Louis Dudek, (February 6, 1918 – March 23, 2001) was a

Canadian Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...

poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator ( thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral or w ...

, academic, and publisher known for his role in defining

Modernism Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, an ...

in poetry, and for his literary criticism. He was the author of over two dozen books. In ''A Digital History of Canadian Poetry,'' writer Heather Prycz said that "As a critic, teacher and theoretician, Dudek influenced the teaching of

Canadian poetry Canadian poetry is poetry of or typical of Canada. The term encompasses poetry written in Canada or by Canadian people in the official languages of English and French, and an increasingly prominent body of work in both other European and Indigenou ...

in most anadianschools and universities".

Life

Dudek was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Vincent and Stanislawa Dudek, part of an extended

Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

family which had emigrated from

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

, and was raised in that city's East End.William H. New,
Dudek, Louis
" ''Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada'' (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2002), 316-317, Google Books, Web, May 6, 2011. He was lean and sickly as a child, which made him introverted and hypersensitive. His mother died at 31, when he was eight.Louis Dudek: Autobiography
," Biographies, Issue No. 1, Poetry Quebec, Web, May 6, 2011. Due to the family's financial limitations, Dudek dropped out of the

High School of Montreal The High School of Montreal was an English-language high school founded in 1843, serving Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the area eventually known as the Golden Square Mile. It was less formally known as Montreal High School and from 1853 to 1870 was ...

'Dudek, Louis 1918–2001' in ''Creative Canada: a Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-century Creative and Performing Artists'', Volume 2 (University of Toronto Press, 1972), p. 1933 and went to work in a warehouse until, in 1936, his father was able to send him to college. He entered

McGill University McGill University (french: link=no, Université McGill) is an English-language public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821 by royal charter granted by King George IV,Frost, Stanley Brice. ''McGill Univer ...

in Montreal, where he became a reporter and associate editor for the ''McGill Daily''. He received his BA degree there in 1939.

1940s

After graduating, Dudek briefly freelanced in journalism and advertising. He married Stephanie Zuperko on September 16, 1941, with whom he had one son,

Gregory Dudek Gregory L. Dudek is a Canadian computer scientist specializing in robotics, computer vision, and intelligent systems. He is a chaired professor at McGill University where he has led the Mobile Robotics Lab since the 1990s (a role now shared with Pr ...

(a professor of computer science and former director of the

McGill University School of Computer Science The School of Computer Science (SOCS) is an academic department in the Faculty of Science at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school is the second most funded computer science department in Canada. It currently has 34 facult ...

). During this time Louis Dudek "was prominent among the poets who participated in ''

First Statement ''First Statement'' was a Canadian literary magazine published in Montreal, Quebec from 1942 to 1945. During its short life the magazine, along with its rival publication ''Preview'' with which it often shared contributors, provided one of the few ...

'' (1942-1945), a seminal 'little magazine' in the development of modern Canadian literature."Brian Trehearne,
Louis Dudek: A Poet's Poet
" ''McGill Reporter,'' 33:14 (April 5, 2001), McGill.ca, Web, Feb. 13, 2005. With John Sutherland, the magazine's editor, and poet

Irving Layton Irving Peter Layton, OC (March 12, 1912 – January 4, 2006) was a Romanian-born Canadian poet. He was known for his "tell it like it is" style which won him a wide following, but also made him enemies. As T. Jacobs notes in his biography (2001) ...

, he "fought hard to foster a native tradition in poetry and establish new ways of writing in Canada, pioneering a direct style that articulated experience in plain language."Louis Dudek: Biography
" Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, May 6, 2011. The Dudeks moved to

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

in 1943, where he began graduate studies in journalism and history at

Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...

, and soon changed his major to

literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...

.Dudek, Louis (1918-2001)
, Literary Archives, Library and Archives Canada, CollectionsCanada.gc.ca, Web, Jan. 29, 2007. His doctoral dissertation, ''Literature and the Press,'' was published in 1960. After receiving his

PhD PHD or PhD may refer to: * Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), an academic qualification Entertainment * '' PhD: Phantasy Degree'', a Korean comic series * '' Piled Higher and Deeper'', a web comic * Ph.D. (band), a 1980s British group ** Ph.D. (Ph.D. al ...

