Mariano Fernández de Folgueras y Fernández Flores (1766 – June 1, 1823) was a

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

military and colonial administrator who twice became the governor-general of the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

, from 1806 to 1810 and from 1816 to 1822. It was during his term when the people from

Ilocandia Ilocos Region ( ilo, Rehion/Deppaar ti Ilocos; pag, Sagor na Baybay na Luzon/Rehiyon Uno; tl, Rehiyon ng Ilocos) is an administrative region of the Philippines, designated as Region I, occupying the northwestern section of Luzon and part of ...

revolted In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...

against Spain in 1807, the Napoleonic Spain was established in 1808 and the

Viceroyalty of New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( es, Virreinato de Nueva España, ), or Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Amer ...

was dissolved in 1821.

Biography

Fernández de Folgueras was born in

Galicia, Spain Galicia (; gl, Galicia or ; es, Galicia}; pt, Galiza) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the northwest Iberian Peninsula, it includes the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense, a ...

in an unknown date and became a lieutenant of the king of Spain for the Philippines. When Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León died in 1806, he succeeded as the acting governor-general of the islands. On September 16, 1807, he witnessed the

Basi Revolt During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, 1521–1898, there were several revolts against the Spanish colonial government by indigenous Moro, Lumad, Indians, Chinese (Sangleys), and Insulares (Filipinos of full or near full ...

in Ilocos, which culminated twelve days later when the Spanish successfully quelled the rebels. In 1809, he gave permission to English traders to establish the first commercial houses in the Philippines. He returned to the post when José Gardoqui Jaraveitia died in office and was named to succeed him. During his term, the pressure from the absolutist policy accentuated in the Philippines, and his actions of giving administrative posts to ''

peninsulares In the context of the Spanish Empire, a ''peninsular'' (, pl. ''peninsulares'') was a Spaniard born in Spain residing in the New World, Spanish East Indies, or Spanish Guinea. Nowadays, the word ''peninsulares'' makes reference to Peninsular ...

'' and foreigners accumulated to several uprisings against foreigners residing in Manila. On February 1, 1818, the captain Hipolito Bouchard arrived at Manila Bay. He sailed aboard a warship of the

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata ( es, link=no, Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America ( es, link=no, Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica), was a name adopted in 1816 by the Co ...

. Immediately blockade the Manila Bay, keeping the port closed for two months. Fernández de Folgueras left a detailed report of the events that occurred during the incursion of the South American forces. Folgueras, also, created the province of

Ilocos Norte Ilocos Norte, officially the Province of Ilocos Norte ( ilo, Probinsia ti Ilocos Norte; tl, Lalawigan ng Ilocos Norte), is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. Its capital is Laoag City, located in the northwest corner ...

on February 2, 1818, and reestablished the

Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País The ''Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País'' (Economic Societies of Friends of the Country) were private associations established in various cities throughout Enlightenment Spain, and to a lesser degree in some of Spain's overseas territories ...

on December 17, 1819. In 1820, the Escuela Nautica de Manila was established. From October 9 to 10, 1820, several foreigners were massacred by the natives because of Spanish authorities' claim that the natives spread the cholera in the islands. In 1821,

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

became an independent nation as a conclusion to

Mexican War of Independence The Mexican War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de México, links=no, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, co ...

; the viceroyalty was dissolved and the country was directly controlled by the Spanish Crown through the Ministry of the Colonies (''Ministerio de Ultramar''). On October 30, 1822, Fernández de Folgueras gave the office to Juan Antonio Martínez and returned to become the lieutenant governor once again. On 1823, '' creoles'' and ''

mestizos (; ; fem. ) is a term used for racial classification to refer to a person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though thei ...

'' staged an insurrection against the government of Martínez because of the growing sentiments on how the Spanish authorities treated them. Led by Andrés Novales, this became known as the Novales Revolt. Fernández de Folgueras died on June 1, 1823, when the rebels occupied government buildings in

Intramuros Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila. Present-day ...

References

Folgueras Fernández, Mariano (−1823)

Connections After Colonialism: Europe and Latin America in the 1820s

The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation
{{DEFAULTSORT:Folgueras, Mariano Fernandez de 1766 births 1823 deaths People from Galicia (Spain) Captains General of the Philippines