Lovis Corinth (21 July 1858 – 17 July 1925) was a German artist and writer whose mature work as a

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...

and

printmaker Printmaking is the process of creating work of art, artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand proce ...

realized a synthesis of

impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passa ...

and

expressionism Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it ra ...

. Corinth studied in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

and

Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and ...

, joined the Berlin Secession group, later succeeding

Max Liebermann Max Liebermann (20 July 1847 – 8 February 1935) was a German painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany and continental Europe. In addition to his activity as an artist, he also assembled an important ...

as the group's president. His early work was naturalistic in approach. Corinth was initially antagonistic towards the expressionist movement, but after a stroke in 1911 his style loosened and took on many expressionistic qualities. His use of color became more vibrant, and he created

portrait A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expressions are predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this ...

s and

landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes the ...

s of extraordinary vitality and power. Corinth's subject matter also included nudes and biblical scenes.

Early life

Corinth was born Franz Heinrich Louis on 21 July 1858 in Tapiau, in the

Province of Prussia The Province of Prussia (; ; pl, Prowincja Prusy; csb, Prowincjô Prësë) was a province of Prussia from 1829 to 1878. Prussia was established as a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1829 from the provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia ...

in the

Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (german: Königreich Preußen, ) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. ...

. The son of a tanner, he displayed a talent for drawing as a child. In 1876 he went to study painting in the academy of

Königsberg Königsberg (, ) was the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was ...

. Initially intending to become a

history painter History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than any artistic style or specific period. History paintings depict a moment in a narrative story, most often (but not exclusively) Greek and Roman mythology and Bible ...

, he was dissuaded from this course by his chief instructor at the academy, the

genre Genre () is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other f ...

painter Otto Günther.Makela In 1880 he traveled to

, which rivaled Paris as the

avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretica ...

art center in Europe at the time. There he studied briefly with Franz von Defregger before gaining admission to the

Academy of Fine Arts Munich The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (german: Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, also known as Munich Academy) is one of the oldest and most significant art academies in Germany. It is located in the Maxvorstadt district of Munich, in Bavaria, ...

, where he studied under

Ludwig von Löfftz Ludwig von Löfftz (21 June 1845 – 3 December 1910) was a German genre and landscape painter. Biography He was born at Darmstadt. He was a pupil of August von Kreling and Karl Raupp at Nuremberg, then of Wilhelm von Diez at the Academy of ...

. The realism of Corinth's early works was encouraged by Löfftz's teaching, which emphasized careful observation of colors and values. Other important influences were

Courbet Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( , , ; 10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and t ...

and the

Barbizon school The Barbizon school of painters were part of an art movement towards Realism in art, which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time. The Barbizon school was active roughly from 1830 through 1870. It takes its name ...

, through their interpretation by the Munich artists

Wilhelm Leibl Wilhelm Maria Hubertus Leibl (October 23, 1844 – December 4, 1900) was a German realist painter of portraits and scenes of peasant life. Biography Leibl was born in Cologne, where his father was the director of the Cathedral choir. He was a ...

and Wilhelm Trübner . Except for an interruption for military service in 1882–83, Corinth studied with Löfftz until 1884. He then traveled to

Antwerp Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504,

, where he greatly admired the paintings of

Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens (; ; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium). He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque traditio ...

, and then in October 1884 to Paris where he studied under

William-Adolphe Bouguereau William-Adolphe Bouguereau (; 30 November 1825 – 19 August 1905) was a French academic painter. In his realistic genre paintings, he used mythological themes, making modern interpretations of classical subjects, with an emphasis on the female ...

and Tony Robert-Fleury at the

Académie Julian The Académie Julian () was a private art school for painting and sculpture founded in Paris, France, in 1867 by French painter and teacher Rodolphe Julian (1839–1907) that was active from 1868 through 1968. It remained famous for the number ...

. He concentrated especially on improving his drawing skills, and made the female nude his frequent subject. He was disappointed, however, in his repeated failure to win a medal at the

Salon Salon may refer to: Common meanings * Beauty salon, a venue for cosmetic treatments * French term for a drawing room, an architectural space in a home * Salon (gathering), a meeting for learning or enjoyment Arts and entertainment * Salon ( ...

, and returned to Königsberg in 1888 when he adopted the name "Lovis Corinth".

Career

In 1891, Corinth returned to Munich, but in 1892 he abandoned the Munich Academy and joined the Munich Secession. In 1894 he joined the Free Association, and in 1899 he participated in an exhibition organized by the Berlin Secession. These nine years in Munich were not his most productive, and he was perhaps better known for his ability to drink large amounts of red wine and champagne. Corinth moved to

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...

in 1900, and had a one-man exhibition at a gallery owned by

Paul Cassirer Paul Cassirer (21 February 1871, in Görlitz – 7 January 1926, in Berlin) was a German art dealer and editor who played a significant role in the promotion of the work of artists of the Berlin Secession and of French Impressionists and Post- ...