, he taught at New York's City College. In New York, Dudek continued to contribute poems to ''First Statement'' and its successor, ''

Northern Review ''Northern Review'' was a Montreal-based literary magazine published in Canada between 1945 and 1956. It resulted from the merger between two earlier magazines, ''Preview (Canadian magazine), Preview'' and ''First Statement'', both of which were als ...

''. In 1944, some of his poems appeared in the anthology ''Unit of Five,'' alongside poetry by

Ronald Hambleton Ronald Hambleton (June 9, 1917 – April 10, 2015) was an English-born Canadian broadcaster and music critic. Biography Hambleton was born on June 9, 1917, in Preston, Lancashire, England. He came to Vancouver at 7. He left school in his mid-tee ...

P. K. Page Patricia Kathleen Page, (23 November 1916 – 14 January 2010) was a British-born Canadian poet,Peter ScowenP.K. Page dies at age 93 '' The Globe and Mail'', 14 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010. though the citation as she was inducted as ...

, Raymond Souster and

James Wreford Prof James Wreford Watson FRSE FRSC IBG LLD (February 8, 1915 – September 18, 1990) was a Scottish Canadian geographer and cartographer, who served as the Chief Geographer of Canada and the first president of the Canadian Association of Ge ...

. His own first book of poetry, ''East of the City,'' was issued by Toronto's Ryerson Press in 1946. Dudek began corresponding with modernist poet

Ezra Pound Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a Fascism, fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works ...

in 1949, and met Pound in person the next year, who encouraged Dudek to adopt a more

cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan may refer to: Food and drink * Cosmopolitan (cocktail), also known as a "Cosmo" History * Rootless cosmopolitan, a Soviet derogatory epithet during Joseph Stalin's anti-Semitic campaign of 1949–1953 Hotels and resorts * Cosmopoli ...

approach to his writing.

1950s

By the early 1950s the Dudeks' marriage was ending. He returned to Montreal and joined the Department of English at McGill University in 1951, where he remained for the rest of his life. He became Greenshield Professor of English in 1969, and Professor Emeritus in 1984.Heather Prycz,
Montreal in the 40s and 50s
," A Digital History of Canadian Poetry, YoungPoets.ca, Web, May 6, 2011. His colleague Brian Trehearne remembered him as a "gifted and natural lecturer" who taught "one of the most popular and challenging courses in the history of the Faculty of Arts." In 1952 Dudek founded Contact Press with Raymond Souster and

. Its first book was ''Cerberus,'' an anthology by the three of them. Contact Press went on to publish "most of the important Canadian poets of the fifties and sixties."Michaael Gnarowski,
Dudek, Louis
" ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1988), 631-632. Dudek also worked on the little magazine ''CIV/n'' ("Civilation"), founded in 1953 and edited by Aileen Collins. Dudek published his first long poem, ''Europe'', in 1954. In 1956 Dudek began the McGill Poetry Series, a series of

chapbook A chapbook is a small publication of up to about 40 pages, sometimes bound with a saddle stitch. In early modern Europe a chapbook was a type of printed street literature. Produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper-covered bookle ...

s by McGill students published by Contact Press. The first in the series, printed in 1956, was ''Let Us Compare Mythologies,'' the first book from

Leonard Cohen Leonard Norman Cohen (September 21, 1934November 7, 2016) was a Canadian singer-songwriter, poet and novelist. His work explored religion, politics, isolation, depression, sexuality, loss, death, and romantic relationships. He was inducted in ...

. In 1957 the series included ''The Carnal and the Crane'', the first book by

Daryl Hine William Daryl Hine (February 24, 1936 – August 20, 2012) was a Canadian poet and translator. A MacArthur Fellow for the class of 1986, Hine was the editor of ''Poetry'' from 1968 to 1978. He graduated from McGill University in 1958 and then st ...

