out of factory work by pursuing a talent for fashion design. The advance of £450 enabled Duffy to buy a houseboat to live in.Duffy (1983), "Preface ", p. v, ''That's How It Was''. ''Pearson'' won the Corporation of London Festival Playwright's Prize in 1962 and was performed under the title ''The Lay Off'' at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. It drew on Duffy's experience of vacation jobs in factories. ''Pearson''/''The Lay Off'' is a modern reworking of ''Piers Plowman'', and an early example of Duffy's inclusion of black characters in prominent roles and her opposition to racism. The set for ''Room for Us All'' recreates a small block of flats, with residents interacting, and the audience looking in as each is lit up.British Library. Maureen Duffy interviewed by Sarah O'Reilly, Authors' Lives, 2007–2009. British Library Sound & Moving Image Catalogue reference C1279/03: Track 21, 15.07.08. ''Two and Two Makes Five'' is about a teacher disillusioned by constraints on school culture deciding to quit the profession.

The play ''The Silk Room'', about a male pop group, was produced at the Palace Theatre Watford in 1966.''Times'', 30 September 1966, p. 14. An episode of TV drama ''Sanctuary'' was commissioned by Associated Rediffusion and broadcast on ITV in 1967.IMDB synopsis
Accessed 13 January 2014.

Becoming a novelist

Duffy's first novel, ''That's How It Was'' (1962) was written at a publisher's suggestion and won great acclaim.Well reviewed in the ''Times Literary Supplement'', ''Observer'', ''Sunday Times'', ''Sunday Telegraph'', ''Spectator'', ''Daily Herald'', etc. While many reviewers dwelt on its vivid depiction of a working-class childhood, Duffy also emphasised that her goal was to show the influences that could form a writer and those that could encourage a preference for same-sex love.Maureen Duffy (1983 Virago ed.), ''That's How It Was'', Preface, p. vi.

Duffy's first openly gay novel was ''The Microcosm'' (1966), set in and around the famous lesbian Gateways Club in London (renamed the House of Shades). It was the first to depict a wide range of contrasting gay women of different ages, classes and ethnicities – and historical periods – to make a point that "there are dozens of ways of being queer."''The Microcosm'' (1989 Virago ed.), p. 273. Widely reviewed, it sold well and inspired lesbian readers, including U. A. Fanthorpe and Mary McIntosh.Duffy quoted in Jill Gardiner (2003), ''From the closet to the screen: women at the Gateways Club 1945–85'', pp. 104–107.

Duffy's other early novels deal with the life of creative artists. ''The Single Eye'' (1964) has a talented photographer gradually finding that his wife has become his rival, a restriction that holds back his life and his art, so that for the sake of his creativity and identity he must leave her. ''The Paradox Players'' (1967), about a writer, draws on Duffy's experience of living on a houseboat. It shows the attractions of the freer life in an alternative community, together with its shortcomings (including rats in the food cupboard). The paradox lies in the difficulty of sustaining this as a permanent lifestyle, as the pressures of the outside world break through.

Plays

In 1968, Duffy was one of five women novelists commissioned by Joan Plowright to write a play for the National Theatre with an all-female cast. Duffy's ''Rites'' was selected for a second run at the Old Vic, then the home of the National Theatre, and has often been performed since. Set in ladies' public toilets, it climaxes with an attack by a group of women on a "male", discovered too late to be a woman in a suit. It is described by Duffy as "black farce... pitched between fantasy and naturalism".Duffy (1983), play notes for ''Rites'' in ''Plays by Women'', Vol. 2, p. 27. '' Rites'' was shown with ''Old Tyme'' and ''Solo'' at the ADC Theatre in Cambridge in 1970. A sequel, ''Washouse'', was set in a launderette run by a male-to-female transsexual. All these plays had contemporary settings, but drew thematically on Greek or Roman myths (the Bacchae, children of Uranus, Narcissus, Venus and Diana).Duffy (1983), play notes for ''Rites'', ''Plays by Women'', Vol. 2, p. 26.

In 1971, Duffy was commissioned to write the second episode of the ITV series ''Upstairs Downstairs''."The Mistress and the Maids"
''Upstairs, Downstairs'', Season One. Accessed 28 October 2013. Her play about the last hour of Virginia Woolf's life, ''A Nightingale in Bloomsbury Square'', was performed in 1973 at the Hampstead Theatre Club, and also featured Vita Sackville-West and Freud as imagined by Virginia.

Duffy's BBC radio plays include ''The Passionate Shepherdess'' on Aphra Behn (1977) and ''Only Goodnight'' (1981) on Edith Somerville and Violet Martin ( Martin Ross). ''Family Trees'' (1984) deals with family history research. ''Afterword'', a witty two-hander about a writer under pressure from a benefits officer (a response to Vaclav Havel's play ''Conversation'') was performed by Manchester University Drama Society in 1983. ''Megrim'', set in a mythical matriarchy in the Welsh mountains, was performed at King Alfred's School of Speech and Drama, Winchester, in 1984.Lucy Kay (2005), "Maureen Duffy" in ''Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 310: British and Irish Dramatists since World War II'', 4th Series. Bruccoli Clark Layman, ed. John Bull, pp. 66–72. ''The Masque of Henry Purcell'' was staged at Southwark Playhouse in London in 1995, while '' Sappho Singing'' was performed there in 2010 and in Brighton in 2011.

''Rites'' and ''A Nightingale in Bloomsbury Square'' have been published. Typescripts of other plays are accessible in King's College London CLArchive. A survey and analysis of Duffy's drama is available in Lucy Kay, (2005).

Duffy's play ''Hilda and Virginia'' was shown at the Jermyn Street Theatre on 27 February – 3 March 2018. The twinned monologues performed by Sarah Crowden focused on the last evening of Virginia Woolf's life and several episodes in the life of Abbess Hilda of Whitby as recorded by Bede, where Hilda tells of the poet Caedmon and the shift in the church from Irish to Roman Catholicism.

Poetry

Duffy's first of nine poetry volumes appeared in 1968. They included ''Environmental Studies'' (2013), which was long-listed for the Green Carnation Prize, and most recently ''Pictures from an Exhibition'' (2016). Her ''Collected Poems, 1949–84'' appeared in 1985.

Her poetry ranges widely, in form from villanelle to free verse, and in content from erotic and lyrical love poetry to a humanist mass; family memories to political comment. Her work often references earlier poets from a contemporary angle, as in "Piers Plowless"."Maureen Duffy"
Poetry. Accessed 14 January 2003. Alison Hennegan credits Duffy with "the first modern lesbian love poems, unabashed and unapologetic. These showed what was possible."Quoted in Workman, Bob (1984), 'Duffy's lore' interview in ''She'' magazine December 1984, p. 81. Their major concern is "sympathy for the human (or animal) condition, devoid of sentimentality or condescension".''Memorials of the Quick and the Dead'' (1979): inside cover.

Fiction

''Wounds'' (1969) creates a mosaic of London life by interweaving the voices of a range of characters, including a black mother, a local politician and a gay theatre director, whose lives contrast with the uplifting experience of two passionate lovers, whose encounters recur through the book. ''Love Child'' (1971) has a narrator whose gender is unstated, Kit, a child whose jealousy of its mother's relationship with her lover Ajax (also of unknown gender) has tragic consequences – an Oedipal theme. Kit has also been identified with Cupid and the mother with Venus.

