Luigi Numa Lorenzo Einaudi (; 24 March 1874 – 30 October 1961) was an Italian politician and economist. He served as the

president of Italy The president of Italy, officially denoted as president of the Italian Republic ( it, Presidente della Repubblica Italiana) is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity, and guarantees that Italian poli ...

from 1948 to 1955.

Early life

Einaudi was born to Lorenzo and Placida Fracchia in

Carrù Carrù is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about south of Turin and about northeast of Cuneo. Carrù borders the following municipalities: Bastia Mondovì, Bene Vagienna, Clavesana, Fa ...

, in the

province of Cuneo Cuneo ( Italian), or Coni ( Piedmontese), is a province in the southwest of the Piedmont region of Italy. To the west it borders on the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (departments of Alpes-Maritimes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and H ...

Piedmont it, Piemontese , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...

. In

Turin Turin ( , Piedmontese language, Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital ...

he attended Liceo classico Cavour and completed his university studies; in the same years he became acquainted with

socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the ...

ideas and collaborated with the magazine ''Critica sociale'', directed by the socialist leader

Filippo Turati Filippo Turati (; 26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, poet and socialist politician. Early life Born in Canzo, province of Como, he graduated in law at the University of Bologna in 1877, and participa ...

. In 1895, after overcoming financial difficulties, he graduated in jurisprudence, and was later appointed as professor in the

University of Turin The University of Turin (Italian language, Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Torino'', UNITO) is a public university, public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont (Italy), Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the List ...

, the

Polytechnic University of Turin The Polytechnic University of Turin ( it, Politecnico di Torino) is the oldest Italian public technical university. The university offers several courses in the fields of Engineering, Architecture, Urban Planning and Industrial Design, and is con ...

and the Bocconi University of

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city ...

. As an economist Einaudi belonged to the classical school of economics in addition to

Pietro Campilli Pietro Campilli (1891–1974) was an Italian economist and politician who held several cabinet posts during the 1940s and 1950s. He was the first president of the European Investment Bank and served in the post between 1958 and 1959. Biography ...

Epicarmo Corbino Epicarmo Corbino (1890–1984) was an Italian academic and economist who served briefly as the minister of industry and the minister of treasury in the 1940s. Biography Corbino was born in Augusta, Sicily, in 1890. He was the brother of Orso M ...

and Gustavo Del Vecchio.

Early political life

From the early 20th century, Einaudi moved increasingly towards a more

conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...

stance. In 1919 he was named

Senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

of the Kingdom of Italy. He also worked as a journalist for important Italian newspapers such as ''

La Stampa ''La Stampa'' (meaning ''The Press'' in English) is an Italian daily newspaper published in Turin, Italy. It is distributed in Italy and other European nations. It is one of the oldest newspapers in Italy. History and profile The paper was fou ...

'' and '' Il Corriere della Sera'', as well as being financial correspondent for ''

The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British weekly newspaper printed in demitab format and published digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by The Eco ...

''. An

anti-fascist Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during World War II, where the Axis powers wer ...

, he stopped working for Italian newspapers from 1926, under the

Fascist Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the ...

regime, resuming his professional relationship with the ''Corriere della Sera'' after the fall of the regime in 1943. After the

Armistice An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the ...

(8 September 1943) he fled to Switzerland, returning to Italy in 1944. Einaudi was Governor of the

Bank of Italy The Bank of Italy ( Italian: ''Banca d'Italia'', informally referred to as ''Bankitalia''), (), is the central bank of Italy and part of the European System of Central Banks. It is located in Palazzo Koch, via Nazionale, Rome. The bank's cur ...

from 5 January 1945 until 11 May 1948, and was also a founding member of the Consulta Nazionale which opened the way to the new Parliament of the

Italian Republic Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

after

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

. Later he was Minister of Finances, Treasury and Balance, as well as Vice-Premier, in 1947–48. He was also a member of the neo-liberal

think tank A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-govern ...

the

Mont Pelerin Society The Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) is an international organization composed of economists, philosophers, historians, intellectuals and business leaders.Michael Novak, 'The Moral Imperative of a Free Economy', in '' The 4% Solution: Unleashing the E ...

President (1948–1955)

On 11 May 1948 he was elected the second

President of the Italian Republic President most commonly refers to: * President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

. At the end of the seven-year term of office in 1955 he became Life Senator. Einaudi was a member of numerous cultural, economic and university institutions. He was a supporter of the ideal of European Federalism. Einaudi personally managed the activities of his farm near

Dogliani Dogliani () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about southeast of Turin and about northeast of Cuneo. Dogliani borders the following municipalities: Belvedere Langhe, Bonvicino, Boss ...