.Steve Smith
(discussion), LeonardCohenForum.com, Web, May 6, 2011. In 1957 Dudek began ''Delta,'' his own poetry magazine, featuring "the work of many promising new poets" until 1966. He bought a press, installed it in his basement, and learned how to run it to print the magazine's early issues, as well as his 1958 book ''Laughing Stalks.'' In his own writing he continued to explore the possibilities of long poems, writing ''Transparent Sea'' in 1956 and ''En Mexico'' in 1958. Throughout the 1950s Dudek remained "a passionate admirer and defender" of Ezra Pound. His efforts contributed to Pound's release in 1958 from St. Elizabeth's mental hospital, where Pound had been confined since 1946.Bruce Whiteman,
Appreciation of Louis Dudek: The People's Intellectual
" Literary Montreal, VehiculePress.com, Web, May 6, 2001.

Later life

At odds with literary trends in the early 1960s, Dudek concentrated on teaching and writing his long poem ''Atlantis'' (published in 1967). In 1966 he founded Delta Canada Books with Michael Gnarowski and Glen Siebrasse, which published more than 30 titles between 1966 and 1971, including Dudek's ''Collected Poems'' (1971). Dudek married Aileen Collins in 1970. The next year they began DC Books, which they ran until 1986, and which is still in operation.
" DC Books, Web, May 6, 2011. He wrote a column on books, film and the arts for the ''

Montreal Gazette The ''Montreal Gazette'', formerly titled ''The Gazette'', is the only English-language daily newspaper published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Three other daily English-language newspapers shuttered at various times during the second half of t ...

'' between 1965 and 1969. "This activity together with his reviews, articles and radio talks has remained fundamental to Dudek's perception of the poet's and the critic's role in society." His collected columns were published in 1988 as ''In Defence of Art''. Dudek regularly contributed to Canadian academic journals, "and, in keeping with his commitment to literature as part of daily life", made frequent appearances on

CBC Radio CBC Radio is the English-language radio operations of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The CBC operates a number of radio networks serving different audiences and programming niches, all of which (regardless of language) are outlined belo ...

and in various newspapers as a commentator on arts and culture. ''The First Person in Literature'' was originally broadcast as a series of CBC Radio lectures. He "kept up a lifelong battle against some of the most famous and influential voices in Canadian cultural writing, including

Northrop Frye Herman Northrop Frye (July 14, 1912 – January 23, 1991) was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century. Frye gained international fame with his first book, '' Fearful Symm ...

and

Marshall McLuhan Herbert Marshall McLuhan (July 21, 1911 – December 31, 1980) was a Canadian philosopher whose work is among the cornerstones of the study of media theory. He studied at the University of Manitoba and the University of Cambridge. He began his ...

." Perhaps for that reason, some major awards passed him by. Dudek always preferred to publish in the small press. "He was incredibly supportive of small publishers and writers," Simon Dardick, publisher of Véhicule Press, said of him. "There are dozens and dozens of writers and publishers who owe him so much. There was such a generosity of spirit there."Alan Hustak,
Poet-teacher Louis Dudek, 83, dies
" ''Montreal Gazette,'' Mar. 23, 2001. In return, the small press contained some of his strongest supporters (including Véhicule Press), who continued to release Dudek's books through his lifetime. Dudek's poetry "was a beacon to three generations of Canadian poets, and among them are names like Daryl Hine and Doug Jones in the '50s, George Bowering and Frank Davey in the '60s, and Ken Norris, Endre Farkas and Peter Van Toorn in the '70s and '80s."

Writing

Dudek began as a realist lyric poet influenced by the Imagists. ''Unit of Five'' (1944) shows a style that employs few adverbs and adjectives, as well as direct descriptions. His social impulse is also strong in ''East of the City'' (1946), which uses the city as the setting for most of its poems. Social realism is absent form Dudek´s two next books, ''Twenty Four Poems'' (1952) and ''The Searching Image'' (1952). The first shows a strong influence of Imagism and its accumulative method. The second shifts drastically towards stylism and artifice with dense and obscure metaphors and elaborate syntax. His "later poetry, typified by the collection ''Continuation 1'' (1981), harks back to an earlier book, ''Epigrams'' (1975), and is an experiment in recording the fragmentary poetic moment."

Recognition

''Louis Dudek'', a biography by Susan Stromberg-Stein, was published in 1984; and that year, Dudek was invested as a member of the

Order of Canada The Order of Canada (french: Ordre du Canada; abbreviated as OC) is a Canadian state order and the second-highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada, after the Order of Merit. To coincide with the cen ...

