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Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Ras'' Makonnen Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot (Amharic: ራስ መኮንን ወልደ ሚካኤል ወልደ መለኮት; 8 May 1852 – 21 March 1906), or simply Ras Makonnen, also known as Abba Qagnew (አባ ቃኘው), was a Shewan royal from Menz, a military leader, the governor of Harar province in the Ethiopian Empire, and the father of Tafari Makonnen (later known as Emperor Haile Selassie). His father was Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Dejazmach'' Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot of Shewa. Makonnen was a grandson of ''Negus'' Sahle Selassie of Shewa through his mother, Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Woizero'' Tenagnework Sahle Selassie. As such, he was a first cousin of the Ethiopian Emperor, Menelik II.
He is best remembered as being one of the most effective generals during the First Italo-Ethiopian War, playing a key role at the Battle of Adwa and the Battle of Amba Alagi (1895), Battle of Amba Alagi.
''Ras'' Makonnen Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot
was born at Derefo Maryam near Ankober, Amhara region, in what was then in the province of Menz to his mother Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Woizero'' Tenagnework Sahle Selassie and his father Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Dejazmach'' Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot, who was the governor of the provinces Menz and Doba Ethiopia, DobaS. Pierre Pétridès, ''Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie'', (which are located in North Shewa Zone (Amhara), Semien shewa). Ras Makonnen paternal descent is disputed between Amhara, Oromo or Tigray. His maternal lineage is ethnically Amhara people, Amhara with a Solomonic genealogy, his mother was a daughter of Negus, King Sahle Selassie of Shewa.Woodward, Peter (1994), ''Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives''. Dartmouth Pub. Co. , p. 29. At the age of 14 his father took him to the court of ''Negus'' Menelik II of Ethiopia, Menelik, then ruler of Shewa, where he became a special companion of Menelik.
In 1887, Makonnen was given the governorship of Harar after it was incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire by his cousin, Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia, Menelik following the Battle of Chelenqo. According to Jules Borelli, Harar was pillaged by Abyssinian soldiers with half its population fleeing, despite pleas from the despoiled locals to Makonnen. The Harari people soon revolted which followed Makonnen storming the town with his troops razing and plundering residences as well as massacring the population. According to Hararis, the oppression of Harari people began with the invasion of Harar by ''Ras'' Makonnen which followed mosques changed into churches and Abyssinian Christians arriving from the north to settle in the town. Makonnen had ordered the primary mosque of Harar to be replaced by a Orthodox Church. Immediately after obtaining governance of Harar, Makonnen set about undermining Harari wealth by expropriating their land and offering it to his soldiers.
Other posts ''Ras'' Makonnen served included temporary governor of Tigray Province, Tigray after the removal of the rebellious ''Ras'' Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Mangasha Yohannes, And as a general during various military campaigns including during the First Italo–Ethiopian War, including a leading role at the Battle of Adwa where Ethiopian forces routed the Italians; and as a diplomat and ''de facto'' foreign minister.
In the 1880s, as Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Shum'' of Harar, ''Ras'' Mäkonnen became a close friend of the French poet, Arthur Rimbaud, who was then living and doing business in that province.
In 1902, ''Ras'' Mäkonnen attended the coronation of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, Edward VII in London. He arrived in June to the ceremony originally scheduled for 26 June, and stayed in Europe while the King recovered from an operation, attending the rescheduled ceremony on 9 August. Between these dates, he paid visits to various parts of the United Kingdom, and visited Italy, France, Turkey, and Germany. He received the following decorations: Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) during an audience with King Edward VII on 8 August 1902, Star of the Russian Order of St. Anne, Star of the French ''Legion d'Honneur'' (Third Republic), Star of the Order of the Crown of Italy, Star of the Ottoman Order of Osmania.
In 1906, ''Dejazmach'' Yilma Makonnen succeeded Makonnen as ''Shum'' of Harar. Yilma Makonnen was his son from before his marriage to ''Wayzero'' Yeshimabet Ali. In 1907, Yilma Makonnen was in turn succeeded as ''Shum'' by his younger half-brother, Tafari Makonnen, the future Emperor Haile Selassie.
The Monument to Ras Makonnen previously located in Harar was sculpted in 1959, by Antun Augustinčić, a Croatian sculptor active in former Yugoslavia and the United States. In June 2020 the equestrian Monument to Ras Makonnen was toppled and destroyed by Oromo mobs who participated in Hachalu Hundessa riots, following the death of Hachalu Hundessa. It is alleged the Harari Regional state police officers supported its removal. The event was also followed by smashing of the Statue of Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael's son and Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie in Wimbledon Park, Wimbledon park, UK.Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park
/ref> Referring to a statue in Addis Ababa of Menelik II, Hachalu Hundessa, Hachalu told Oromia Media Network (OMN) said that people should remember that all the horses seen mounted by old rulers leaders belonged to the people.
