Mashup (music)
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A mashup (also mesh, mash up, mash-up, blend, bastard pop or bootleg) is a creative work, usually a song, created by blending two or more pre-recorded songs, typically by superimposing the vocal track of one song seamlessly over the instrumental track of another and changing the tempo and key where necessary. Such works are considered "
transformative In United States copyright law, transformative use or transformation is a type of fair use that builds on a copyrighted work in a different manner or for a different purpose from the original, and thus does not infringe its holder's copyright. Tr ...
" of original content and in the United States they may find protection from copyright claims under the " fair use" doctrine of copyright law.


History

The 1967 Harry Nilsson album ''
Pandemonium Shadow Show ''Pandemonium Shadow Show'' is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released in December 1967 on RCA Victor. Background The album was the first product of Nilsson's three-year, $50,000 recording contract with RCA ...
'' features what is nominally a cover of
the Beatles The Beatles were an English Rock music, rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the Cultural impact of the Beatles, most influential band of al ...
' "
You Can't Do That "You Can't Do That" is a song written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and released by the English rock band the Beatles as the B-side of their sixth British single "Can't Buy Me Love". It was later released on their third UK alb ...
" but actually introduced the "mashup" to studio-recording. Nilsson's recording of "You Can't Do That" mashes his own vocal recreations of more than a dozen Beatles songs into this track. Nilsson conceived the combining of many overlaying songs into one track after he played a chord on his guitar and realized how many Beatles songs it could apply to. This recording has led some to describe Harry Nilsson as the inventor of the mashup. Although described as a medley in its title, "
Do It Again Medley with Billie Jean "Do It Again Medley with Billie Jean" is a song by the Italian music project Club House, released in 1983. The song combines elements of two hits made famous by other artists: " Do It Again", a 1973 top-ten hit by Steely Dan and Michael Jackson ...
" by Italian music project Club House could be described as one of the first ever commercially released mashups in 1983. The song combines elements of " Do It Again", a 1973 Top 10 hit in the US and Canada by
Steely Dan Steely Dan is an American rock band founded in 1971 in New York by Walter Becker (guitars, bass, backing vocals) and Donald Fagen (keyboards, lead vocals). Initially the band had a stable lineup, but in 1974, Becker and Fagen retired from live ...
, with
Michael Jackson Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a ...
's #1 hit from earlier in the year, "
Billie Jean "Billie Jean" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson, released by Epic Records on January 2, 1983, as the second single from his sixth studio album, '' Thriller'' (1982). It was written and composed by Jackson and produced by Jackson and ...
". It reached #11 in the UK, and the Top 10 in Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands. In 1990, Norman Cook reached #1 on the UK charts with his act Beats International with "
Dub Be Good To Me "Dub Be Good to Me" is a song by British dub group Beats International featuring singer Lindy Layton, released on 24 January 1990 as the first single from their debut album, '' Let Them Eat Bingo'' (1990). It was written by frontman Norman Cook ...
", essentially a mashup of re-recorded vocals of
The SOS Band The S.O.S. Band (sometimes written as S.O.S. Band; abbreviation for Sounds of Success) is an American R&B and electro-funk group who gained fame in the 1980s. They are best known for the songs "Take Your Time (Do It Right)", "Just Be Good to M ...
's " Just Be Good To Me" with
The Clash The Clash were an English rock band formed in London in 1976 who were key players in the original wave of British punk rock. Billed as "The Only Band That Matters", they also contributed to the and new wave movements that emerged in the wa ...
's " The Guns of Brixton", making it the first mashup to achieve significant mainstream success. The 1990
John Zorn John Zorn (born September 2, 1953) is an American composer, conductor, saxophonist, arranger and producer who "deliberately resists category". Zorn's avant-garde and experimental approaches to composition and improvisation are inclusive of jaz ...
album '' Naked City'' features a version of
Ornette Coleman Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman (March 9, 1930 – June 11, 2015) was an American jazz saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter, and composer known as a principal founder of the free jazz genre, a term derived from his 1960 album '' Free Jazz: A Colle ...
's " Lonely Woman" set over the bassline of
Roy Orbison Roy Kelton Orbison (April 23, 1936 – December 6, 1988) was an American singer, songwriter, and musician known for his impassioned singing style, complex song structures, and dark, emotional ballads. His music was described by critics as ...
's "
Pretty Woman ''Pretty Woman'' is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall, from a screenplay by J. F. Lawton. The film stars Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, and features Héctor Elizondo, Ralph Bellamy (in his final performance), La ...
". In 1991, The Source featuring
Candi Staton Canzetta Maria "Candi" Staton (, ) (born March 13, 1940) is an American singer–songwriter, best known in the United States for her 1970 remake of Tammy Wynette's " Stand by Your Man" and her 1976 disco chart-topper "Young Hearts Run Free". In E ...
released "
You Got The Love "You Got the Love" is a song by British songwriting team The Source featuring American singer-songwriter Candi Staton. Originally released in 1986, the song was remixed and re-released in 1991, 1997, and 2006. It reached number three on the UK S ...
", based on a mashup created by DJ Eren Abdullah that had been an underground club hit since 1989, placing a Candi Staton a cappella over an instrumental version of
Frankie Knuckles Francis Warren Nicholls, Jr. (January 18, 1955 – March 31, 2014), better known as Frankie Knuckles, was an American DJ, record producer and remixer. He played an important role in developing and popularizing house music in Chicago during the 1 ...
and Jamie Principle's house classic, " Your Love". It reached #4 on the UK charts, and had continued success over subsequent years with several remixes and a cover by
Florence + The Machine Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
. In 1994, the experimental band
Evolution Control Committee The Evolution Control Committee (The ECC) is an experimental music band based in Columbus, Ohio. The ECC was founded by Mark Gunderson (a.k.a. TradeMark G.) in Columbus, in 1986. They create music that falls within the borders of the sound col ...
released the first modern mashup tracks on their hand-made cassette album, ''Gunderphonic''. These "Whipped Cream Mixes" combined a pair of Public Enemy a cappellas with instrumentals by Herb Alpert and the
Tijuana Brass Tijuana ( ,"Tijuana"
(US) and
< ...
. First released on home-made cassettes in early 1992, it was later pressed on 7" vinyl, and distributed by
Eerie Materials Eerie Materials was an independent record label started in the early 1990s, first based in Richmond, Virginia, and later in San Francisco, California. History Before the label began, in the late 1980s, brother and sister Troy Fiscella and Tris ...
in the mid-1990s. The tracks gained some degree of notoriety on
college radio Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. Programming may be exclusively created or produced ...
stations in the United States. The name Pop Will Eat Itself was taken from an ''
NME ''New Musical Express'' (''NME'') is a British music, film, gaming, and culture website and brand. Founded as a newspaper in 1952, with the publication being referred to as a 'rock inkie', the NME would become a magazine that ended up as a f ...
'' feature on the band
Jamie Wednesday Jamie Wednesday were a British 1980s jangle pop band, formed in Streatham, South London in 1984,Strong, Martin C.: "The Great Alternative & Indie Discography", 1999, Canongate, that released eight songs on two records between 1985 and 1986. Pre ...
, written by David Quantick, which proposed the theory that because popular music simply recycles good ideas continuously, the perfect pop song could be written by combining the best of those ideas into one track. Hence, "pop will eat itself". Pre-empting the rise of the mashup in the 2000s, German trance act Fragma reached #1 in the UK and the Top 10 in Australia and across Europe with " Toca's Miracle", a mashup of their previous single "Toca Me" and Coco Star's 1996 single "I Need A Miracle", initially created by British DJ Vimto in 1999. The mashup movement gained momentum again in 2001 with the release of the ''2 Many DJs'' album ''
As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 ''As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2'' is the first album to be released by Soulwax members David and Stephen Dewaele also known as Soulwax, 2ManyDJs. It consists of 45 remixed tracks by a series of diverse artists including Dolly Parton, Basement J ...