Duffy's trilogy about London continues with ''Capital'' (1975). The lives of a professor, Emery, and a self-educated, homeless eccentric Meepers, twine around "Queen's" (a fictionalised version of King's College), interspersed with narratives of Londoners of various periods, including 14th-century prostitutes and Stone Age hunters. Many critics saw this as her most impressive novel to date.''Observer'' 12 October 1975, p. 31 – Summary of reviews in ''Observer'', ''Sunday Times'', ''Guardian'', ''Financial Times'' and ''Sunday Telegraph''. Lorna Sage noted her writing "becoming altogether more carnivalesque – more deadpan and more comic."Lorna Sage (1989), ''Maureen Duffy''. Booktrust with British Council. The third of the trilogy, ''Londoners: an Elegy'' (1983), brings dry humour to the challenges of the contemporary writing world, through a narrator of unspecified gender writing on Francois Villon. ''Londoners'' is also inspired by Dante's Inferno and draws parallels with Villon's medieval Paris; it is also notable for depicting gay pubs and characters.

''Change'' (1987), set in World War II, includes a group of apes as one set of narrative voices in a mosaic of stories of a wide range of ordinary people. Many of Duffy's later novels use contrasting and complementary narratives of past and present, a technique she first applied in ''The Microcosm''. ''Restitution'' (1998) (long-listed for the Booker Prize), eventually brings past and present together, as a young London woman gradually finds her identity unexpectedly altered by events in Nazi Germany half a century before.

Some of Duffy's novels deploy the storytelling techniques of thrillers, including ''I want to go to Moscow'' (1973), ''Housespy'' (1978), ''Occam's Razor'' (1991), ''Alchemy'' (2004), ''The Orpheus Trail'' (2009) and ''In Times Like These'' (2013). Political passion often animates her work. ''The Microcosm'' makes the case for acceptance of lesbians; ''Gor Saga'' challenges assumptions about the gulf between humans and other species; ''In Times Like These'' warns of dangers in possible Scottish independence and in withdrawal of England and Wales from the European Union. ''Scarborough Fear'' (written under a pseudonym in 1982) is a horror story with a modern setting and Gothic elements, engaging its young narrator in a psychological battle for survival.

Non-fiction

Duffy's literary biography of Aphra Behn (1977) led to rediscovery of the 17th-century playwright, the first woman to earn a living by writing, and established fresh facts about her life. Duffy has also edited Behn's plays and her novel ''Love Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister'', and written introductions to other works of hers.

Duffy's other non-fiction includes ''The Erotic World of Faery'' (1972), a Freudian study of eroticism in faery fantasy literature; ''Inherit the Earth'', (1979) a social history of her family and their roots in Thaxstead, Essex; a biography of the composer Henry Purcell (1995); and a historical survey of how myths of English identity came to develop: ''England: The Making of the Myth'' (2001).

Writing style

Duffy's work is often framed by Freudian ideas and Greek mythology.Maggie Gee (2014)
"Maureen Duffy's mosaics"
''TLS'', 1 January 2014: 17. Her writing is distinctive for using contrasting voices or streams of consciousness, often including the perspectives of outsiders. Her novels have been linked to a European literary tradition of exploring reality through the use of language and questioning, rather than traditional linear narrative.Christoph Bode (2001), "The Polyphonic novel as a subversion of realism", Beate Neumier, ed. (2001), ''Engendering Realism and Post-modernism: Contemporary Women Writers in Britain'', p. 8

/ref> James Joyce in particular and Modernism in general are influences, as is Joyce Cary. "Duffy has inspired many other writers and proved that the English novel need not be realistic and domestic, but can be fantastical, experimental and political." Her writing in all forms is noted for an "eye for detail and ear for language".Francis Hope, ''The Observer'', 25 November 1962: 29. Similar comments are made, for example, by Jane Miller, ''TLS'' 3 July 1969, p. 720; Werson (1983), 274; Bode (2001), 89; and Maggie Gee, ''TLS'' 1 January 2014, p. 17. and "powerful intense imagery".