, honouring him as "one of Canada's leading poets, with 25 volumes of verse to his name." Students, friends, and fellow poets honoured Dudek in 1990 with "a celebrated evening at Ben's Restaurant, where his peers gave him a special Canadian Writers' Award." In 2006 a German translation of his selected poetry was published at Elfenbein-Verlag, Berlin. In 2001 George Hildebrand edited a critical collection, ''Louis Dudek: Essays on His Works'' (Guernica Editions).

Publications

Poetry

* ''Unit of Five: Louis Dudek, Ronald Hambleton, P. K. Page, Raymond Souster, James Wreford''. Edited by Ronald Hambleton. Toronto: Ryerson Press,

1944 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 2 – WWII: ** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in ...

. *''East of the City''. Toronto: Ryerson Press,

1946 Events January * January 6 - The first general election ever in Vietnam is held. * January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into four occupation zones. * January 10 ** The ...

. *''Cerberus''. By Louis Dudek, Raymond Souster and Irving Layton. Toronto: Contact Press,

1952 Events January–February * January 26 – Black Saturday in Egypt: Rioters burn Cairo's central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses. * February 6 ** Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, becomes m ...

. *''The Searching Image''. Toronto: Ryerson Press,

. *''Twenty-Four Poems''. Toronto: Contact Press,

. *''Europe''. Toronto: Laocoön (Contact) Press,

1954 Events January * January 1 – The Soviet Union ceases to demand war reparations from West Germany. * January 3 – The Italian broadcaster RAI officially begins transmitting. * January 7 – Georgetown-IBM experiment: The fir ...

. Reprinted: Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 1991. *''The Transparent Sea''. Toronto: Contact Press,

1956 Events January * January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan. * January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim Elliot and Pete Fleming, are kille ...

. *''En Mexico''. Toronto: Contact Press,

1958 Events January * January 1 – The European Economic Community (EEC) comes into being. * January 3 – The West Indies Federation is formed. * January 4 ** Edmund Hillary's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition completes the third ...

. *''Laughing Stalks''. Toronto: Contact Press,

. *''Atlantis''. Montreal: Delta Canada,

1967 Events January * January 1 – Canada begins a year-long celebration of the 100th anniversary of Confederation, featuring the Expo 67 World's Fair. * January 5 ** Spain and Romania sign an agreement in Paris, establishing full consular and ...

. *''Collected Poetry''. Montréal: Delta Canada,

1971 * The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses ( February 10, and August 6). The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history. Events J ...

. *''Selected Poems''. Ottawa: Golden Dog,

1975 It was also declared the ''International Women's Year'' by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe. Events January * January 1 - Watergate scandal (United States): John N. Mitchell, H. R. ...

. *"Continuation 1". ''The Tamarack Review'' 69 (1976). *''Cross-Section: Poems 1940-1980''. Toronto: Coach House Press,

1980 Events January * January 4 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission. * January 6 – Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC. * January 9 – In ...

. *''Poems from Atlantis.'' Ottawa: Golden Dog, 1981. *''Continuation I''. Montréal: Véhicule Press, 1981. *''Zembla´s Rocks''. Montreal: Véhicule Press,

1986 The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations. Events January * January 1 ** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles. **Spain and Portugal en ...

. *''Infinite Worlds: The Poetry of Louis Dudek''. Robin Blaser ed. Montreal: Véhicule Press,

1988 File:1988 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The oil platform Piper Alpha explodes and collapses in the North Sea, killing 165 workers; The USS Vincennes (CG-49) mistakenly shoots down Iran Air Flight 655; Australia celebrates its Bicenten ...

. *''Continuation II.'' Montreal: Véhicule Press,

1990 File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...

. *''Small Perfect Things''. Montreal: DC Books,

1991 File:1991 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Boris Yeltsin, elected as Russia's first president, waves the new flag of Russia after the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, orchestrated by Soviet hardliners; Mount Pinatubo erupts in the Phi ...

. *''The Caged Tiger''. Montreal: Empyreal Press,

1997 File:1997 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The movie set of ''Titanic'', the highest-grossing movie in history at the time; '' Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'', is published; Comet Hale-Bopp passes by Earth and becomes one of ...

. *''The Poetry of Louis Dudek''. Ottawa: The Golden Dog,

1998 1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''. Events January * January 6 – The ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently s ...