. In 1902 at the age of 43, he opened a school of painting for women and married his first student, Charlotte Berend, some 20 years his junior. Charlotte was his youthful

muse In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses ( grc, Μοῦσαι, Moûsai, el, Μούσες, Múses) are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in ...

, his spiritual partner, and the mother of his two children. She had a profound influence on him, and family life became a major theme in his art. Another of his students was

Doramaria Purschian Doramaria Purschian (July 6, 1890 – July 11, 1972) was a German artist known for her Expressionist landscapes, still lifes, and portraits. Early life and education She was born Ella Margaretha Maria Dora Purschian in Berlin, the daughter of ...

. He published numerous essays on art history, and in 1908 published ''Das Erlernen der Malerei'' ("On Learning to Paint"). In December 1911, he suffered a

stroke A stroke is a disease, medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemorr ...

, and was partially paralyzed on his left side. Thereafter he walked with a limp, and his hands displayed a chronic tremor.Holland Cotter (12 June 1992)
German Artist Haunted By a Threatening World
''

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

''. With the help of his wife, within a year he was painting again with his right hand. His disability inspired in the artist an intense interest in the simple, intimate things of daily life. In the summer of 1919, for example, he produced a cycle of casual etchings of his family in their country home. It was also at this time that landscapes became a significant part of his oeuvre. These landscapes were set at the

Walchensee Walchensee or Lake Walchen is one of the deepest and largest alpine lakes in Germany, with a maximum depth of and an area of . The lake is south of Munich in the middle of the Bavarian Alps. The entire lake, including the island of Sassau ...

, a lake in the

Bavarian Alps The Bavarian Alps (german: Bayerische Alpen) is a collective name for several mountain ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps within the German state of Bavaria. Geography The term in its wider sense refers to that part of the Eastern Alps tha ...

where Corinth owned a house. Their lively picturing, in bright colors, tempt many to consider the Walchensee series as his best work. He painted numerous self-portraits, and made a habit of painting one every year on his birthday as a means of self-examination. In many of his self-portraits he assumed guises such as an armored knight (''The Victor'', 1910), or

Samson Samson (; , '' he, Šīmšōn, label= none'', "man of the sun") was the last of the judges of the ancient Israelites mentioned in the Book of Judges (chapters 13 to 16) and one of the last leaders who "judged" Israel before the institution o ...

(''The Blinded Samson'', 1912). Not all of Corinth's works were appreciated in his lifetime: upon learning of his death, Danish critic

Georg Brandes Georg Morris Cohen Brandes (4 February 1842 – 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind ...

wrote in a letter to his secretary that it was Corinth's “punishment for such a wretched portrait of myself”.Portrait of Georg Brandes
/ref> From 1915–25, he served as President of the Berlin Secession. In 1920 an anthology of his art-historical writings was published in Berlin. In 1922 his works were exhibited in the Venice Biennale. On 15 March 1921 Corinth received an honorary doctorate from the University of Königsberg. In 1925, he traveled to the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

to view the works of his favorite

Dutch masters Dutch Golden Age painting is the painting of the Dutch Golden Age, a period in Dutch history roughly spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) for Dutch independence. The new Dutch Repub ...

. He caught

pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severit ...

and died in

Zandvoort Zandvoort () is a municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is one of the major beach resorts of the Netherlands; it has a long sandy beach. It is bordered by coastal dunes of Zuid-Kennemerland National Park and the Amsterdam ...

Printmaking

Corinth explored every print technique except

aquatint Aquatint is an intaglio (printmaking), intaglio printmaking technique, a variant of etching that produces areas of tone rather than lines. For this reason it has mostly been used in conjunction with etching, to give both lines and shaded tone. ...

; he favored

drypoint Drypoint is a printmaking technique of the intaglio family, in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix") with a hard-pointed "needle" of sharp metal or diamond point. In principle, the method is practically identical to engraving. The ...

and

lithography Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German a ...

. He created his first

etching Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types ...

in 1891 and his first lithograph in 1894. He experimented with the

woodcut Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas tha ...

medium but made only 12 woodcuts, all of them between 1919 and 1924. He was quite prolific, and in the last 15 years of his life he produced more than 900 graphic works, including 60 self-portraits. The landscapes he created between 1919 and 1925 are perhaps the most desirable images of his entire graphic oeuvre.

Legacy

The house where Corinth was born is still in the town of Tapiau, which is now called

Gvardeysk Gvardeysk ( rus, Гварде́йск, p=ɡvɐrˈdʲejsk, a=RU-Gvardejsk.ogg), known prior to 1946 by its German name ( lt, Tepliava; pl, Tapiawa/Tapiewo), is a town and the administrative center of Gvardeysky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, R ...