'' by Soulwax's Dewaele brothers, which combined 45 different tracks; the same year a remix of Christina Aguilera's " Genie in a Bottle" was also released by Freelance Hellraiser, which coupled Aguilera's vocals with the guitar track of "
Hard to Explain "Hard to Explain" is a song by American Rock music, rock band the Strokes. It was released as the lead single from their debut studio album, ''Is This It'' (2001), June 25, 2001. It peaked at number 10 in Ireland and number 16 in the United King ...
" by New York's the Strokes, in a piece called "A Stroke of Genie-us". In 2001, English producer Richard X had created a bootleg mashup of
Adina Howard Adina Marie Howard (born November 14, 1973) is an American singer and songwriter. She rose to fame during the mid-1990s with her debut album, ''Do You Wanna Ride?'' and her debut single, "Freak like Me". Some of her other minor hits include "Wh ...
's " Freak Like Me" and
Tubeway Army Tubeway Army were a London-based new wave band led by lead singer Gary Numan. Formed at the height of punk rock in 1977 the band gradually changed to an electronic sound. They were the first band of the electronic era to have a synthesiser-b ...
's "
Are "Friends" Electric? "Are 'Friends' Electric?" is a 1979 song by the English band Tubeway Army. Taken from their album ''Replicas'', it was released as a single in May 1979 and reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, staying there for four weeks. It was written ...
", titled "We Don't Give a Damn About Our Friends", which became a successful underground dance track under his alias "Girls on Top". He could not get permission to use the original vocals to release the mashup commercially, so he enlisted the English girl group Sugababes to re-record the vocals. It was released in April 2002, giving the group their first UK #1 single, and drawing further recognition, acclaim and mainstream success for the mashup genre. Richard X had continued success with two more mashups reaching the UK Top 10: "
Being Nobody "Ain't Nobody" is a song by American funk band Rufus and American singer Chaka Khan. It was released on November 4, 1983, as one of four studio tracks included on their live album, ''Stompin' at the Savoy'' (1983). "Ain't Nobody" quickly gather ...
" (#3), with pop group Liberty X combining vocals of
Chaka Khan Yvette Marie Stevens (born March 23, 1953), better known by her stage name Chaka Khan (), is an American singer. Her career has spanned more than five decades, beginning in the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the funk band Rufus. Known as the " Qu ...
and Rufus's " Ain't Nobody" with The Human League's "
Being Boiled "Being Boiled" is the debut single by the British synthpop band the Human League. Composed by Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh, with lyrics by Philip Oakey, it has been released several times since 1978, finally becoming a UK top ten hit in 1982. ...
", and " Finest Dreams" (#8), featuring American vocalist Kelis singing the vocals from
The SOS Band The S.O.S. Band (sometimes written as S.O.S. Band; abbreviation for Sounds of Success) is an American R&B and electro-funk group who gained fame in the 1980s. They are best known for the songs "Take Your Time (Do It Right)", "Just Be Good to M ...
's " The Finest" over an instrumental of The Human League's "
The Things That Dreams Are Made Of "The Things That Dreams Are Made Of" is a song by the English synthpop group The Human League. It was originally recorded for the band's 1981 album ''Dare'', but was remixed, remastered and released as a dance EP single in 2008. It reached numbe ...
". At the
2002 Brit Awards Brit Awards 2002 was the 22nd edition of the Brit Awards, an annual pop music awards ceremony in the United Kingdom. It was organised by the British Phonographic Industry and took place on 20 February 2002 at Earls Court in London. first present ...
held on 20 February 2002, Australian pop singer
Kylie Minogue Kylie Ann Minogue (; born 28 May 1968) is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress. She is the highest-selling female Australian artist of all time, having sold over 80 million records worldwide. She has been recognised for reinve ...
performed a mash-up version of her #1 hit " Can't Get You Out of My Head", combined with New Order's song " Blue Monday". The live performance is cited as one of the first by a mainstream recording artist to utilise a mashup, and was ranked at number 40 on ''
The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
s 2011 list of 50 Key Events in the History of Dance Music. The mashup, titled "Can't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head", was later released as the B-side of " Love at First Sight" and was included on Minogue's 2008 remix album ''
Boombox A boombox is a transistorized portable music player featuring one or two cassette tape recorder/players and AM/FM radio, generally with a carrying handle. Beginning in the mid 1980s, a CD player was often included. Sound is delivered through ...