, producing Nebbiolo wine, for which he boasted to be using the most advanced agricultural developments. In 1950,

monarchist Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalis ...

satirical magazine '' Candido'' published a cartoon in which Einaudi is at the

Quirinal Palace The Quirinal Palace ( it, Palazzo del Quirinale ) is a historic building in Rome, Italy, one of the three current official residences of the president of the Italian Republic, together with Villa Rosebery in Naples and the Tenuta di Castelporzia ...

, surrounded by a presidential guard of honour (the ''corazzieri'') of giant bottles of

Nebbiolo Nebbiolo (, ; pms, nebieul ) is an Italian red wine grape variety predominantly associated with its native Piedmont region, where it makes the '' Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita'' (DOCG) wines of Barolo, Barbaresco, Roero ...

wine, each labeled with the institutional logo. The cartoon was judged a

lèse-majesté Lèse-majesté () or lese-majesty () is an offence against the dignity of a ruling head of state (traditionally a monarch but now more often a president) or the state itself. The English name for this crime is a borrowing from the French, w ...

by a court of the time, and Giovannino Guareschi, as the director of the magazine, was held responsible and sentenced.

Personal life

Einaudi married Countess Ida Pellegrini (1885-1968) on 19 December 1903. Pellegrini was born in

Pescantina Pescantina is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about west of Venice and about northwest of Verona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 14,096 and an area of .All demographics ...

in 1885 into a family of the Veronese aristocracy, as she was the daughter of Count Giulio Pellegrini. She attended the Regia School of Commerce in Turin, where she met her future husband, who was her professor at the time. Their son Giulio became a prominent Italian publisher, and their grandson

Ludovico Ludovico () is an Italian masculine given name. It is sometimes spelled Lodovico. The feminine equivalent is Ludovica. Persons with the name Ludovico Given name * Ludovico D'Aragona (1876–1961), Italian socialist politician * Ludovico Ariosto ...

a neo-Classical musician. Their son

Mario is a character (arts), character created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. He is the title character of the ''Mario (franchise), Mario'' franchise and the mascot of Japanese video game company Nintendo. Mario has appeared in ...

was a

Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to tea ...

professor and active anti-fascist. The Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies is named after him. Additionally, Mario founded the Fondazione Luigi Einaudi in Turin in honor of his father. The Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance (EIEF), a research center of the

, is named after Luigi Einaudi. Einaudi died in Rome on 30 October, 1961 at the age of 87.

Bibliography

*''Principi di scienza delle finanze'' (1932) *''Il buon governo'' (1954) *''Prediche inutili'' (1956–1959)
''Tracotanze protezionistiche'' (1919)
*''On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value Judgments in Economic Sciences'', Critical Edition with an Introduction and Afterword by Paolo Silvestri. 'Routledge Studies in the History of Economics, Vol 185', New York-London, 2017, .

References

Sources

* Acocella, N. (ed.), ''"Luigi Einaudi: studioso, statista, governatore"'', Carocci, Roma, 2010, . * Forte, F. and Marchionatti, R. (2011). Luigi Einaudi's economics of liberalism. ''The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought'', September 1–38. * Giordano, A. (2004), Luigi Einaudi and the Dilemmas of Liberal Democracy, ''Notizie di Politeia'', XX, 2004, n. 75, pp. 7–12 (http://www-4.unipv.it/paviagc/?page_id=236). * Silvestri, Paol
''The ideal of good government in Luigi Einaudi's Thought and Life: Between Law and Freedom''
in Paolo Heritier, Paolo Silvestri (Eds.), ''Good government, Governance, Human complexity. Luigi Einaudi's legacy and contemporary societies'', Leo Olschki, Firenze, 2012, pp. 55–95. * Silvestri, Paolo, "Preface", in L. Einaudi, On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value judgments in Economic Sciences, Routledge, London – New York, 2017, pp. XXIV-XXXII. * Silvestri, Paolo, "The defence of economic science and the issue of value judgments", in L. Einaudi, On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value judgments in Economic Sciences, Routledge, London – New York, 2017, pp. 1–34. * Silvestri Paolo, "Freedom and taxation between good and bad polity, and the economist-whole-man", in L. Einaudi, On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value judgments in Economic Sciences, Routledge, London – New York, 2017, pp. 94–136.

External links

*

* , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Einaudi, Luigi 1874 births 1961 deaths Bocconi University alumni Bocconi University faculty Deputy Prime Ministers of Italy Fellows of the Econometric Society Finance ministers of Italy Governors of the Bank of Italy Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Historians of economic thought Italian anti-fascists Italian economists Exiled Italian politicians Italian Liberal Party politicians Italian life senators Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals Members of the National Council (Italy) Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy People from the Province of Cuneo Politicians of Piedmont Presidents of Italy Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) University of Turin alumni Honorary Fellows of the British Academy Member of the Mont Pelerin Society