Her early plays often depict working-class life with humour and evocative language. She joined the Royal Court writers' group at a time when the social realist school of such playwrights as John Osborne and Arnold Wesker was transforming British drama. Some of her plays have been described as "anarchic... dealing with taboo subjects... 'total theater' reminiscent of the ideas of Antonin Artaud and Jean Genet, employing Brechtian techniques."Lucy Kay (2005), "Maureen Duffy", ''Dictionary of Literary Biography'', Vol. 310, ''British and Irish Dramatists since World War II'', 4th Series. Bruccoli Clark Layman, ed. John Bull, p. 72. Jean-Paul Sartre has also had an influence.

Duffy's affinity to London, present and past, and its cosmopolitan inhabitants often features in her writing,Christine Sizemore, (1989), "The city as archeological dig: Maureen Duffy", ''A Female Vision of the City – London in the Novels of Five British Women'', pp. 188–233. which celebrates diversity, regardless of class, nationality, ethnicity, gender, sexuality or species. She advocates "an ethic of compassion" towards human and animal rights.Sizemore (1989), "The city as archeological dig: Maureen Duffy", in ''A Female Vision of the City'': p. 212.

Activism

A lifelong socialist, Duffy was involved in early CND marches. As a humanist she has regularly taken a lead in pressing her beliefs.

Gay rights

Maureen Duffy was the first gay woman in British public life today to be open about her sexuality.
She "came out publicly in her work in the early 1960s" and made public comments before male homosexual acts were decriminalised in 1967. In 1977 she published ''The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial'', a broadside against the trial of the '' Gay News'' newspaper for "blasphemous libel".''The Freethinker'', August 1977
accessed 4 October 2013.

As first chair of the Gay Humanist Group from 1980 (renamed GALHA, the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association, in 1987) she spoke out on many issues such as human rights for those with HIV and AIDs. At the 1988 TUC conference as President of the Writers' Guild of Great Britain, she succeeded with a motion deploring the passing of Section 28 "as an infringement of the basic right to free speech and expression".''Gay & Lesbian Humanist'' Vol. 8, No. 2, Winter 1988/1989, p. 4. Duffy has patronized the British Humanist Association since GALHA became part of it in 2012.

Duffy is often invited by LGBT groups to read her work. In 1991, she appeared in ''Saturday Night Out'' on BBC 2, saying that progress in gay rights since her earliest TV appearances had been more limited than she had hoped. In 1995 she was placed by ''Gay Times'' as one of the 200 most influential lesbian and gay people in Britain.1995 May ''Gay Times'', p. 96. She was included on the ''Independent on Sunday Pink List in 2005.''Independent on Sunday'', 26 June 2005: 10, 11. In 2014, she gained an Icon Award for Outstanding Lifetime Achievement from ''Attitude'' magazine.

Animal rights

A vegetarian and a campaigner for animal rights since 1967, who signed a letter to ''The Times'' in 1970, along with Elizabeth Taylor and others, promising never to wear fur,''Times'' 26 November 1970: 4 Duffy's thinking appears in her book ''Men & Beasts: an Animal Rights Handbook'' (1984). Duffy is an anti-vivisectionist.

Animal rights become central in two of her novels: ''I Want to Go to Moscow'' (1973, in the US: ''All Heaven in a Rage'') and ''Gor Saga'', the 1981 story of Gor, born half-gorilla, half-human, televised in 1988 in a three-part miniseries called '' First Born'' starring Charles Dance. Maureen Duffy became Vice President of Beauty Without Cruelty in 1975.

Authors' rights

Duffy with Brigid Brophy founded the Writers' Action Group in 1972, which gained over 700 author members. Their campaign for Public Lending Right (annual payments to authors based on public-library loans of their books) succeeded legally in 1979 after support for it at the 1978 TUC conference. She joined a delegation to meet Prime Minister James Callaghan in 1977.''Times'' 13 May 1977, p. 1. She remains an authority on copyright, intellectual property law and secondary author rights.Marion O'Connor (2013)
Speech at ceremony to award Honorary Doctor of Literature to Maureen Duffy – July 2013
. Accessed 10 October 2013.