''. In the years that followed, mash-ups became more widely used by major artists in their live performances, particularly to update previous material to meld with the themes and sounds of their more recent work. For example, on her 2006 Confessions Tour,
Madonna Madonna Louise Ciccone (; ; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Widely dubbed the " Queen of Pop", Madonna has been noted for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, a ...
incorporated elements of The Trammps's " Disco Inferno" in the performance of her 2000 hit "
Music Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspect ...
", to assist the song in blending in with the tour's disco theme. On her 2008 Sticky & Sweet Tour, she performed a mash-up of her 1990 hit "
Vogue Vogue may refer to: Business * ''Vogue'' (magazine), a US fashion magazine ** British ''Vogue'', a British fashion magazine ** ''Vogue Arabia'', an Arab fashion magazine ** ''Vogue Australia'', an Australian fashion magazine ** ''Vogue China'', ...
" with the instrumental of her recent single "
4 Minutes "4 Minutes" is a song by American singer Madonna from her eleventh studio album ''Hard Candy'' (2008), featuring vocals by American singer Justin Timberlake and American producer Timbaland. It was released as the lead single from the album on ...
", to update it with the more urban sound of her ''
Hard Candy A hard candy (American English), or boiled sweet (British English), is a sugar candy prepared from one or more sugar-based syrups that is heated to a temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) to make candy. Among the many hard candy varietie ...
'' album. In August 2003, Madonna's single "
Hollywood Hollywood usually refers to: * Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California * Hollywood, a metonym for the cinema of the United States Hollywood may also refer to: Places United States * Hollywood District (disambiguation) * Hollywood, ...
" was remixed with "
Into the Groove "Into the Groove" is a song by recorded by American singer Madonna, and featured on the 1985 film ''Desperately Seeking Susan''. Written and produced by both Madonna and Stephen Bray, the main inspiration behind the song was the dance floor; t ...
" and performed with
Missy Elliott Melissa Arnette Elliott (born July 1, 1971), better known as Missy Elliott or Missy “Misdemeanor” Elliot, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. She embarked on her music career with R&B girl group Sista in the earl ...
under the title "Into the Hollywood Groove" as part of a promotional campaign for clothing retailer, GAP, prompting criticism for exploiting the underground culture of the mash-up for commercial gain. The mid-2000s saw a massive surge in popularity for the mashup, including single releases that climbed high into the dance charts and even the mainstream top-40 charts. Such hits include
Linkin Park Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. The band's current lineup comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist/keyboardist Mike Shinoda, lead guitarist Brad Delson, bassist Dave Farrell, DJ/turntablist Joe Hahn and drummer ...
and
Jay Z Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), known professionally as Jay-Z, is an American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, and founder of Manhattan-based conglomerate talent and entertainment agency Roc Nation. He is regarded as one of ...
's “
Numb/Encore "Numb/Encore" is a song by American rapper Jay-Z and rock band Linkin Park from their EP ''Collision Course'' (2004). It was released as a single on December 13, 2004, by Warner Bros., Machine Shop, Def Jam, and Roc-A-Fella Records. The song ...
”,
Party Ben Ben Gill, better known as Party Ben, is a DJ in San Francisco. He spent many years working at radio station Live 105 and producer of mashup music. Mashups From June 2003 to December 30, 2005, Party Ben hosted the "Sixx Mixx" on Live 105, a wee ...
's “ Boulevard of Broken Songs”, Alex Gaudino's “
Destination Calabria "Destination Calabria" is a song by Italian music producer Alex Gaudino with vocals by Crystal Waters. It is the first single released from his debut album ''My Destination''. The track is a mashup, taking the instrumental from Rune RK's " Cala ...
