Maramureș dialect

The Maramureș dialect (''subdialectul/graiul maramureșean'') is one of the dialects of the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian). Its geographic distribution covers approximately the historical region of Maramureș, now split between Romania and Ukraine.

Classification

The Maramureș dialect belongs to the group of relatively fragmented Transylvanian varieties, along with the Crișana dialect. This places the Maramureș dialect in the northern group of Romanian dialects, which also includes Moldavian dialect and Banat, as opposed to the southern grouping which consists of the Wallachian subdialect alone.

In the context of the transition-like and very fragmented speech varieties of Transylvania, the classification of the Maramureș dialect as a separate variety is made difficult—like the Crișana dialect, or even more so—by the small number of distinctive phonetic features. This difficulty made many researchers, in particular in earlier stages of the dialectal studies of Romanian, to not recognize an individual Maramureș dialect; this view was held by Gustav Weigand, Alexandru Philippide, Iorgu Iordan, and Emanuel Vasiliu among others. Subsequent analyses admit the existence of this variety, albeit with some reluctance, leading some researchers (such as Emil Petrovici and Sextil Pușcariu) to elaborate different classifications according to different criteria, depending on which the Maramureș variety is or is not individualized. Current classifications, owed to Romulus Todoran, Ion Coteanu and others, recognize a separate Maramureș dialect.

Geographic distribution

The Maramureș dialect is spoken in the approximate area of the Maramureș historical region, including parts of both Romania and Ukraine. In Romania, the dialectal area covers the north-eastern part of the Maramureș County, along the valleys of the Tisza, Vișeu, Mara, and Cosău; many people are concentrated in Sighetu Marmației, Vișeu and Borșa. In Ukraine, speakers are found in the eastern part of the Zakarpattia Oblast (Northern Maramureș); their number is decreasing.

Subdivisions

Although spoken on a small area, the Maramureș dialect can be further divided, by using particularities that are mostly lexical, into three branches:

*a wide central part of the area, which is the most representative;
*the north-western part has influences from the variety spoken in the Oaș Country;
*the south-eastern part.

Particularities

Many particularities are shared with the Crișana dialect as well as with the other neighboring Transylvanian varieties, and some with the Moldavian dialect.

Phonetic features

*Mid vowels close to , respectively, or to intermediate positions. The most frequent is the change of to : for standard ''de'', ''de la''.
*When appears in two consecutive syllables, the first opens to : (standard ''fete'' ).
*The diphthong monophthongizes to : for standard ''ușoară'' , ''noapte'' .
*After the consonants front vowels become central, whereas the diphthong monophthongizes to : for standard ''singur'', ''seară'', ''zeamă'', ''jir'', ''țin'', ''zi''.
*Consonants are less palatal than in the standard language and have the effect of centralizing a following to : for standard ''cer'', ''ger''.
*After labials, becomes and the diphthong is monophthongized to : for standard ''merg'', ''meargă'', ''pe''.
*The stressed diphthong monophthongizes to in word-final positions: for standard ''avea'', ''vrea''.
*The diphthong becomes in certain words: for standard ''băiat'', ''muiat''.
*Devocalized are found in word-final positions: for standard ''păcurar'', ''cer''.
*The diphthong monophthongizes to : for standard ''câine'', ''mâine'', ''pâine''.
*Etymologic is preserved in words like ''îmblu'', ''îmflu'', ''întru'' (standard ''umblu'', ''umflu'', ''intru'').
*Archaic are preserved in words like (compare with standard ).Matilda Caragiu-Marioțeanu, ''Compendiu de dialectologie română'', Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1975, p. 171
*The consonants are palatalized when followed by front vowels: for ''lemne'', ''vine''.
*The palatalization of labials before front vowels takes specific forms:
** becomes : for standard ''piele'';
** becomes : for standard ''bine'';
** becomes : for standard ''mic'';
** becomes : for standard ''să fie'';
** becomes : for standard ''vierme''.

Morphological and syntactical features

*The possessive article is invariable: ''a meu'', ''a mea'', ''a mei'', ''a mele'' ("mine", compare with standard ''al meu'', ''a mea'', ''ai mei'', ''ale mele'').
*The proximal demonstrative pronouns are closer to their Latin etymons: ''aista'', ''aiasta''.
*Some verbs of the 1st and 4th conjugation groups do not take the ''-ez'' and ''-esc'' suffixes: ''lucră'', ''mă rușin'', ''străluce'' ("he works", "I feel shy", "it shines", compare with standard ''lucrează'', ''mă rușinez'', ''strălucește''). On the other hand, the suffix ''-esc'' does sometimes occur in verbs conjugated without it in the standard language: ''împărțăsc'', ''omorăsc'', ''simțăsc'' ("I divide", "I kill", "I feel", compare with standard ''împart'', ''omor'', ''simt'').
*Certain verb forms have replaced with other sounds: ("I say", "I come", "coming", compare with standard ''spun'', ''vin'', ''venind''). This feature is shared with the Wallachian dialect.
*The auxiliary used for the compound perfect of verbs in the 3rd person is ''o'' for the singular and ''or / o'' for the plural: ("he said", "they said", compare with standard ''a zis'', ''au zis'').
*The following forms occur for the 3rd person of the subjunctive, both singular and plural: ''să deie'', ''să steie'', ''să beie'', ''să vreie'', ending in , where the standard language has ''să dea'', ''să stea'', ''să bea'', ''să vrea'', ending in .
*The pluperfect can also be built analytically: ''m-am fost dus'', ''am fost venit'' ("I had gone", "I had come", compare with the standard syntactic forms ''mă dusesem'', ''venisem'').
*Verbs ''a aduce'' "to bring" and ''a veni'' "to come" have particular imperative forms: ''adă'', ''vină'' (standard ''adu'', ''vino'').
*There is a general tendency toward shorting the words: ''o fo'' (standard ''a fost''), ''Gheo'' (instead of ''Gheorghe'', a male first name), etc.

Lexical particularities

*Specific words: ''a cușăi'' ("to taste", standard ''a gusta''), ''cocon'' ("child", standard ''copil''), ''pup'' ("flower bud", standard ''boboc''), ''potică'' ("drugstore", standard ''farmacie''), ''zierme'' ("snake", standard ''șarpe'').

Sample

Maramureș dialect:

Standard Romanian: ''Se roagă lui Dumnezeu, își face cruce și zice: Doamne, ajută-mi. Și femeia ia un ou și-l sparge de car, ca să-i fie ușoară arătura, ca și oul.''

English translation: "She prays to God, she crosses herself, and says: God, help me. And the woman takes an egg and breaks it on the cart, so that the plowing will be light asylike the egg."

Bibliography

*Ilona Bădescu
"Dialectologie"
teaching material for the University of Craiova
*Vasile Ursan
"Despre configurația dialectală a dacoromânei actuale"
''Transilvania'' (new series), 2008, No. 1, pp. 77–85
*Elena Buja, Liliana Coposescu, Gabriela Cusen, Luiza Meseșan Schmitz, Dan Chiribucă, Adriana Neagu, Iulian Pah
''Raport de țară: România''
country report for the Lifelong Learning Programme MERIDIUM

Notes

Further reading

*Mioara Avram, Marius Sala, ''Enciclopedia limbii române'', Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2001

See also

* Romanian phonology

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maramures dialect
Romanian language varieties and styles
Maramureș