, and located in

Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Oblast (russian: Калинингра́дская о́бласть, translit=Kaliningradskaya oblast') is the westernmost federal subject of Russia. It is a semi-exclave situated on the Baltic Sea. The largest city and admin ...

, Russia. In 1910 Corinth had donated the painting ''Golgatha'' for the altar of the church of his birthplace, Tapiau. At the end of the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...

, when the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian language, Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist R ...

invaded East Prussia, this painting disappeared without trace. Tapiau was among the few East Prussian places not devastated by the war, which makes it likely that the painting was looted rather than destroyed. In 1926, a commemorative exhibition of Corinth's paintings and watercolors was presented at the

Nationalgalerie The National Gallery (german: Nationalgalerie) in Berlin, Germany, is a museum for art of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. It is part of the Berlin State Museums. From the Alte Nationalgalerie, which was built for it and opened in 1876, its ex ...

in Berlin, and an exhibition of his prints and drawings was held at the Berlin Academy. By 1930 the Nationalgalerie acquired several major paintings by Corinth in addition to those already in its collection. During the

Third Reich Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

, Corinth's work was condemned by the Nazis as

degenerate art Degenerate art (german: Entartete Kunst was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art. During the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, German modernist art, including many works of internationally renowned artists, ...

. In 1937, Nazi authorities removed 295 of his works from public collections, and transported seven of them to Munich where they were displayed in March 1937 in the Degenerate Art Exhibition. In 2007, the German city of

Hanover Hanover (; german: Hannover ; nds, Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest city in Northern Germany ...

returned a painting by Corinth to the heirs of Jewish collector Curt Glaser, who sold it in 1933 to fund his escape from the Nazis. The painting from 1914, '' (Roman Landscape)'', was handed to Glaser's heirs, represented by his U.S.-based niece and her daughter. In June 2021, the

Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium The Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium (french: Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, nl, Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van België) are a group of art museums in Brussels, Belgium. They include six museums: the Oldmasters Mus ...

in Brussels agreed to return Corinth's 1913 ''Blumenstilleben (Still Life with Flowers)'' to the heir of Gustav and Emma Mayer, who were persecuted by the Nazis and forced to flee because of their Jewish heritage.

Galleries

Landscapes and still lifes File:Lovis Corinth Waldinneres in Bernried 1892.jpg, ''Forest Interior in Bernried'' (1892), oil on canvas, 94 × 110 cm., Galerie G. Paffrath, Düsseldorf File:Lovis Corinth - Bei Unterschäftlarn an der Isar - G 12670 - Lenbachhaus.jpg, ''At Unter Schäftlarn on the Isar'' (1896), oil on canvas, 60 x 82 cm., Lenbachhaus, in Munich File:Lovis Corinth, Schwimmanstalt in Horst-Ostsee, 1902, MGS-20160312-001.jpg, ''Swimming Facility in Horst-Ostsee'' (1902), oil on canvas, Museum Georg Schäfer, Schweinfurt File:Lovis Corinth Blühender Bauerngarten 1904.jpg, ''Blooming Cottage Garden'' (1904), oil on canvas, 76 x 100 cm., Museum Wiesbaden File:Lovis Corinth Katerfrühstück 1913.jpg, ''Hangover Breakfast'' (1913), oil on cardboard, 52 x 69 cm., private collection File:'Flower Basket with Amaryllis, Lilac, Roses and Tulips' by Lovis Corinth, 1914.jpg, ''Flower Basket with Amaryllis, Lilac, Roses and Tulips'' (1914), oil on canvas, 109.4 x 138.8 cm., collection unknown File:Lovis Corinth 013.jpg, ''Walchensee Panorama, View from the Pulpit'' (1924), oil on canvas, 100 x 200 cm., Wallraf–Richartz Museum, Cologne File:Lovis Corinth, Vespers on the Balcony (1925), oil on canvas, 49 × 60 cm., Berlinische Galerie, Berlin.jpg, ''Vespers on the Balcony'' (1925), oil on canvas, 49 × 60 cm., Berlinische Galerie, Berlin Figures and portraits File:Lovis Corinth Neger Othello 1884.jpg, ''Negro Othello'' (1884), oil on canvas, 78 x 58.5 cm., Lentos Art Museum, Linz File:Lovis Corinth BC 45 Männlicher Akt.jpg, ''Male Nude'' (1886), oil on canvas, 85 x 55 cm., Yale University Gallery, New Haven, File:Corinth, Louis - Liegender weiblicher Akt - Kunsthalle Bremen - 1866.jpg, ''Reclining Female Nude'' (1899), oil on canvas, 75.5 cm (29.7 in); Width: 120.5 cm., Kunsthalle Bremen File:Lovis Corinth Porträt Eduard Graf von Kayserling 1900.jpg, ''Count Eduard von Keyserling'' (1900), oil on canvas, 79.5 × 75.5 cm., Städtische Galerie Lenbachhaus, Munich File:Group of Friends by Lovis Corinth (1904), Albertinum, Dresden.jpg, ''Group of Friends by Lovis Corinth'' (1904), oil on canvas, Albertinum, Dresden File:Corinth Akt 02.jpg, ''Reclining Nude'' (1910), oil on canvas, Landesmuseum Hannover, Hanover File:Lovis Corinth Poträt Frau Kaumann 1911.jpg, ''Portrait of Mrs. Kaumann'' (1911), oil on canvas, 99 x 120 cm., Kunsthalle Kiel File:Lovis Corinth - Georg Brandes.JPG, ''Georg Brandes'' (1925), oil on canvas, 111 x 91.5 cm., Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp Wife, family and self portraits File:Lovis Corinth Vater Franz Heinrich Corinth auf dem Krankenlager 1888.jpg, ''The Artist's Father in his Sickbed'' (1888), oil on canvas, 61 × 70 cm., Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt File:Lovis Corinth 010.jpg, ''Self-portrait with Skeleton'' (1896), oil on canvas, 66 x 86 cm, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus File:Lovis Corinth Portrait Charlotte Berend.jpg, ''Charlotte in a White Dress'' (1902), oil on canvas, 105 x 54 cm., Stiftung Stadtmuseum, Berlin File:Lovis Corinth, self portrait with Charlotte.jpg, ''Self Portrait with his Charlotte Berend and Champagne Glass'' (1902), oil on canvas, 97 × 107 cm., private collection File:Corinth Künstler u Familie.JPG, ''The Artist and His Family'' (1909), oil on canvas, Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum, Hanover File:Lovis Corinth Dame am Goldfischbassin 1911.jpg, ''Lady at the Goldfish Basin'' (1911), oil on canvas, 74 x 90.5 cm., Österreichische Galerie File:Lovis Corinth Blumen und Tochter Wilhelmine 1920.jpg, ''Flowers and Daughter Wilhelmine'' (1920), oil on canvas, 111 x 150 cm., Kunstmuseum Basel File:Lovis Corinth Selbstporträt mit Palette 1924.jpg, ''Self-portrait with Palette'' (1924), oil on canvas, 100 x 79 cm., Museum of Modern Art, New York History painting File:Lovis Corinth - Diogene.jpg, ''Diogenes'' (1892), oil on canvas, 178 x 208 cm., Ostdeutsche Galerie, Regensburg File:Bacchanale, by Lovis Corinth.jpg, ''Bacchanalia'' (1896), oil on canvas, 117 x 204 cm., private collection File:Lovis Corinth Salome 1900.jpg, ''Salome'' (1900), oil on canvas, 127 × 147 cm., Museum der Bildenden Künste Leipzig File:Lovis Corinth Die Gefangennahme Simsons 1907.jpg, ''The Capture of Samson'' (1907), oil on canvas, 200 x 174 cm., Landesmuseum Mainz File:Lovis Corinth - Der geblendete Simson - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Blinded Samson'' (1912), oil on canvas, 105 cm x 130 cm., Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin File:Lovis Corinth Der rote Christus 1920-1.jpg, ''The Red Christ'' (1922), oil on panel, 129 x 108 cm., Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich File:Corinth johanna 02.jpg, '' Susanna and the Elders'' (1923), oil on canvas, 150.5 x 111 cm., Lower Saxony State Museum File:Corinth Ecce homo.jpg, ''Ecce Homo'' (1925), oil on canvas, Kunstmuseum Basel

Notes

References

*Corinth, L., Schuster, P.-K., Vitali, C., & Butts, B. (1996). ''Lovis Corinth''. Munich: Prestel. *Corinth, L., Uhr, Horst, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1990. *Makela, Maria. "Corinth, Lovis." ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. *Rung, Gertrud. "Georg Brandes i Samvær og Breve". Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag, 1930.

External links

Gallery at "Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein"Gallery of works by Lovis CorinthCorinth Gallery at MuseumSyndicate''German masters of the nineteenth century : paintings and drawings from the Federal Republic of Germany''
a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Lovis Corinth (no. 13–16) {{DEFAULTSORT:Corinth, Lovis 1858 births 1925 deaths People from Gvardeysk People from the Province of Prussia 19th-century German painters 19th-century German male artists German male painters 20th-century German painters 20th-century German male artists German Impressionist painters German Expressionist painters Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni Académie Julian alumni 20th-century German printmakers Deaths from pneumonia in the Netherlands