”,
Mousse T. Mustafa Gundogdu ( tr, Mustafa Gündoğdu ; born 2 October 1966), best known under his stage name Mousse T., is a German-Turkish DJ, record producer, film composer and judge on season 15 of '' Deutschland sucht den Superstar'', the German vers ...
vs The Dandy Warhols' " Horny As A Dandy" (originally mixed by produced by Loo & Placido) and Mylo vs
Miami Sound Machine Miami Sound Machine was an American band of Latin-influenced music that had featured the vocals of Cuban-born recording artist Gloria Estefan (née Fajardo). Established in 1975 by Emilio Estefan Jr., the band was originally known as the Miami ...
's “
Doctor Pressure "Doctor Pressure" is a song by Mylo and Miami Sound Machine, from the re-issue of Mylo's debut studio album ''Destroy Rock & Roll'' (2004). The song was written by Elias Enrique Garcia and the producer Mylo. It was released by Sony BMG and Bre ...
”. In 2001, Henry Mancini produced a mashup version of Every Breath You Take by
The Police The Police were an English rock band formed in London in 1977. For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting (lead vocals, bass guitar), Andy Summers (guitar) and Stewart Copeland (drums, percussion). The Police ...
for the 27th Episode of
The Sopranos ''The Sopranos'' is an American Crime film#Crime drama, crime drama television series created by David Chase. The story revolves around Tony Soprano (James Gandolfini), a New Jersey-based American Mafia, Italian-American mobster, portraying h ...
'
Mr. Ruggerio's Neighborhood "Mr. Ruggerio's Neighborhood" is the 27th episode of the HBO original series ''The Sopranos'' and the first of the show's third season. It was written by David Chase and directed by Allen Coulter, and originally aired on March 4, 2001. Starring * ...
'. '' The Grey Album'', which mashed up recordings by
Jay-Z Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), known professionally as Jay-Z, is an American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, and founder of Manhattan-based conglomerate talent and entertainment agency Roc Nation. He is regarded as one of ...
and
The Beatles The Beatles were an English Rock music, rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the Cultural impact of the Beatles, most influential band of al ...
, also became notoriously popular. With the release of
Rock Band A rock band or pop band is a small musical ensemble that performs rock music, pop music, or a related genre. A four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. In the early years, the configuration was typically two guita ...
in 2007 and its sequels later on, numerous mashup artists discovered that every song in the games had each instrument stored on separate tracks to each other, meaning that song instrumentals, acapellas and even individual instruments could easily be sampled and kept uncompressed and clear. Among others, American comedian
Neil Cicierega Neil Stephen Cicierega ( ; born August 23, 1986) is an American comedian, actor, filmmaker, singer, YouTuber, musician, songwriter, puppeteer, artist, and animator. He is known as the creator of a genre of Flash animation he termed "Animutation ...
used this method to produce his four mashup albums,
Mouth Sounds ''Mouth Sounds'' is a mashup album by American musician Neil Cicierega. The album was released independently by Cicierega on April 27, 2014. Consisting of mashups pairing Top 40 hits of the 1980s and 1990s along with Smash Mouth's " All Star" ...
,
Mouth Silence ''Mouth Silence'' is the second mashup album by American musician and comedian Neil Cicierega. Following the format of his previous release, ''Mouth Sounds'', the album is composed of mashups and remixes of popular songs from the 1980s, 1990's, a ...
, Mouth Moods and
Mouth Dreams ''Mouth Dreams'' is the fourth mashup album by American musician and comedian Neil Cicierega. It was released on September 30, 2020. Like his three previous mashup albums ('' Mouth Sounds'', ''Mouth Silence'', and ''Mouth Moods''), its source mat ...
.
DJ Earworm Jordan Roseman (born March 25, 1982), known professionally as DJ Earworm, is an American mashup artist from San Francisco, California, who has achieved recognition for his technically sophisticated, songwriting oriented music and video mashups. ...
's annual “
United States of Pop Jordan Roseman (born March 25, 1982), known professionally as DJ Earworm, is an American Mashup (music), mashup artist from San Francisco, California, who has achieved recognition for his technically sophisticated, songwriting oriented music and ...
