''Manthan'', also released under the translated title ''The Churning'', is a 1976

Hindi Hindi ( Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been ...

film directed by Shyam Benegal, inspired by the pioneering milk cooperative movement of

Verghese Kurien Verghese Kurien (26 November 1921 - 9 September 2012), known as the "Father of the White Revolution" in India, was a social entrepreneur whose "billion-litre idea", Operation Flood, made dairy farming India's largest self-sustaining industry a ...

, and is written jointly by him and

Vijay Tendulkar Vijay Dhondopant Tendulkar (6 January 1928 – 19 May 2008) was a leading Indian playwright, movie and television writer, literary essayist, political journalist, and social commentator primarily in Marāthi. His Marathi plays established him as ...

. It is set amidst the backdrop of the White Revolution of India. Aside from the great measurable success that this project was, it also demonstrated the power of "collective might" as it was entirely

crowdfunded Crowdfunding is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from a large number of people, typically via the internet. Crowdfunding is a form of crowdsourcing and alternative finance. In 2015, over was raised worldwide by crow ...

by 500,000 farmers who donated Rs. 2 each. ''Manthan'' is the first crowdfunded Indian film. The film won the 1977 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi and

National Film Award for Best Screenplay The National Film Award for Best Screenplay is one of the categories in the National Film Awards presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in India. It is one o ...

for Vijay Tendulkar, and was also India's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for 1976. The title song ("Mero Gaam Katha Parey") was sung by

Preeti Sagar Preeti Sagar is a former Bollywood playback singer who won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Mero Gaam Katha Parey" from ''Manthan'' in 1978 and for the hit song "My Heart is Beating" from ''Julie'' (1975). Care ...

. She won the

Filmfare Award The Filmfare Awards are annual awards that honour artistic and technical excellence in the Hindi-language film industry of India.Al The Filmfare ceremony is one of the most famous film events in India. The awards were first introduced by th ...

for Best Female Playback Singer for that year. The song was later used as the soundtrack for the television commercial for Amul.

Overview

The word ''manthan'' literally means "churning", and other meanings may be deep contemplation, churning of facts, analysis aimed at a solution or conclusion. The film traces a small set of poor farmers of

Kheda district Kheda District is one of the thirty-three districts of Gujarat state in western India. Its central city, Kheda, is the administrative headquarters of the district. History Formerly known as Kaira district, it was divided in two with the sou ...

in Gujarat who had the vision and foresight to act in a way that was good for the society and not for the self alone. Under leaders like local social worker

Tribhovandas Patel Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel (22 October 1903 - 3 June 1994) freedom fighter, a Gandhian,. Tribhuvandas Patel's single quality that stands out is his utter dislike for self promotion, a quality that many admire in the c:File:GujaratCalli ...

, who took up the cause of the farmers, lead to the formation of

Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) is an Indian dairy state government cooperative society, based in Anand, Gujarat. Formed in 1946, it is a cooperative brand managed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF), which today is ...

. Soon the pattern was repeated in each district of Gujarat, which in turn led to the formation of Amul, a dairy cooperative in Anand, Gujarat in 1946, which is today, jointly owned by some 2.6 million milk producers in

Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the ninth ...

, India. Eventually, this led to the initiation of

White Revolution The White Revolution ( fa, انقلاب سفید ''Enqelāb-e Sefid'') or the Shah and People Revolution ( fa, انقلاب شاه و مردم ''Enqelāb-e Shāh o Mardom'') was a far-reaching series of reforms resulting in aggressive moderniz ...

of India in 1970, by creating a "Nationwide Milk Grid", and the setting up of Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF) in 1973, whose 500,000 members jointly financed the film, by donating Rs. 2 each.Shyam Benegal at ucla.net
''South Asia Studies'', ''

University of California, Los Angeles The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California S ...

''(UCLA). Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see "their" film, thus making it a box office success. ''

The Hindu ''The Hindu'' is an Indian English-language daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It began as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in 1889. It is one of the Indian newspapers of record and the secon ...

'', 17 January 2003.

Plot

The film traces the origins of the movement through its fictionalised narrative, based around rural empowerment, when a young veterinary surgeon, played by

Girish Karnad Girish Karnad (19 May 1938 – 10 June 2019) was an Indian actor, film director, Kannada writer, playwright and a Jnanpith awardee, who predominantly worked in South Indian cinema and Bollywood. His rise as a playwright in the 1960s marked the ...

, a character based on the then National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) chief, the 33-year-old

,Manthan Review
''

Channel 4 Channel 4 is a British free-to-air public broadcast television network operated by the state-owned Channel Four Television Corporation. It began its transmission on 2 November 1982 and was established to provide a fourth television service ...

