Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3 (TNFRSF3), is a
cell surface receptor for
lymphotoxin involved in
apoptosis
Apoptosis (from grc, ἀπόπτωσις, apóptōsis, 'falling off') is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes ( morphology) and death. These changes in ...
and
cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in au ...
release.
It is a member of the
tumor necrosis factor receptor
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) is a protein superfamily of cytokine receptors characterized by the ability to bind tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) via an extracellular cysteine-rich domain. With the exception of nerve grow ...
superfamily.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of receptors. It is expressed on the surface of most cell types, including cells of
epithelial
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercellu ...
and
myeloid
Myeloid tissue, in the bone marrow sense of the word '' myeloid'' ('' myelo-'' + '' -oid''), is tissue of bone marrow, of bone marrow cell lineage, or resembling bone marrow, and myelogenous tissue (''myelo-'' + '' -genous'') is any tissue o ...
lineages, but not on
T and
B lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic a ...
s. The protein specifically binds the
lymphotoxin membrane form (a complex of lymphotoxin-alpha and lymphotoxin-beta). The encoded protein and its ligand play a role in the development and organization of
lymphoid tissue
The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid o ...
and transformed cells. Activation of the encoded protein can trigger apoptosis.
Not only does the LTBR help trigger apoptosis, it can lead to the release of the
cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in au ...
interleukin 8. Overexpression of LTBR in
HEK293 cells increases IL-8 promoter activity and leads to IL-8 release. LTBR is also essential for development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs and chemokine release.
Structure
The Ramachandran plots show that 64.6% of all residues were in a favored region.
This structure was found using X-ray diffraction. The resolution is 3.50 angstroms.
The alpha and beta angles are 90 degrees while the gamma angle is 120 degrees.
Interactions
Lymphotoxin beta receptor has been shown to
interact
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with
Diablo homolog and
TRAF3
TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF3 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family. TRAF proteins associate wit ...
.
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{TNF receptor superfamily modulators
TNF receptor family