''Manilkara zapota'', commonly known as sapodilla (), sapote, naseberry, nispero or chicle, is a long-lived, evergreen tree native to southern Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. An example natural occurrence is in coastal

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in the Petenes mangroves ecoregion, where it is a subdominant plant species. It was introduced to the Philippines during Spanish colonization. It is grown in large quantities in Mexico and in tropical Asia including India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh. The specific epithet ''zapota'' is from the Spanish , which ultimately derives from the Nahuatl word ''tzapotl''.

Description

left, Sapodilla tree Sapodilla can grow to more than tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The average height of cultivated specimens, however, is usually between with a trunk diameter not exceeding . It is wind-resistant and the bark is rich in a white, gummy latex called chicle. The ornamental leaves are medium green and glossy. They are alternate, elliptic to ovate, long, with an entire margin. The white flowers are inconspicuous and bell-like, with a six-lobed corolla. An unripe fruit has a firm outer skin and when picked, releases white chicle from its stem. A fully ripened fruit has saggy skin and does not release chicle when picked. The fruit is a large berry, in diameter. Inside, its flesh ranges from a pale yellow to an earthy brown color with a grainy texture akin to that of a well-ripened pear. Each fruit contains one to six seeds. The seeds are hard, glossy, and black, resembling beans, with a hook at one end that can catch in the throat if swallowed. The fruit has an exceptionally sweet, malty flavor. The unripe fruit is hard to the touch and contains high amounts of saponin, which has

astringent An astringent (sometimes called adstringent) is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues. The word derives from the Latin ''adstringere'', which means "to bind fast". Calamine lotion, witch hazel, and yerba mansa, a Californian pla ...

properties similar to tannin, drying out the mouth. The trees can survive only in warm, typically tropical environments, dying easily if the temperature drops below freezing. From germination, the sapodilla tree will usually take anywhere from five to eight years to bear fruit. The sapodilla trees yield fruit twice a year, though flowering may continue year round.

Other names

Sapodilla fruits being sold on a street in Guntur, India Other common names in English for ''Manilkara zapota'' include bully tree, sawo, marmalade palm and chiku.

Biological studies

Compounds extracted from the leaves showed anti-diabetic, antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic ( cholesterol-lowering) effects in rats. Acetone extracts of the seeds exhibited ''

in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called " test-tube experiments", these studies in biology ...

'' antibacterial effects against strains of '' Pseudomonas oleovorans'' and '' Vibrio cholerae''. File:Manilkara-zapota-yucatan.jpg File:Chikoo seeds.jpg File:Manilkara zapota.jpg File:Manilkara zapota - Nispero fruit and leaves 01.jpg File:Manilkara zapota - Nispero fruit and leaves 04.jpg File:Chikoo.JPG

Synonyms

Synonyms of this species include:

Uses

The fruit is edible and a favorite in the tropical Americas. Chicle from the bark is used to make chewing gum.

References

External links

CRFG Publications: Sapodilla

{{Taxonbar, from=Q14959 zapota Flora of Mexico Flora of Belize Flora of Guatemala Crops originating from indigenous Americans Tropical fruit Saponaceous plants Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus