Matthew Tindal
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Matthew Tindal (1657 – 16 August 1733) was an eminent
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...
deist author. His works, highly influential at the dawn of the Enlightenment, caused great controversy and challenged the
Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
consensus of his time.


Life

Tindal was baptised on 12 May 1657 at Bere Ferrers in Devon, son of the Reverend John Tindal, who was rector of the parish, and his wife Anne Halse.Bere Ferrers Parish Register South West Heritage Trust, Archive 1237A/PR/1/1 cited at https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tindal-104 A genealogy published in Vol IX of the ''Literary Anecdotes'' of John Nichol and written by Tindal's nephew, the historian Rev
Nicolas Tindal Nicolas Tindal (1687 – 27 June 1774) was the translator and continuer of the ''History of England'' by Paul de Rapin. Very few comprehensive histories existed at the time and Tindal wrote a three-volum'Continuation' a history of the Kingdom ...
, states that John was the son of Sir John Tyndall of Maplestead Magna, a Master of Chancery who was murdered in 1617. This is clearly mistaken.
Through his mother, he was a first cousin of Thomas Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, and therefore descended from the Clifford and Fortescue families. Tindal studied arts and law at
Lincoln College, Oxford Lincoln College (formally, The College of the Blessed Mary and All Saints, Lincoln) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, situated on Turl Street in central Oxford. Lincoln was founded in 1427 by Richard Fleming, th ...
, under the high churchman George Hickes, Dean of Worcester, and then at
Exeter College, Oxford (Let Exeter Flourish) , old_names = ''Stapeldon Hall'' , named_for = Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter , established = , sister_college = Emmanuel College, Cambridge , rector = Sir Richard Trainor ...
; in 1678 he was elected fellow of
All Souls College All Souls College (official name: College of the Souls of All the Faithful Departed) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of ...
. In a timely profession of faith, in 1685 he saw "that upon his High Church notions a separation from the Church of Rome could not be justified," and accordingly he joined the latter. But discerning "the absurdities of popery," he returned to the
Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Brit ...
at Easter 1688. Between the early 1690s and his death in 1733, Tindal made major contributions in a various areas. As Deputy Judge Advocate of the Fleet he had a large influence on the case law on piracy, such as his contributions the 1693–1694 trial of
John Golden John Lionel Golden (June 27, 1874 – June 17, 1955) was an American actor, songwriter, author, and theatrical producer. As a songwriter, he is best-known as lyricist for " Poor Butterfly" (1916). He produced many Broadway shows and four films. ...
. His timely pamphlet on the freedom of the press was hugely influential in the ending of the legal requirement that all publications be licensed before being printed. His book ''Rights of the Christian Church'' had an immense impact on church/state relations and on the growth of freethinking. Tindal's ''Christianity as old as the Creation'' (1730) was the ultimate statement of the deist understanding of Christianity and was highly influential in England and on the Continent.


Works


Early works

His early works were an ''Essay of Obedience to the Supreme Powers'' (1694); an ''Essay on the Power of the Magistrate and the Rights of Mankind in Matters of Religion'' (1697); and ''The Liberty of the Press'' (1698). The first of his two larger works, ''The Rights of the Christian Church asserted against the Romish and all other priests who claim an independent power over it, pt. i.'', appeared anonymously in 1706 (2nd ed., 1706; 3rd, 1707; 4th, 1709). The book was regarded in its day as a forcible defence of the Erastian theory of the supremacy of the state over the Church, and at once provoked criticism and abuse. After several attempts to proscribe the work had failed, a case against the author, publisher and printer succeeded on 14 December 1707, and another against a bookseller for selling a copy the next day. The prosecution did not prevent the issue of a fourth edition and gave the author the opportunity of issuing ''A Defence of the Rights of the Christian Church'', in two parts (2nd ed., 1709). The book was, by order of the
House of Commons The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of parliament. T ...
, burned, along with Sacheverell's sermon, by the common hangman (1710). It continued to be the subject of denunciation for years, and Tindal believed he was charged by Dr Gibson,
bishop of London A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
, in a ''Pastoral Letter'', with having undermined religion and promoted atheism and infidelity — a charge to which he replied in the anonymous tract, ''An Address to the Inhabitants of London and Westminster'', a second and larger edition of which appeared in 1730. In this tract he makes a valiant defence of the deists, and anticipates here and there his ''Christianity as Old as the Creation''.


''Christianity as Old as the Creation''

''Christianity as Old as the Creation; or, the Gospel a Republication of the Religion of Nature'' (London, 1730, 2nd ed., 1731; 3rd, 1732; 4th, 1733), came to be regarded as the "Bible" of deism. It was really only the first part of the whole work, and the second, though written and entrusted in manuscript to a friend, never saw the light. The work evoked many replies, of which the ablest were by James Foster (1730),
John Conybeare John Conybeare (31 January 1692 – 13 July 1755) was Bishop of Bristol and one of the most notable theologians of the 18th century. Conybeare was born at Pinhoe, where his father was vicar, and educated at Exeter Free School, Blundell's Schoo ...
(1732), John Leland (1733) and Bishop Butler (1736). ''Christianity as Old as the Creation'' was translated into German by J. Lorenz Schmidt (1741), and from it dates the influence of English deism on German theology. Tindal had probably adopted the principles it expounds before he wrote his essay of 1697. He claimed the name of "Christian deist", holding that true Christianity is identical with the eternal religion of nature. Waring states that Tindal's ''Christianity as Old as the Creation'' (1730) "became, very soon after its publication, the focal center of the deist controversy. Because almost every argument, quotation, and issue raised for decades can be found here, the work is often termed 'the deist's Bible'." Unlike the earlier system of Lord Herbert of Cherbury which relied on the notion of innate ideas, Tindal's system was based on the
empirical Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and ...
principles of Locke. It assumed the traditional deistic antitheses of external and internal, positive and natural, revelations and religions. It starts from the assumptions that true religion must, from the nature of God and things, be eternal, universal, simple and perfect; that this religion can consist of nothing but the simple and universal duties towards God and man, the first consisting in the fulfilment of the second—in other words, the practice of morality. The author's moral system, is essentially
utilitarian In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different charac ...
. True revealed religion is simply a republication of the religion of nature or reason, and Christianity, if it is the perfect religion, can only be that republication, and must be as old as creation. The special mission of Christianity, therefore, is simply to deliver men from the superstition which had perverted the religion of nature. True Christianity must be a perfectly "reasonable service," reason must be supreme, and the Scriptures as well as all religious doctrines must submit; only those writings can be regarded as divine Scripture which tend to the honour of God and the good of man. Tindal's 'deist Bible' redefined the foundation of deist epistemology as knowledge based on experience or human reason. This effectively widened the gap between traditional Christians and what he called "Christian deists" since this new foundation required that revealed truth be validated through human reason. In ''Christianity as Old as the Creation'', Tindal articulates many prominent facets of deism that have continued to characterize that belief through subsequent centuries unto the present day: *He argues against special revelation: "God designed all Mankind should at all times know, what he wills them to know, believe, profess, and practice; and has given them no other Means for this, but the Use of Reason."


Notes


References

* * * * Waring, E. Graham (1967). Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book, p. 107. * Lalor, Stephen (Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 2006) ''Matthew Tindal, Freethinker: An Eighteenth-century Assault on Religion'',


External links


Text from ''Christianity As Old As Creation''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tindal, Matthew 1657 births 1733 deaths Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford British deists Deist philosophers Erastians Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford