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Luna-Glob (russian: Луна-Глоб, meaning ''Lunar sphere'') is a
Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width of ...
exploration programme by
Roscosmos The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos" (russian: Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), commonly known simply as Roscosmos (russian: Роскосмос) ...
meant to progress toward the creation of a fully robotic lunar base. When completed, the programme will continue with crewed lunar missions, starting with a crewed orbiter spacecraft called Orel.Luna 25 Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) is a planned lunar lander mission by Roscosmos. It will land near the lunar south pole at the Boguslavsky crater. It was renamed from Luna-Glob lander to Luna 25 to emphasize the continuity of the Soviet Luna program ...
lander, was put on hold, only to be revived a few years later. Initially scheduled for launch in 2012 by a Soyuz-2 rocket, the first mission has been delayed many times, first to 2014, then to 2015 and 2016 and 2018Russia will launch Luna spacecraft in 2018
/ref> and 2019. Russia's Roscosmos approved a model of the Luna 25 lander in 2017. As of September 2022,
Luna 25 Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) is a planned lunar lander mission by Roscosmos. It will land near the lunar south pole at the Boguslavsky crater. It was renamed from Luna-Glob lander to Luna 25 to emphasize the continuity of the Soviet Luna program ...
is planned to be launched in 2023,
Luna 26 Luna 26 (Luna-Resurs-Orbiter
Luna-27, The Pl ...
in 2025, Luna 28 in 2027–2028, Luna 29 in 2028, and Luna 30 and 31 by 2030 (see List of missions).


History

The Luna-Glob programme is a continuation of the Soviet Union
Luna programme The Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called ''Lunik'' by western media, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976. Fifteen were successful, ...
that sent at least 24 orbiters and landers between 1959 and 1976 to the Moon, of which fifteen were successful. The last mission was Luna 24, launched on 9 August 1976. Initially, the first Luna-Glob mission was planned as orbiter with ground penetrating sensors. Four Japanese-built penetrators inherited from the
Lunar-A LUNAR-A is a cancelled Japanese spacecraft project that was originally scheduled to be launched in August 2004. After many delays (primarily due to potential thruster faults), the project was eventually cancelled in January 2007. It was planned t ...
were to be used, each 45 kg (100 lb), including 14 kg (31 lb) for the penetrator proper. Furthermore,
seismic Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (''seismós'') meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (''-logía'') meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other ...
experiments were planned, including the use of four penetrators, which will slam into the lunar surface equipped to detect seismic signals. These experiments are expected to help clarify the
origin of the Moon The origin of the Moon is usually explained by a Mars-sized body striking the Earth, making a debris ring that eventually collected into a single natural satellite, the Moon, but there are a number of variations on this giant-impact hypothesis, a ...
. Two of the penetrators are planned to land near the
Apollo 11 Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969) was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module ''Eagle'' on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, ...
and
Apollo 12 Apollo 12 (November 14–24, 1969) was the sixth crewed flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon. It was launched on November 14, 1969, by NASA from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Commander Charles ...
landing sites, taking advantage of seismic data gathered there from 1969 to 1974. The payload of the orbiter will total and include astrophysics experiments, dust monitors, plasma sensors, including the
LORD Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power (social and political), power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the Peerage ...
astronomy payload, designed to study ultra-high-energy
cosmic rays Cosmic rays are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our ...
. Luna-Resurs (Luna 27) was initially planned as a joint orbiter-rover mission (the orbiter was to be the Indian
Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-2 (, ; ) is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), after Chandrayaan-1. It consists of a lunar orbiter, and also included the ''Vikram'' lander, and the ''Pragyan'' lunar ...
) that would have featured a 58 kg Russian rover and lander, as part of the cancelled
International Lunar Network The International Lunar Network or ILN was a proposed network of lunar surface stations to be built by the United States and the other space-faring countries in the 2010s. Each of these stations would act as a node in a lunar geophysical network. ...
. This joint mission would have landed in the Moon's south pole, examine a crater and operate for up to one year.Luna-Resurs at RussianSpaceweb
/ref> Because the loss of the
Fobos-Grunt Fobos-Grunt or Phobos-Grunt (russian: link=no, Фобос-Грунт, where ''грунт'' refers to the ''ground'' in the narrow geological meaning of any type of soil or rock exposed on the surface) was an attempted Russian sample return mis ...
in 2011 which was planned as a test for the landing system, Russia cited its inability to provide the lander and rover within the proposed time. India then decided to develop the lunar mission independently.


List of missions

Unlike their predecessors, the new Luna missions are targeted at the lunar poles.The vision of the Russian Space Agency on the robotic settlements in the Moon
(PDF). Maxim Litva. ROSCOSMOS. 2016.


Gallery

File:Maquette-Luna-Glob-Lander-b-DSC 0075.jpg, Luna 25 File:Maquette-Luna-Resurs-Orbiter-DSC 0076.jpg, Luna 26 File:Lunar-Resurs-DSC 0019.jpg, Luna 27


Future lunar base

It was planned in 2008 that Luna-Glob, a "robotic proving ground", would be followed by a robotic base, known in Russian as ''Lunny Poligon'' - or Lunar Range, and this base would progress with the construction of a habitable lunar base that would have several components: solar power station, telecommunication station, technological station, scientific station, long-range research rover, landing and launch area, and a telecom orbiting satellite. When the robotic phase is completed, the programme will continue with crewed lunar missions in the 2030s, starting with a crewed orbiter mission on a spacecraft called Orel.Return Vehicle for PTK Federatsiya transport spacecraft
Anatoly Zak, ''Russian Space Web''. 6 September 2018. As of 2017, Russia is planning to begin building the lunar base in the 2030s.


See also

*
Lunar resources The Moon bears substantial natural resources which could be exploited in the future. Potential lunar resources may encompass processable materials such as volatiles and minerals, along with geologic structures such as lava tubes that together, ...
*
Soviet crewed lunar programs The Soviet crewed lunar programs were a series of programs pursued by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon, in competition with the United States Apollo program. The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competitio ...


References


External links


Luna-Glob at Skyrocket


{{Moon colonization Russian space probes Missions to the Moon * Sample return missions 2020s in Russia Proposed space probes 2020s in spaceflight