"For almost as long as she has been writing for a living, Maureen Duffy has worked to protect the rights of writers, which have been jeopardised by successive changes in technology and in the book market." While continuing to defend Public Lending Right, Duffy has also contributed to a campaign for authors to be paid when their work is photocopied, and helped to found the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society, which she chaired for 15 years and remains as its president. She held senior positions for many years in the Writers Guild of Great Britain, the British Copyright Council, the European Writers' Congress ( European Writers Council since 2008) and the Royal Society of Literature. She represents the International Authors Forum at the World Intellectual Property Organization (a specialized United Nations agency).

In the media

Positions

*President of Honour of the British Copyright Council''Who's Who'', 2013.
*President of ALCS
*Vice President of Royal Society of LiteratureRoyal Society of Literature

*Fellow of Kings College, LondonKCL Fellows.
/ref>

Awards and honours

*1985 – Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
*2002 – CISAC gold medal, International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers
*2004 – Benson Medal, Royal Society of Literature
*2009 – Medal of Honour – Portuguese Society of Authors
*2011 – Honorary Doctor of Literature – Loughborough University
*2013 – Honorary Doctor of Literature – University of Kent
*2015 – Fellow of the English Association

Selected works

Fiction

*''That's How It Was'' (1962)
*''The Single Eye'' (1964)
*''The Microcosm'' (1966)
*''The Paradox Players'' (1967)
*''Wounds'' (1969)
*''Love Child'' (1971)
*''I Want to Go to Moscow: a Lay'' (in the US as ''All Heaven in a Rage'', 1973)
*''Capital: a Fiction'' (1975)
*''Housespy'' (1978)
*''Gor Saga'' (1981)
*''Scarborough Fear'', as D. M. Cayer (1982)
*''Londoners: an Elegy'' (1983)
*''Change'' (1987)
*''Illuminations: a Fable'' (1991)
*''Occam's Razor'' (1993)
*''Restitution'' (1998)
*''The Orpheus Trail'' (2009)
*''Alchemy'' (2010)
*''In Times Like These: a Fable'' (2013)
*''Sadie and the Seadogs'', a children’s book, illustrated by Anita Joice (2021)

Non-fiction

*''The Erotic World of Faery'' (1972)
*''The Passionate Shepherdess: Aphra Behn 1640–87'' (1977)
*''Inherit the Earth: a Social History'' (1980)
*''Men and Beasts: an Animal Rights Handbook'' (1984)
*''A Thousand Capricious Chances: a History of the Methuen List 1889–1989'' (1989)
*''Henry Purcell 1659–95'' (1994)
*''England: the Making of the Myth from Stonehenge to Albert Square'' (2001)

Poetry

*''Lyrics for the Dog Hour'' (1968)
*''The Venus Touch'' (1971)
*''Actaeon'' (1973)
*''Evesong'' (1975)
*''Memorials of the Quick and the Dead'' (1979)
*''Collected Poems 1949–84'' (1985)
*''Family Values'' (2008)
*''Environmental Studies'' (2013)
*''Paper Wings'' (2014) – set to paper by artist Liz Mathews
*''Pictures from an Exhibition'' (2016)
*''Past Present: Piers Plowless and Sir Orfeo'' (2017)
*''Wanderer'' (2020)

Drama

PlaysPlays, where possible, dated from scripts in King's College London Archive. Dates checked by Maureen Duffy, 23 January 2014.