''. who joined hands with local social worker,

, which led to the setting up of a local milk cooperative, in Anand, Gujarat. Dr. Rao (

), a young veterinary doctor with his team of Deshmukh ( Mohan Agashe), Chandravarkar (

Anant Nag Dr Anant Nagarkatte (born 4 September 1948) is an Indian actor whose predominant contribution has been in Kannada cinema. He has acted in over 300 films which include over 200 Kannada films as well as Hindi, Telugu, Marathi, Malayalam and En ...

) and others comes to a village in Kheda district, Gujarat. The village is inhabited by poor people whose chief occupation seems to be cattle-rearing and producing milk, which they sell to a local dairy owner Mishra (

Amrish Puri Amrish Puri (22 June 1932 – 12 January 2005) was an Indian actor, who was one of the most notable and important figures in Indian cinema and Theatre. He acted in more than 450 films, established himself as one of the most popular actor ...

). Mishra pays them ridiculously low amounts for their milk. Dr. Rao and his team have arrived with the purpose of setting up a co-operative society dairy which will be owned collectively and managed by the villagers themselves. As Dr. Rao and his team grapple with village politics, rigid casteism and general distrust of the village folk, they face planned hostility from the local Harijan community's leader Bhola ( Naseeruddin Shah) who harbours deep anger and resentment against the higher caste Panchayat Head (

Kulbhushan Kharbanda Kulbhushan Kharbanda (born 21 October 1944) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi and Punjabi films. He is best known for his role as the antagonist Shakaal in '' Shaan'' (1980), Starting off with the Delhi-based theatre group 'Yatrik' in the 1 ...

). Local village women are led by a feisty young woman Bindu ( Smita Patil), mother of a young child whose husband has supposedly left her. Dr. Rao wins the trust of Bindu and other villagers by testing their milk and paying them fair amounts for their high fat-content milk and this irks Mishra. Deshmukh is worried by the caste politics and divide between the higher castes and Harijans in the village and repeatedly warns Rao against getting involved in it. Chandravarkar gets attracted to a local Harijan girl and has a rendezvous with her in secret. The Harijans don't want to join the co-operative as they feel that the higher caste Panch and his cronies will usurp the society as well. Rao and his associates talk sense into them and organise an election for the post of the head of the co-operative. Bhola begins to trust and believe in Rao's ideals when Rao fires Chandravarkar for cheating the Harijan girl on pretext of marrying her and bails Bhola out of jail when Panch gets him arrested for rowdy behaviour. Meanwhile, a mutual admiration and liking develops between Rao and Bindu, which is cut short when Bindu's husband returns home suddenly and Rao's wife comes to visit him in the village. In the election, the Harijan representative bhola defeats the Panch in a tiebreaker and the Harijans erupt in joy. The Panch takes the loss terribly on his ego and joins Mishra Ji, also aided by Bindu's husband. Together, they force Bindu to put her thumb impression on legal papers that claim Dr. Rao has raped her. Dr. Rao is extremely agitated when the allegations are brought against him and starts to wonder if he has bitten off more than he can chew. His wife also falls sick with Typhoid. Dr. Rao finishes the setting up of the board and leaves with his wife. This greatly troubles Bhola as he considers this cowardice on Dr. Rao's part. Bhola, however, continues to carry on the work of the co-operative with support from a few villagers and notably, Bindu. Both of them have been inspired and churned as new, brave individuals by the work of Dr. Rao.

Cast

as Dr. Rao *

as Sarpanch * Smita Patil as Bindu * Naseeruddin Shah as Bhola * Mohan Agashe as Deshmukh *

as Chandavarkar *

as Mishraji * Rajendra Jaspal as Bindu's Husband * Abha Dhulia as Shanta, Dr Rao's Wife *

Sadhu Meher Sadhu Meher (born in Odisha, India) is an Indian actor, director, and producer. He has performed in both Odia and Hindi films. He primarily began his career in Hindi films such as ''Bhuvan Shome'', '' Ankur'' and '' Mrigaya''. Later on shifted ...

as Mahapatra *

Anjali Paigankar Anjali Paigankar is a Hindi and Marathi film actress. A graduate of Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, Anjali appeared in ''Murder at Monkey Hill'', Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s diploma film as a final year student there in 1976. ...

Soundtrack

Awards and nominations

, - , rowspan="2", 1976 , Amul , National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi , , - ,

, , - , 1977 , Shyam Benegal , Indian film for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , , - , 1978 ,

(for song ''Mero Gaam Katha Parey'') ,

Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer The Filmfare Best Female Playback Award is given by ''Filmfare'' as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a female playback singer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song. Although the award cere ...

References

External links

* * {{Indian submission for Academy Awards 1976 films 1970s Hindi-language films Films directed by Shyam Benegal Films set in Gujarat Crowdfunded films Films with screenplays by Vijay Tendulkar Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award