Biography
Governorship
''Ras'' Makonnen Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot
was born at Derefo Maryam near Ankober, Amhara region, in what was then in the province of Menz to his mother Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Woizero'' Tenagnework Sahle Selassie and his father Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Dejazmach'' Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot, who was the governor of the provinces Menz and Doba Ethiopia, DobaS. Pierre Pétridès, ''Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie'', (which are located in North Shewa Zone (Amhara), Semien shewa). Ras Makonnen paternal descent is disputed between Amhara, Oromo or Tigray. His maternal lineage is ethnically Amhara people, Amhara with a Solomonic genealogy, his mother was a daughter of Negus, King Sahle Selassie of Shewa.Woodward, Peter (1994), ''Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives''. Dartmouth Pub. Co. , p. 29. At the age of 14 his father took him to the court of ''Negus'' Menelik II of Ethiopia, Menelik, then ruler of Shewa, where he became a special companion of Menelik.
In 1887, Makonnen was given the governorship of Harar after it was incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire by his cousin, Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia, Menelik following the Battle of Chelenqo. According to Jules Borelli, Harar was pillaged by Abyssinian soldiers with half its population fleeing, despite pleas from the despoiled locals to Makonnen. The Harari people soon revolted which followed Makonnen storming the town with his troops razing and plundering residences as well as massacring the population. According to Hararis, the oppression of Harari people began with the invasion of Harar by ''Ras'' Makonnen which followed mosques changed into churches and Abyssinian Christians arriving from the north to settle in the town. Makonnen had ordered the primary mosque of Harar to be replaced by a Orthodox Church. Immediately after obtaining governance of Harar, Makonnen set about undermining Harari wealth by expropriating their land and offering it to his soldiers.
Other posts ''Ras'' Makonnen served included temporary governor of Tigray Province, Tigray after the removal of the rebellious ''Ras'' Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Mangasha Yohannes, And as a general during various military campaigns including during the First Italo–Ethiopian War, including a leading role at the Battle of Adwa where Ethiopian forces routed the Italians; and as a diplomat and ''de facto'' foreign minister.
In the 1880s, as Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Shum'' of Harar, ''Ras'' Mäkonnen became a close friend of the French poet, Arthur Rimbaud, who was then living and doing business in that province.
In 1902, ''Ras'' Mäkonnen attended the coronation of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, Edward VII in London. He arrived in June to the ceremony originally scheduled for 26 June, and stayed in Europe while the King recovered from an operation, attending the rescheduled ceremony on 9 August. Between these dates, he paid visits to various parts of the United Kingdom, and visited Italy, France, Turkey, and Germany. He received the following decorations: Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) during an audience with King Edward VII on 8 August 1902, Star of the Russian Order of St. Anne, Star of the French ''Legion d'Honneur'' (Third Republic), Star of the Order of the Crown of Italy, Star of the Ottoman Order of Osmania.
In 1906, ''Dejazmach'' Yilma Makonnen succeeded Makonnen as ''Shum'' of Harar. Yilma Makonnen was his son from before his marriage to ''Wayzero'' Yeshimabet Ali. In 1907, Yilma Makonnen was in turn succeeded as ''Shum'' by his younger half-brother, Tafari Makonnen, the future Emperor Haile Selassie.
Family
Around July 1873, Makonnen married Yeshimebet Ali, the daughter of ''Dejazmach'' Ali and Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, ''Woizero'' Wolete Giyorgis. In 1875, Yilma Makonnen was born to Makonnen and a woman who was not Yeshimebet Ali. In 1892, Haile Selassie, Tafari Makonnen, the son of Makonnen and Yeshimebet Ali, was born. In 1901, following the death of Yeshimebet Ali, Makonnen was briefly married to a niece of Empress Taytu Betul, ''Woizero'' Mentewab Wale. Makonnen's marriage to Mentewab Wale was never consummated and, in 1902, it was annulled.Death
While travelling from Harar to Addis Ababa, ''Ras'' Makonnen came down with typhus. His officers brought him to Kulubi, where he died as daylight broke after having given his son Tafari Makonnen a whispered benediction.Monument to Ras Makonnen
The Monument to Ras Makonnen previously located in Harar was sculpted in 1959, by Antun Augustinčić, a Croatian sculptor active in former Yugoslavia and the United States. In June 2020 the equestrian Monument to Ras Makonnen was toppled and destroyed by Oromo mobs who participated in Hachalu Hundessa riots, following the death of Hachalu Hundessa. It is alleged the Harari Regional state police officers supported its removal. The event was also followed by smashing of the Statue of Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael's son and Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie in Wimbledon Park, Wimbledon park, UK./ref> Referring to a statue in Addis Ababa of Menelik II, Hachalu Hundessa, Hachalu told Oromia Media Network (OMN) said that people should remember that all the horses seen mounted by old rulers leaders belonged to the people.
Notes
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*External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:Makonnen, Ras 19th-century Ethiopian people Deaths from typhus Ethiopian princes Ethiopian Royal Family Ethiopian Oriental Orthodox Christians Ethiopian Orthodox Christians Oriental Orthodox monarchs Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Solomonic dynasty 1852 births 1906 deaths 20th-century Ethiopian people