. *''The Surface of Time''. Montreal: Empyreal,

2000 File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from S ...

. *''For You, You/Für Dich, Dir''. Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin (English with German translation). Bernhard Beutler ed.,

2006 File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro votes to declare independence from Serbia; The 2006 ...

Prose

*''Literature and the Press: A History of Printing, Printed Media and Their Relation to Literature''. Toronto: Ryerson Press and Contact Press, 1960. *''The First Person in Literature''. Toronto: CBC Publications, 1967. *''All kinds of Everything: Teacher´s Guide''. Toronto: Clarke, 1973. *''Epigrams''. Montreal: DC Books, 1975. *''Selected Essays and Criticism''. Ottawa: The Tecumseh Press, 1978. *''Technology and Culture: Six Lectures''. Ottawa: The Golden Dog Press, 1979. *''Louis Dudek: Texts and Essays'', 1981. *''Ideas for Poetry''. Montréal: Véhicule Press, 1983. *''In Defense of Art: Critical Essays and Reviews''. Aileen Collins ed. Kingston: Quarry Press, 1988. *''Essays on Myth, Art, & Reality''. Montréal: Véhicule Press, 1992. *''The Birth of Reason''. Montreal: DC Books, 1994. *''Notebooks 1940-1994''. Ottawa: Golden Dog Press, 1994. *''1941 Diary''. Aileen Collins ed. Montreal: Empyreal, 1996. *''Reality Games''. Montreal: Empyreal, 1998.

Edited

*''Canadian Poems, 1850-1952''. Edited by Louis Dudek and Irving Layton. Toronto: Contact Press, 1952. *''The Selected Poems by Raymond Souster''. Toronto: Contact Press, 1956. *''Delta: A Magazine of Poetry and Criticism.'' 1-26 (1957-1966). *''Montreal: Paris of America''. Edited by Michel Regnier and Louis Dudek. Toronto: Ryerson Press; Montreal: Editions du Jour, 1961. *''Poetry of Our Time: An Introduction to Twentieth-Century Poetry Including Modern Canadian Poetry''. Toronto: Macmillan, 1965. *''The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada: Essential Articles on Contemporary Poetry in English''. Edited by Louis Dudek and Michael Gnarowski. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1967. *''All Kinds of Everything: Worlds of Poetry''. Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1973. *''Dk/ Some Letters of Ezra Pound''. Montréal: DC Books, 1974.

Fonds

*The Dudek archives and many of his papers, known as the Louis Dudek fonds, are stored with Library and Archives Canada (formerly the National Library of Canada). Except where noted, all bibliographical information courtesy of Canadian Poetry Online.Louis Dudek: Publications
" Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, May 6, 2011.

Discography

*''Six Montreal Poets''. New York: Folkways Records, 1957. Includes A.J.M. Smith, Leonard Cohen, Irving Layton, F.R. Scott, Louis Dudek, and A.M. Klein. *''The Green Beyond: Poems''. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1973. *''A Poetry Reading''. Toronto: League of Canadian Poets, 1982.

References

External links

Louis Dudek's
entry in

The Canadian Encyclopedia ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (TCE; french: L'Encyclopédie canadienne) is the national encyclopedia of Canada, published online by the Toronto-based historical organization Historica Canada, with the support of Canadian Heritage. Available f ...

* * .
Canadian Poetry Online: Louis Dudek
- Biography & 7 poems (The Strange Moth, And So We Have Arrived, Early Morning, For you, you, As language, What is it that a poet knows, The poet in old age). * Archives of Louis Dude
(Louis Dudek fonds, R11726)
are held at

Library and Archives Canada Library and Archives Canada (LAC; french: Bibliothèque et Archives Canada) is the federal institution, tasked with acquiring, preserving, and providing accessibility to the documentary heritage of Canada. The national archive and library is t ...

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dudek, Louis 1918 births 2001 deaths Anglophone Quebec people Canadian people of Polish descent Canadian literary critics Canadian modernist poets Canadian male poets High School of Montreal alumni McGill University Faculty of Science alumni Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni McGill University faculty Officers of the Order of Canada Writers from Montreal 20th-century Canadian poets 20th-century Canadian male writers Canadian male non-fiction writers