*''Great Charles'' (1953)
*''Pearson'' (1956, performed as ''The Lay Off'' in 1962)date of first performance
*''Johnny Why'' (1956)
*''Room for Us All'' (1957)next play after ''Pearson'' (British Library. Maureen Duffy interviewed by Sarah O'Reilly, Authors' Lives, 2007–2009. British Library Sound & Moving Image Catalogue reference C1279/03: Track 21 15.07.08)
*''Return of the Hero'' (c. 1958)
*''Corp and Slogger'' (1950s)
*''Josie'' (1961)
*''Two and Two Makes Five'' (c. 1962)
*''Treason Never Prospers'' (1963)
*''Villon'' (1963)
*''The Burrow'' (1964)
*''The Silk Room'' (1966)
*''Rites'' (1968)
*''Solo'' (1970)
*''Old Tyme'' (1970)
*''Megrim'' (1972)
*''A Nightingale in Bloomsbury Square'' (1973)
*''Washouse'' (mid-1970s?)
*''The Passionate Shepherdess'' (1977)
*''Only Goodnight'' (1981)
*''Sarah Loves Caroline'' (1982)
*''Afterword'' (1983)
*''Family Trees'' (1984)
*''Voices'' (1985)
*''Unfinished Business'' (1986)
*''The Masque of Henry Purcell'' (1995)
*''Sappho Singing'' (2010)
*''What You Will'' (2012)
*"The Choice" (2017)

Plays published
*"Rites" in ''New Short Plays 2'' (Methuen, 1969), and published on its own by Hansom Books 1969, and in ''Plays by Women'', edited by Michelene Wandor (Methuen, 1983)
*"A Nightingale in Bloomsbury Square", in ''Factions'', edited by Giles Gordon and Alex Hamilton (Michael Joseph. 1974)
*"The Choice" and "A Nightingale in Bloomsbury Square" in ''Hilda and Virginia'' (Oberon Modern Plays 2018)

Art exhibitions

*1969 ''Prop Art'' (with Brigid Brophy). London.
*2014 ''Paper Wings'' – a collaboration with Liz Mathews. London

Further reading

*Dulan Barber (1973), "Maureen Duffy talking to Dulan Barber", ''Transatlantic Review'' Vol. 45, Spring 1973: 5–16
*Christoph Bode (2001), "Maureen Duffy: the polyphonic novel as a subversion of realism": Beate Neumeier, ed. (2001), ''Engendering Realism and Postmodernism: Contemporary Women Writers in Britain'', pp. 87–103
*Lyndie Brimstone, (1990), "'Keepers of history': the novels of Maureen Duffy": Mark Lilly, ed. (1990) ''Lesbian and Gay Writing'', pp. 23–46
*Maggie Gee (2014)
"Maureen Duffy's mosaics"
''Times Literary Supplement'' 2 January 2014, p. 17
*Lucy Kay (2005), "Maureen Duffy", ''Dictionary of Literary Biography'', Vol. 310: ''British and Irish Dramatists Since World War II'', 4th Series. Bruccoli Clark Layman. Ed. John Bull, pp. 66–72
*Ruth O'Callaghan (2012)
"Running down to winter: Maureen Duffy interviewed by Ruth O'Callaghan"
''Artemis'' 8, pp. 7–8
*Lorna Sage (1989), ''Maureen Duffy''. Booktrust/British Council, 8 pp.
*Christine Sizemore (1989), "The city as archeological dig: Maureen Duffy", ''A Female Vision of the City – London in the Novels of Five British Women'', pp. 188–233
*Gerard Werson (1983), "Maureen Duffy", Jay L. Halio, ed., ''Dictionary of Literary Biography'': Vol. 14: ''British Novelists since 1960'', pp. 272–282
*Liz Yorke (1999), "British lesbian poetics: a brief exploration", ''Feminist Review'' (62), Summer 1999, pp. 78–90

External links

Official website

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References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duffy, Maureen

1933 births
Alumni of King's College London
Anti-vivisectionists
British humanists
English animal rights scholars
British women screenwriters
English women dramatists and playwrights
English women novelists
English women poets
English screenwriters
English spy fiction writers
Fellows of the English Association
Fellows of King's College London
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
English lesbian writers
British LGBT rights activists
Living people
People from Worthing
British vegetarianism activists