” mashups became season events, with his 2009 edition alone garnering critical acclaim as well as racking up more than 53 million views on YouTube. Mashups also helped launch the careers of acts such as Girl Talk and Madeon, with the latter's “
Pop Culture Pop or POP may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Pop music, a musical genre Artists * POP, a Japanese idol group now known as Gang Parade * Pop!, a UK pop group * Pop! featuring Angie Hart, an Australian band Albums * Pop (Gas al ...
” accruing more than 55 million views. Acts such as
DJs from Mars DJs from Mars is an Italian DJ and production team. They are known for their mashups of popular songs turned into electro dance music. Background The project started in 2003 after the meeting of young producers Luca Emanuele Ventafridda (aka ...
and
Mashd N Kutcher Mashd N Kutcher (sometimes abbreviated as MNK) are an Australian dance act and electronic band. Mashd N Kutcher are best known for their songs " Do It Now" and " My Sunshine", which samples Len's song "Steal My Sunshine". In 2020 they came to pu ...
would go on to make mashups a huge part of their creative output. Launched in San Francisco in 2003, Bootie was the first recurring club night in the United States dedicated solely to the burgeoning art form of the bootleg mashup, and as of 2019 hosted monthly parties in cities around the globe, including Los Angeles, Paris, Boston, Munich, and New York City. The party's slogan, "Music for the A.D.D. Generation" also inspired the creation of "A.D.D", Israel's first mashup-dedicated party. The ''Best of Bootie'' mashup compilation series is produced by Bootie creators A Plus D. Released every December since 2005, the compilations are annual Internet sensations, with each album requiring 5,000 GB+ of download bandwidth.


Video games

'' DJ Hero'' is a 2009 rhythm video game developed by Activision that includes over 90 pre-made mashups, where the player scores points by hitting notes on the turntable controller. '' Fuser'' is a 2020 video game developed by Harmonix that allows the player to create mashups of over 100 songs, using four instrument stems from the master recording.


See also

*
Mashup (culture) Participants in an online music scene who rearrange spliced parts of musical pieces form mashup culture. The audio-files are normally in MP3 format and spliced with audio-editing software online. The new, edited song is called mashup. The expression ...
* Mashup (video) *
Sound collage In music, montage (literally "putting together") or sound collage ("gluing together") is a technique where newly branded sound objects or compositions, including songs, are created from collage, also known as montage. This is often done throug ...
*
Plunderphonics Plunderphonics is a music genre in which tracks are constructed by sampling recognizable musical works. The term was coined by composer John Oswald in 1985 in his essay "Plunderphonics, or Audio Piracy as a Compositional Prerogative", and even ...
* WhoSampled * Parody music * Quodlibet *
Pastiche A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche pays homage to the work it imitates, rather than mocking it ...
* "
One Song to the Tune of Another This is a list of games featured on BBC Radio 4's long-running "antidote to panel games", ''I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue''. Some are featured more frequently than others. Ad-Lib Poetry The host gives a line of a poem, and each panelist has to co ...
"


References


Further reading

*
Paul Morley Paul Robert Morley is an English music journalist. He wrote for the ''New Musical Express'' from 1977 to 1983 and has since written for a wide range of publications as well as writing his own books. He was a co-founder of the record label ZTT Re ...
(2003). ''Words and Music: A History of Pop in the Shape of a City''. Bloomsbury. . * Jeremy J. Beadle (1993). ''Will Pop Eat Itself?'' Faber & Faber. . * Brøvig-Hanssen, Ragnhild, 2018. "Musical Recycling: Mashup Aesthetics and Authorship." Selected Paper of Internet Research, SPIR, 2016: The 17th Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers. Berlin, Germany. http://spir.aoir.org. *Roseman, Jordan (2006). ''Audio Mashup Construction Kit''. . *Hughes, J. & Lang, K. (2006)
Transmutability: Digital Decontextualization, Manipulation, and Recontextualization as a New Source of Value in the Production and Consumption of Culture Products.
In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences – Volume 08. * Sinnreich, Aram (2010). ''Mashed Up: Music, Technology & the Rise of Configurable Culture'

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Mashup Mashup, Musical techniques Repurposing 1990s in music 2000s in music 2010s in music Intellectual property activism